Reproducción y limitaciones de pesca recomendadas para el caracol marino Hexaplex princeps (Neogastropoda: Muricidae) en Guerrero, México / Reproduction and recommended fishing limitations for the marine snail Hexaplex princeps (Neogastropoda: Muricidae) in Guerrero, Mexico

Abstract Introduction: The snail Hexaplex princeps is the most important gastropod in the fishery of Guerrero, but capture is not legally regulated for lack of enough studies about its reproduction, growth and other fishing aspects. Objective: To assess fishery data for H. princeps in Guerrero. Methods: From October 2016 to December 2017, we analyzed histological samples of the gonads from 6 to 13 individuals per month. We also collected data on pre-reproductive organisms captured in Costa Chica (2013 and 2014), Costa Grande (2017) and Acapulco (2019 and 2020). Results: Both sexes have five stages of gonadal development; most reproductive activity was from December to July, related to sea surface temperatures of 26 to 28 °C. The LC M in females was 94.1 mm (males: 86.1 mm). There was a high percentage of juvenile organisms in the catches (88.6 %). Conclusions: To let these snails reproduce at least once, we recommend a fishing ban from December to July, and that the minimum size of commercial capture be set at 94.1 mm.

Resumen Introducción: El caracol Hexaplex princeps es el gasterópodo más importante en la pesquería de Guerrero, pero su captura no está regulada legalmente por falta de suficientes estudios sobre su reproducción, crecimiento y otros aspectos de la pesca. Objetivo: Evaluar los datos de pesca de H. princeps en Guerrero. Métodos: De octubre 2016 a diciembre 2017, analizamos muestras histológicas de las gónadas de 6 a 13 individuos por mes. También recolectamos datos sobre organismos pre-reproductivos capturados en Costa Chica (2013 y 2014), Costa Grande (2017) y Acapulco (2019 y 2020). Resultados: Ambos sexos tienen cinco etapas de desarrollo gonadal; la mayor actividad reproductiva fue de diciembre a julio, relacionada con las temperaturas superficiales del mar, que se encuentran entre 26 y 28 °C. El LC M en hembras fue de 94.1 mm (machos: 86.1 mm). Hubo un alto porcentaje de organismos juveniles en las capturas (88.6 %). Conclusiones: Para que estos caracoles se reproduzcan al menos una vez, se recomienda una veda de diciembre a julio y que la talla mínima de captura comercial se fije en 94.1 mm.

Relative condition factor and predictive model for the presence of the invasive snail Achatina (Lissachatina) fulica in Sergipe, Northeast Brazil / Fator de condição relativo e modelo preditivo para a presença do caracol invasor Achatina (Lissachatina) fulica em Sergipe, Nordeste do Brasil

Abstract: Achatina fulica is among the world's 100 most impactive invasive species, and is now found in almost all Brazilian states, including Sergipe. This exotic snail is known to have negative impacts, not only on the environment, due primarily to the rapid growth of its populations, but also on public health, given that it is an intermediate host of nematodes that cause zoonotic diseases. However, relatively little is known of the development of this snail, including its relative condition factor. We investigated the occurrence of A. fulica in 24 municipalities distributed in the eight subregions of the state of Sergipe in the dry and rainy season. Furthermore, we present here a predictive model for the occurrence of A. fulica based on the variation in climate and soil chemistry. This snail was more frequent on soils with a pH of 6.5-7.5. A negative correlation was found between the growth of A. fulica and the soil pH, then, the more acidic the soil, the more allometric the growth of A. fulica. The relative condition factor indicated differences in the development pattern of A. fulica among the eight subregions. The influence of rain in increasing the frequency of A. fulica showed a significant correlation. As well, higher temperatures influenced the resting behavior of A. fulica. The mathematical model used to identify the potential presence of A. fulica presented a high degree of agreement. This is the first ecological study of A. fulica to verify the association between the body mass-length relationship and the relative condition factor, and the results indicate that the development of this exotic land snail in Sergipe is influenced by climatic factors and principally, the soil pH. The predictive mathematical model provides valuable insights into the biotic and abiotic factors associated with the presence of A. fulica, and the influence of climatic variables and the chemical parameters of the soil on the occurrence of this species. These findings provide important guidelines for the development of measures for the control of A. fulica populations, which will contribute to both public and environment health.

Resumo: Achatina fulica está entre as 100 das piores espécies invasoras em todo o mundo, e no Brasil está presente em quase todos os estados, incluindo Sergipe. Este caracol exótico é conhecido por ter impactos negativos, não só no meio ambiente, devido principalmente ao rápido crescimento de suas populações, mas também na saúde pública, uma vez que é um hospedeiro intermediário de nematodeos causadores de doenças zoonóticas. No entanto, pouco se sabe a respeito do desenvolvimento dessa espécie, incluindo o fator de condição relativo. Investigamos a ocorrência de A. fulica em 24 municípios distribuídos nos oito territórios do estado de Sergipe no período seco e chuvoso. Além disso, apresentamos aqui um modelo preditivo para a ocorrência de A. fulica baseado na variação do clima e da química do solo. Esse caracol é mais frequente no solo com pH de 6,5 à 7,5, sendo esse padrão ideal para o crescimento isométrico. O crescimento alométrico de A. fulica apresentou correlação negativa com o pH do solo, quanto mais ácido for o solo, maior será o crescimento de A. fulica. O fator de condição de A. fulica, apresentou diferença no desenvolvimento nos oito Territórios. A influência da chuva na frequência de A. fulica apresentou correlação significativa. Além disso, temperaturas mais elevadas influenciaram no comportamento de repouso de A. fulica. O modelo matemático para identificar a possível presença de A. fulica apresentou uma concordância forte. Este é o primeiro estudo ecológico de A. fulica a verificar a associação entre a relação massa-comprimento e o fator de condição relativo, sendo possível evidenciar que essa espécie exótica em Sergipe sofre alterações no desenvolvimento, por fatores climáticos e principalmente pelo pH do solo. O modelo matemático preditivo fornece informações valiosas sobre os fatores bióticos e abióticos associados à presença de A. fulica e a influência de variáveis climáticas e dos parâmetros químicos do solo na ocorrência desta espécie. Esses achados fornecem importantes diretrizes para o desenvolvimento de medidas de controle de populações de A. fulica, que poderão contribuir para a saúde pública e ambiental.

Estado actual de Melongena melongena (Mollusca: Gastropoda) en la bahía de Cispatá, Caribe Colombiano / Current status of Melongena melongena(Mollusca: Gastropoda) in Cispatá Bay, Colombian Caribbean

RESUMEN Objetivo. Evaluar el estado actual de Melongena melongena en la bahía de Cispatá, Caribe Colombiano a través de los aspectos poblacionales de la especie. Materiales y métodos. Se establecieron tres sectores de muestreo, conforme con la zonificación de los manglares en la bahía. Para la recolección del material biológico se ubicó un transecto lineal de 4 x 20 m perpendicular al área del manglar con dos replicas a una distancia de 50 m. Para la determinación del sexo, se tomó una submuestra de 10 individuos con tallas superiores a la estimada para la madurez sexual de la especie. A las conchas se les midió la longitud total, con el fin de diferenciar las tallas de hembras y machos. En cada sector, la temperatura del agua y salinidad fueron registradas in situ, empleando un medidor multiparámetro Extech EC170, mientras la trasparencia del agua se calculó mediante el disco Secchi. Resultados. Se registraron un total de 1.149 individuos de M. melongena, obteniendo la mayor abundancia el sector Caño Salado (522), seguido de Las Cagás (458) y finalmente Amaya (169). El 63% de los individuos se encontraron en un intervalo de talla entre 41-61 mm. La proporción sexual fue 1:1.2 (H:M). Las tallas registradas en hembras fueron de 55 a 92 mm y en machos de 54 a 77 mm. Conclusiones. M. melongena en la bahía de Cispatá está presentando signos evidentes de recuperación en la última década, debido a que la mayoría de los individuos registrados han alcanzado la talla media de madurez sexual.

ABSTRACT Objective. Evaluate the current status of Melongena melongena in Cispata Bay, Colombian Caribbean through the population aspects of the species. Materials and methods. Three sampling sectors were established, according to the zoning of the mangrove in the bay. For the collection of the biological material a linear transect of 4 x 20 m was located perpendicular to the area of the mangrove with two replicas at a distance of 50 m. For the determination of sex, a subsample of 10 individuals with sizes greater than that estimated for the sexual maturity of the species was taken. The shells were measured in total length, in order to differentiate the sizes of females and males. In each sector, the water temperature and salinity were measured in situ using an Extech EC170 multiparameter while water transparency is calculated using the Secchi disk. Results. A total of 1,149 individuals of M. melongena were recorded, obtaining the highest abundance in the Caño Salado sector (522), followed by Las Cagás (458) and finally Amaya (169). 63% of the individuals were in a size range between 41-61 mm. The sex ratio was 1:1.2 (H:M). The sizes recorded in females were from 55 to 92 mm and in males from 54 to 77 mm. Conclusions. M. melongena in Cispatá Bay is showing evident signs of recovery in the last decade, because most of the registered individuals have reached the average size of sexual maturity.

Particularidades de la meningoencefalitis eosinofílica en la era del caracol gigante africano / Particular features of eosinophilic meningoencephalitis in the age of the giant African snail

Introducción: la meningoencefalitis eosinofílica es una enfermedad inflamatoria infecciosa reportada en Cuba desde la década de los ochenta del siglo pasado y actualmente extendida al continente americano. Es producida por el parásito Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Objetivo: determinar si existen diferencias entre los pacientes que sufrieron meningoencefalitis eosinofílica antes y después de la introducción del caracol gigante africano. Métodos: se estudiaron un total de 19 muestras de líquido cefalorraquídeo y suero tomadas simultáneamente a cada paciente diagnosticados con meningoencefalitis eosinofílica, perteneciente a la seroraquioteca del Laboratorio Central del Líquido Cefalorraquídeo (LABCEL). Para la determinación de las proteínas albúmina e IgG se empleó como método de laboratorio la inmunodifusión radial. Resultados: el 14 por ciento de los pacientes fueron adultos antes de la aparición de este molusco, en contraste con el momento actual, donde el 50 por ciento son pacientes con edades superiores a 18 años. El porcentaje de síntesis de IgG intratecal media fue mayor en los enfermos actuales, aunque no de manera significativa. Conclusiones: . existen diferencias antes y después de la aparición del caracol gigante africano dado por la respuesta de síntesis intratecal en los pacientes asociados con el molusco que denota una mayor agresividad del parásito. La edad promedio mayor de los enfermos confirma que estos son los que más manipulan y dispersan el molusco(AU)

Introduction: eosinophilic meningoencephalitis is an infectious inflammatory disease reported in Cuba since the 1980s and currently extended to the American continent. This condition is caused by the parasite Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Objective: determine whether there are differences between the patients suffering from eosinophilic meningoencephalitis before and after the introduction of the giant African snail. Methods: a study was conducted of a total 19 cerebrospinal fluid and serum samples taken simultaneously from each of the patients diagnosed with eosinophilic meningoencephalitis and kept at the sample collection of the Central Cerebrospinal Fluid Laboratory (LABCEL). Radial immunodiffusion was the laboratory method used for determination of the proteins albumin and IgG. Results: of the patients studied, 14 percent were adults before the appearance of this mollusc, in contrast with the present moment, when 50 percent are patients aged over 18 years. The percentage of mean intrathecal synthesis of IgG was higher in the current sufferers, though not significantly. Conclusions: there are differences before and after the appearance of the giant African snail, given the intrathecal synthesis response of patients associated to the mollusc, which denotes greater aggressiveness by the parasite. The higher mean age of sufferers confirms that these are the ones who most often handle and disperse the mollusc(AU)

Factores de riesgo asociados a la meningitis eosinofílica causada por Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Nematoda: Metastrongylidae) en Chone, Ecuador / Risk factors associated to eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Nematoda: Metastrongylidae) in Chone, Ecuador

Introducción: El parásito Angiostrongylus cantonensis es el principal causante de meningitis eosinofílica. En el 2008 se reportó el primer caso en Ecuador y un estudio reciente en la Ciudad de Chone, Manabí, Ecuador determinó una alta prevalencia del parásito en el caracol africano (Achatina fulica). Objetivo: Identificar los factores de riesgo asociados a la meningitis eosinofílica causada por A. cantonensis en la ciudad de Chone. Métodos: Se entrevistaron a 500 personas residentes en la ciudad de Chone y se revisaron las historias clínicas del Hospital General de Chone. Resultados: Se observó que la población de Chone, está expuesta a los siguientes factores de riesgos: consumo de caracoles crudos (7,40 por ciento), el frecuente contacto de las personas con el caracol africano en la casa (67 por ciento), como en el trabajo (51,20 por ciento), el contacto que tienen los niños con caracoles, al jugar en el jardín (76,80 por ciento) y la incorrecta limpieza de los alimentos (54,40 por ciento). En el entorno de la población, se evidenció la presencia del caracol africano cerca de las casas en el 35,20 por ciento y las ratas, en el 50,80 por ciento. Además, el 34 por ciento de la muestra de estudio presentó sintomatología relacionada con meningitis eosinofílica. Se encontró que existía asociación entre la presencia de vectores cerca de las casas y la cantidad de síntomas manifestados por las personas. Conclusiones: Se evidenció que la población de Chone, manifiesta hábitos que exponen a la gente de esta localidad a un alto riesgo de contagio de meningitis eosinofílica(AU)

Introduction: The parasite Angiostrongylus cantonensis is the main causative agent of eosinophilic meningitis. The first case in Ecuador was reported in 2008, and a recent study conducted in the city of Chone, Manabí, Ecuador, determined a high prevalence of the parasite in the African snail (Achatina fulica). Objective: Identify the risk factors associated to eosinophilic meningitis caused by A. cantonensis in the city of Chone. Methods: Interviews were conducted with 500 residents from the city of Chone and a review was carried out of the medical records at Chone General Hospital. Results: It was found that the population of Chone is exposed to the following risk factors: eating raw snails (7.40 percent), frequent contact between people and African snails both at home (67 percent) and at work (51.20 percent), contact between children and snails while playing in gardens (76.80 percent) and washing food items incorrectly (54.40 percent). In the areas surrounding people's households the African snail was found in 35.20 percent and rats in 50.80 percent . Additionally, 34 percent of the study sample had symptoms of eosinophilic meningitis. An association was found between the presence of vectors near the houses and the number of symptoms occurring in people. Conclusions: It was evident that the population of Chone has habits which expose them to a high risk for eosinophilic meningitis(AU)

El riesgo de parasitismo por Angiostrongylus cantonensis: una problemática reemergente en Cuba / The risk of parasitism by Angiostrongylus cantonensis: a re-emerging problem in Cuba / O risco de parasitismo devido a Angiostrongylus cantonensis: um problema reemergente em Cuba

RESUMEN Introducción: El riesgo de parasitismo por Angiostrongylus cantonensis transmitido por el caracol gigante africano es una problemática reemergente en Cuba. Objetivo: Sistematizar contenidos esenciales relacionados con el caracol gigante africano y el parásito Angiostrongylus cantonensis, el riesgo de meningitis eosinofílica y su manejo. Método: En el Hospital General Docente "Dr. Agostinho Neto", entre septiembre y diciembre de 2019 se hizo una revisión narrativa sobre el tema a través de una búsqueda en bases de datos electrónicas (Biblioteca Virtual en Salud): LILACS, PubMed, SciELO, RedALyC, Scopus, Cochrane. Resultados: La información se estructuró en caracterización del caracol gigante africano y el riesgo de infección por Angiostrongylus cantonensis en Cuba, patogénesis y epidemiologia de la angiostrongylosis, y diagnóstico y tratamiento de la meningitis eosinofílica por este nemátodo. Se identificaron controversias sobre los criterios diagnósticos, el protocolo de actuación para su prevención y rehabilitación, y la carencia de un instrumento para estratificar el riesgo de esta infección. Conclusiones: Se sistematizaron contenidos esenciales sobre el caracol gigante africano, lo que posibilita la preparación de los profesionales para incrementar la percepción del riesgo de infección por Angiostrongylus cantonensis en la población.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The risk of parasitism by Angiostrongylus cantonensis transmitted by the giant African land snail, Lissachatina fulica is a re-emerging problem in Cuba. Objective: Systematize essential contents related to the giant African land snail and the parasite Angiostrongylus cantonensis, the risk of eosinophilic meningitis and its management. Method: A narrative review was made on the subject in the Teaching General Hospital "Dr. Agostinho Neto", between September and December 2019 through a search in electronic databases (Virtual Health Library): LILACS, PubMed, SciELO, RedALyC, Scopus, Cochrane. Results: The information was structured in the characterization of the African giant land snail and the risk of infection by Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Cuba, pathogenesis and epidemiology of angiostrongylosis, and diagnosis and treatment of eosinophilic meningitis by this nematode. Controversies were identified regarding the diagnostic criteria, the protocol of action for its prevention and rehabilitation, and the lack of an instrument to stratify the risk of this infection. Conclusions: Essential content on the giant African land snail was systematized, enabling the preparation of professionals to increase the perception of the risk of infection by Angiostrongylus cantonensis in the population.

RESUMO Introdução: O risco de parasitismo causado por Angiostrongylus cantonensis transmitido pelo caracol gigante africano é um problema reemergente em Cuba. Objetivo: Sistematizar conteúdos essenciais relacionados ao caracol gigante africano e ao parasita Angiostrongylus cantonensis, ao risco de meningite eosinofílica e seu manejo. Método: No Hospital Geral de Ensino "Dr. Agostinho Neto", entre setembro e dezembro de 2019, foi realizada uma revisão narrativa do assunto através de uma busca em bases de dados eletrônicas (Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde): LILACS, PubMed, SciELO, RedALyC, Scopus, Cochrane. Resultados: As informações foram estruturadas na caracterização do caracol gigante africano e no risco de infecção por Angiostrongylus cantonensis em Cuba, patogênese e epidemiologia da angiostrongilose, diagnóstico e tratamento da meningite eosinofílica por esse nematóide. Foram identificadas controvérsias sobre os critérios diagnósticos, o protocolo de ação para sua prevenção e reabilitação e a falta de um instrumento para estratificar o risco dessa infecção. Conclusões: Foram sistematizados conteúdos essenciais sobre o caracol gigante africano, o que possibilita a preparação de profissionais para aumentar a percepção do risco de infecção por Angiostrongylus cantonensis na população.

Protists and other organisms on a minute snail periostracum / Protistas e outros organismos em um pequeno periostracum de caracol

Abstract Since the foundation of the Malacological Center in 1980, Universidad Centro Americana (UCA), Managua-Nicaragua, has been monitoring and collecting the marine, terrestrial, fluvial and lake mollusk population of the country. Many specimens have been photographed by Scanning Electronic Microscope (SEM), and in one of these, observation of the hairy periostracum reveals a seemingly thriving population of minute protists in possible symbiosis with their host. Adequate magnification and comparison with previous studies allowed the determination of these hosts as diatoms, testaceous amoebae, yeast, phacus, spores and other undetermined organisms which occur in tropical forests on rocks, trees and leaves. Here illustrated are diatoms and other organisms detected for the first time on the periostracum of a tropical rainforest mollusk.

Resumo Desde a fundação do Centro Malacológico em 1980, a Universidad Central Americana (UCA), Manágua-Nicarágua, vem acompanhando e coletando a população de moluscos marinhos, terrestres, fluviais e lagoas do país. Muitos espécimes foram fotografados pelo microscópio eletrônico de varredura (SEM) e, em um deles, a observação do periostracum peludo revela uma população aparentemente próspera de protistas de minuto em possível simbiose com o hospedeiro. A ampliação adequada e a comparação com estudos anteriores permitem a determinação dessas diatomáceas, amebas testaceas, leveduras, phacus, esporos e outros organismos indeterminados que ocorrem em florestas tropicais em rochas, árvores e folhas. Aqui estão as diatomeas e outros organismos pela primeira vez detectados no periostracum de um molusco tropical.

El caracol gigante africano (Achatinafulica) y sus efectos en la salud humana / The giant African snail (Achatinafulica) and its effects on human health / O caracol gigante africano (Achatinafulica) e seus efeitos na saúde humana

RESUMEN Introducción: el caracol gigante africano (CGA) o Achatinafulica se considera una de las cien especies exóticas invasoras más dañinas del mundo. Su principal riesgo para la salud humana resulta de la posibilidad de actuar como huésped de nematodos. Desarrollo: el CGA es el hospedero intermediario de varios parásitos incluidos Aelurostrongylusabstrusus, Angiostrongyluscantonensis, Angiostrongyluscostaricensis, Schistosomamansoni, Hymenolepisspp. Y Fasciola hepática. El A. cantonesises el principal microorganismo causal de la meningitis eosinofílica (ME) y es agente trasmisor de la bacteria gramnegativa Aeromonashydrophila. Entre las manifestaciones clínicas más comunes de la ME se incluyen cefalea intensa, rigidez nucal, náuseas vómitos y parestesias. La detección de eosinófilos en el líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR) y la sangre periférica contribuyen a su diagnóstico. El tratamiento en formas graves de la ME se basa en el uso de corticosteroides y punciones lumbares seriadas para extracción del LCR. El empleo de antihelmínticos es controversial. Conclusiones: la presencia del caracol gigante africano en Cuba eleva el riesgo de enfermedades. La aparición de manifestaciones clínicas del sistema nervioso central impone la necesidad de indagar sobre la exposición a este molusco y demanda de la búsqueda de signos y síntomas de meningitis eosinofílica. Se requiere desarrollar en el futuro estudios controlados y aleatorizados sobre la eficacia de los fármacos para el tratamiento de la enfermedad, entre ellos los antihelmínticos.

ABSTRACT Introduction: the giant African snail (CGA) or Achatinafulica is considered one of the one hundred most harmful invasive alien species in the world. Its main risk to human health results from the possibility of acting as a host of nematodes. Development: the CGA is the intermediate host of several parasites including Aelurostrongylusabstrusus, Angiostrongyluscantonensis, Angiostrongyluscostaricensis, Schistosomamansoni, Hymenolepisspp. And Fasciola hepatica. A. cantonesises is the main causative organism of eosinophilic meningitis (ME) and is a transmitting agent of the gram-negative bacterium Aeromonashydrophila. The most common clinical manifestations of ME include intense headache, nuchal rigidity, nausea, vomiting and paresthesias. The detection of eosinophils in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and peripheral blood contribute to its diagnosis. Treatment in severe forms of EM is based on the use of corticosteroids and serial lumbar punctures for CSF removal. The use of anthelmintics is controversial. Conclusions: the presence of the giant African snail in Cuba increases the risk of diseases. The appearance of clinical manifestations of the central nervous system imposes the need to inquire about the exposure to this mollusk and demand the search for signs and symptoms of eosinophilic meningitis. In the future, controlled and randomized studies on the efficacy of drugs for the treatment of the disease, including anthelmintics, need to be developed.

RESUMO Introdução: o caramujo gigante africano (CGA) ou Achatinafulica é considerado uma das cem espécies exóticas invasoras mais nocivas do mundo. Seu principal risco para a saúde humana resulta da possibilidade de atuar como hospedeiro de nematóides. Desenvolvimento: A CGA é o hospedeiro intermediário de vários parasitas incluindo Aelurostrongylusabstrusus, Angiostrongylus cantonensis, Angiostrongyluscostaricensis, Schistosoma mansoni, Hymenolepisspp. E Fasciola hepatica. A. cantonesises o principal organismo causador de meningite eosinofílica (ME) e é agente de bactérias gram-negativas bactérias Aeromonas hydrophila transmissão. As manifestações clínicas mais comuns da EM incluem cefaléia intensa, rigidez de nuca, náusea, vômito e parestesias. A detecção de eosinófilos no líquido cefalorraquidiano (LCR) e no sangue periférico contribui para o seu diagnóstico. O tratamento em formas graves de EM baseia-se no uso de corticosteróides e punções lombares em série para remoção do LCR. O uso de anti-helmínticos é controverso. Conclusões: a presença do gigante caramujo africano em Cuba aumenta o risco de doenças. O aparecimento de manifestações clínicas do sistema nervoso central impõe a necessidade de investigar a exposição a este molusco e procura de sinais e sintomas de meningite eosinofílica. No futuro, estudos controlados e randomizados sobre a eficácia de medicamentos para o tratamento da doença, incluindo anti-helmínticos, precisam ser desenvolvidos.

Área de vida de la especie invasora Achatina fulica (Gastropoda: Achatinidae) en un área de conservación de bosque seco ecuatoriano / Home-range of the invasive terrestrial gastropod, Achatina fulica (Gastropoda: Achatinidae), in an Ecuadorian dry forest conservation area

Achatina fulica es un gasterópodo terrestre invasivo, conocido como una de las 100 especies invasoras más dañinas del mundo. Achatina fulica fue reportado en Ecuador en el 2008, pero no se ha evaluado aún su impacto sobre los ecosistemas nativos. El objetivo principal fue determinar el área de vida (AV) promedio de esta especie en dos zonas con distinto grado de intervención en el Bosque Protector Cerro Blanco, un remanente de bosque seco tropical. La fase de campo consistió en la captura, marcaje, recaptura, toma de medidas morfométricas y georreferenciación de los individuos; para el análisis de datos se calculó el AV mediante el método de polígono convexo mínimo, y se lo correlacionó con variables ambientales a través de un análisis de componentes principales (ACP). El AV promedio en la zona alterada fue de 3.58 m² (±0.93, n=30), y en el sendero ecoturístico fue 3.27 m² (±0.48, n=40); se determinó que la humedad fue el parámetro ambiental que influyó directamente sobre el AV y la densidad poblacional en ambas zonas de estudio. El manejo de esta especie invasora no consta como un asunto clave de manejo para esta reserva privada, por lo que se recomienda ejecutar acciones de control para su erradicación.

Achatina fulica is an invasive terrestrial gastropod known as one of the 100 most harmful invasive species in the world. Achatina fulica is known in Ecuador since 2008, but the impact over their native ecosystems has not evaluated. The main objective was to determine the home range (HR) of this species in two zones with different levels of intervention in the Cerro Blanco reserve. The field work consisted in the capture, marking, recapture, taking of morphometric measurements and georeferencing of the individuals; for the analysis of data, HR was calculated using the convex polygon method, and environmental variables were correlated through a principal component analysis (PCA). The average HR in the altered zone was 3.58 m2 (± 0.93, n = 30), and on the ecotourist trail was 3.27 m2 (± 0.48, n = 40); the humidity was the environmental parameter that directly influences the life area and the population density in both zones study. The management of this invasive species does not appear as a key management issue for this private reserve, so it is recommended a control actions for its eradication.

A cobertura de ciência em telejornais do Brasil e da Colômbia: um estudo comparativo das construções midiáticas / The coverage of science in television news programs in Brazil and Colombia: a comparative study of media constructs

Resumo O estudo analisa e compara a cobertura de ciência e tecnologia do principal telejornal do Brasil (Jornal Nacional) e o da Colômbia (Noticias Caracol), utilizando análise de conteúdo aplicada a um corpus de matérias representativas de um ano de transmissão – abril 2009 a março 2010. Observou-se que o informativo brasileiro apresentou mais que o dobro de matérias sobre ciência e tecnologia que o colombiano, com cobertura mais estável ao longo do ano e notas mais longas, mais recursos visuais e maior destaque. Porém, foram encontradas similaridades nos dois telejornais: notícias sobre medicina e saúde foram as mais frequentes; o principal enfoque das notas foi o anúncio de nova investigação; cientistas foram as principais fontes citadas; e pesquisas nacionais foram priorizadas.

Abstract This study analyzes and compares the science and technology coverage in Brazil’s main television news program (Jornal Nacional) and its Colombian counterpart (Noticias Caracol). Using content analysis, we investigated a corpus of news stories broadcast from April 2009 to March 2010. We found that Jornal Nacional presented over twice as many reports on science and technology as Noticias Caracol, and that its levels of reporting remained fairly stable throughout the year. The Brazilian reports were also longer, were featured more prominently, and used more visual resources. Even so, some similarities were found: news about health and medicine was most frequent; the reports focused primarily on announcing new research; scientists were the main sources cited; and national research was prioritized.

Protists and other organisms on a minute snail periostracum

Abstract Since the foundation of the Malacological Center in 1980, Universidad Centro Americana (UCA), Managua-Nicaragua, has been monitoring and collecting the marine, terrestrial, fluvial and lake mollusk population of the country. Many specimens have been photographed by Scanning Electronic Microscope (SEM), and in one of these, observation of the hairy periostracum reveals a seemingly thriving population of minute protists in possible symbiosis with their host. Adequate magnification and comparison with previous studies allowed the determination of these hosts as diatoms, testaceous amoebae, yeast, phacus, spores and other undetermined organisms which occur in tropical forests on rocks, trees and leaves. Here illustrated are diatoms and other organisms detected for the first time on the periostracum of a tropical rainforest mollusk.

Resumo Desde a fundação do Centro Malacológico em 1980, a Universidad Central Americana (UCA), Manágua-Nicarágua, vem acompanhando e coletando a população de moluscos marinhos, terrestres, fluviais e lagoas do país. Muitos espécimes foram fotografados pelo microscópio eletrônico de varredura (SEM) e, em um deles, a observação do periostracum peludo revela uma população aparentemente próspera de protistas de minuto em possível simbiose com o hospedeiro. A ampliação adequada e a comparação com estudos anteriores permitem a determinação dessas diatomáceas, amebas testaceas, leveduras, phacus, esporos e outros organismos indeterminados que ocorrem em florestas tropicais em rochas, árvores e folhas. Aqui estão as diatomeas e outros organismos pela primeira vez detectados no periostracum de um molusco tropical.

Relaxing effect of eugenol and essential oils in Pomacea canaliculata / Efeito relaxante de eugenol e óleos essenciais em Pomacea canaliculata

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the potential relaxing and/or molluscicidal effects of eugenol and essential oils of Origanum majorana, Ocimum americanum, Hesperozygis ringens, and Piper gaudichaudianum in the gastropod Pomacea canaliculata. Compounds were tested at concentrations of 100, 250, 500, and 750µL L-1 to evaluate the relaxing effects. In the second experiment, animals were exposed to 10, 25, and 50µL L-1 of essential oils of H. ringens and P. gaudichaudianum for a period of 24h for the evaluation of molluscicidal effects. Eugenol and essential oils of O. majorana and O. americanum showed relaxing effects at ≥250µL L-1, but the essential oils of H. ringens and P. gaudichaudianum did not promote relaxing or molluscicidal effects within the times and concentrations studied. Therefore, only eugenol and the essential oils of O. majorana and O. americanum can be used for relaxation purposes in P. canaliculata.

RESUMO: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os possíveis efeitos relaxantes e/ou moluscicidas do eugenol e óleos essenciais de Origanum majorana, Ocimum americanum, Hesperozygis ringens e Piper gaudichaudianum no gastrópode Pomacea canaliculata. Os compostos foram testados nas concentrações de 100, 250, 500 e 750µL L-1 para avaliar os efeitos relaxantes. Em um segundo experimento, os animais foram expostos a 10, 25 e 50µL L-1 por 24 horas aos óleos essenciais de H. ringens e P. gaudichaudianum para avaliação dos efeitos moluscicida. O eugenol e os óleos essenciais de O. majorana e O. americanum apresentaram efeito relaxante nas concentrações ≥250µL L-1, mas os óleos essenciais de H. ringens e P. gaudichaudianum não promoveram efeito relaxante ou moluscicida no tempo e concentrações estudadas. Portanto, apenas o eugenol e os óleos essenciais de O. majorana e O. americanum podem serem usados para fins de relaxamento em P. canaliculata.

El caracol de playa: un caso raro de cuerpo extraño endobronquial / The Beach Snail: A Rare Case of Endobronchial Foreign Body

Los cuerpos extraños endobronquiales constituyen una entidad clínica poco frecuente en pacientes adultos a diferencia de la edad pediátrica, el grupo de <3 años constituyen el 75 por ciento de los casos. La presentación clínica en adultos depende del lugar de alojamiento del cuerpo extraño. La triada clásica de tos, disnea y cianosis solo se presenta en un pequeño porcentaje de pacientes. La clínica larvada los hace pasar desapercibidos, con periodos de latencia largos. Se trata de un paciente masculino de 41 años de edad que acude al servicio de Medicina por presentar tos y disnea que comienza de forma súbita luego de tomar un trago de ron que le produjo sensación de ahogo, se le realizan estudios imagenológicos que arrojan la presencia de cuerpo extraño endobronquial, inmediatamente se intenta extraer el mismo mediante Broncoscopia. Hubo que realizar otros procederes no comunes para lograr su extracción definitiva. Se presenta este caso por resultar su forma de presentación poco frecuente en el adulto, por el tipo de cuerpo extraño (caracol de playa), no descrito en la literatura médica y por las dificultades en la extracción del mismo(AU)

Endobronchial foreign bodies constitute a rare clinical entity in adult patients unlike the pediatric age, the group of <3 years constitute 75 percent of the cases. The clinical presentation in adults depends on the place of accommodation of the foreign body. The classic triad of cough, dyspnea and cyanosis only occurs in a small percentage of patients. The larval clinic makes them go unnoticed, with long periods of latency. This is a 41-year-old male patient who went to the medical service for having cough and dyspnea that starts suddenly after taking a sip of rum that caused him to feel choked. Imaging studies showed the presence of endobronchial foreign body. Immediate attempts to extract it were performed by bronchoscopy. Other uncommon procedures were necessary to carry out to obtain its definitive extraction. This case is presented due to its unusual presentation in adults, the type of foreign body (beach snail) which is not described in the medical literature and the difficulties in its extraction(AU)

Reproducción de Pomacea flagellata (Mollusca: Ampullariidae) en la laguna de Bacalar, Quintana Roo, México / Reproductive aspects of Pomacea flagellata (Mollusca: Ampullariidae) at Bacalar lagoon, Quintana Roo, México

Resumen:Pomacea flagellata es una especie de caracol de agua dulce nativo en el sureste de México. Sobre esta especie existen pocos estudios y en ninguno se han abordado aspectos de su reproducción. Este caracol ha sido explotado durante años en la laguna Bacalar y sus poblaciones han decrecido considerablemente, conllevando a la veda de su captura. Este trabajo se realizó con el objetivo de evaluar las variaciones temporales de la frecuencia de cópulas y la abundancia de masas de huevos de P. flagellata en la laguna de Bacalar, así como sus relaciones con la abundancia de los caracoles y con variables ambientales. Los muestreos fueron realizados durante tres temporadas: Lluvias (julio, agosto y septiembre 2012), Nortes (diciembre 2012, enero y febrero 2013) y Secas (marzo, abril y mayo 2013) en 12 estaciones a lo largo de la laguna de Bacalar. En cada estación, se recorrió un transecto de 100 m paralelo a la orilla y se contó el número de huevas frescas (color rosado) puestas sobre la vegetación, troncos, rocas o estructuras artificiales. En el agua se hicieron tres transectos de 50 x 2 m y en cada uno se contaron los caracoles y se registró el número de cópulas. La densidad de caracoles mostró variaciones significativas entre temporadas, disminuyendo desde la temporada de Lluvias hasta la temporada de Secas. Entre los meses dentro de temporadas no se presentaron diferencias significativas (ANOVA, p>0.05). Durante toda la temporada de Lluvias se registraron cópulas con una frecuencia significativamente mayor que en Nortes, mientras en Secas no se registraron cópulas (Kruskal-Wallis, p˂0.05). La puesta de masas de huevos se extendió de julio a marzo. La densidad de huevas no presentó diferencias entre la temporadas de Lluvias y Nortes (2.72 masas/m y 2.93 masas/m, respectivamente), pero en Secas fue significativamente menor con un valor de 0.1 masas/m (H, p˂0.05). La frecuencia de cópulas se relacionó significativamente con la abundancia de caracoles (rs= 0.26; p<0.05) y con la temperatura del agua (rs= 0.34; p<0.05). La abundancia de masas de huevos se relaciona significativamente con la abundancia de individuos (rs= 0.46; p<0.05). De forma general se observó que la actividad reproductiva de P. flagellata en la laguna de Bacalar, está asociada a los meses más cálidos y con mayor precipitación. Este hallazgo es relevante para apoyar la gestión de este recurso en la región, de tal forma que para implementar alguna medida de manejo para esta especie, es necesario tener en cuenta que al menos se debe mantener una veda temporal durante la etapa reproductiva.

Abstract:The freshwater snail Pomacea flagellata is native from Southeastern Mexico. Studies about this species are scarce and none has treated their reproduction. This snail has been exploited at Bacalar lagoon for many years, leading to a significant decrease in their abundance and currently, a permanent ban was proposed by the government. This work aimed to assess the temporal variations of mating frequency and the abundance of egg clutches of P. flagellata at Bacalar lagoon, as well as their relation with snails density and environmental variables. Sampling was done during the three climatic seasons: Rainy (July, August and September/2012), North or Cold fronts (December/2012 and January and February/2013) and Dry (March, April and May/2013) in 12 sampling stations located along the Bacalar lagoon. On each station a transect of 100 m length was set parallel to the edge, and the number of fresh egg clutches (pink color) laid over vegetation, rocks or manmade structures, were counted. In the water, three 50 x 2 m transects were set and the number of snails were counted as well as the mating frequency. Density of snails varied significantly among seasons, decreasing from the rainy to the dry season. There were no significant differences of snail abundance among months, nested in climatic seasons (ANOVA, p>0.05). During the rainy season the mating frequency was significantly higher than in the Norths, meanwhile in the dry season no mating were registered (Kruskal-Wallis, p˂0.05). Eggs clutches appeared from July to March. Density of egg clutches presented no differences between the Rainy and the North seasons (2.72 and 2.93 clutches/m, respectively), nonetheless during the dry season abundance of egg masses was significantly lower (0.1 clutches/m) (H, p˂0.05). Mating frequency was related with snail abundance (rs= 0.26; p<0.05) and water temperature (rs= 0.34; p<0.05) and the abundance of egg masses is related with snail abundance (rs= 0.46; p<0.05). In general, we observed that reproductive activity of P. flagellata at Bacalar lagoon is related with the warmer months and with higher rainfall. This finding is relevant to support the management of this resource in the region, so that to implement any management arrangement they must be aware that a temporal ban is necessary during the reproductive season at least. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (4): 1643-1650. Epub 2016 December 01.

Caracterización de la ovoposición del caracol Pomacea flagellata (Say, 1827) bajo condiciones experimentales / Characterization of oviposition snail Pomacea flagellata (Say, 1827) under experimental conditions

Pomacea flagellata es un caracol conspicuo de zonas tropicales y subtropicales de América, que se ha consumido desde tiempos prehispánicos y actualmente es considerado sobreexplotado. Se realizó un experimento de cultivo de cuatro meses para determinar: la selección del substrato por la hembra, el tamaño de las huevas, el nivel del agua elegido para colocar la masa de huevos, el número de crías, y el tiempo de eclosión. Se utilizaron tres tinas de plástico que se llenaron con 100 L de agua, por duplicado y se colocaron tres sustratos: raíces de mangle, carrizo y tubo de PVC. Se registraron 57 huevas, 26 de ellas eclosionaron produciendo 5037 crías. Hubo más huevas en la "pared" de las tinas, donde se registraron 35 huevas, en raíces de mangle (18), en PVC 3 y en carrizo una hueva. Hubo diferencias significativas en la selección del sustrato, mientras que no se observaron diferencias significativas entre el número de huevas y las proporciones de sexos. La longitud promedio de la masa fue 32.99 ± 10.92, el ancho 16.44 ± 5.1 y grosor 8.08 ± 3.87 mm. La altura promedio de la puesta fue 15.66 ± 3.42 cm, con un tiempo medio de eclosión, de 13.30 ± 2.6 días, obteniéndose entre 94 a 301 crías por desove. Los caracoles utilizaron preferentemente las paredes de las tinas y es difícil determinar si no seleccionan sustrato para la puesta. El nivel del agua empleado es óptimo y permite que los organismos puedan colocar las masas de huevo, la producción de crías es adecuada y suficiente para iniciar programas de cultivo de producción de carne o de repoblación del medio natural.

Pomacea flagellata is a conspicuous snail in tropical and subtropical areas of America; it has been consumed since pre-Hispanic times and now is considered overexploited. A four months cultivation experiment was realized to determine the substrate selection by females, size of clutches, water level for placing egg masses, number of offspring, and hatching time. We used three duplicate plastic vats that were filled with 100 L water, and three substrates were set inside: mangrove roots, reed and PVC pipes. A total of 57 eggs masses were recorder, 26 of them produced 5037 offspring. More eggs masses were set in the wall of vats (35), mangrove roots (18) PVC pipe 3 and reed only one. There were significant differences in the selection of the substrate, but not between the number of eggs masses and sex proportion. Average length of egg masses was 32.99 ± 10.92, width was 16.44 ± 5.1 and thickness 8.08 ± 3.87 mm. Average heights of the egg masses was 15.66 ± 3.42 cm, while hatching time was 13.30 ± 2.6 days, yielding between 94 to 301 offspring per spawning. Snails preferably used walls of vats and it is difficult to determine if they did not select a substrate. Water level in the vats was optimal and allowed to organisms place egg masses, offspring production is adequate and enough to start culturing programs to meat production, or to re stocking of natural environment.

Eco-etología básica del caracol rosa Strombus gigas (Mesogastropoda: Strombidae), en Xel-Há, Yucatán, Caribe mexicano / Basic eco-ethology of the queen conch, Strombus gigas (Mesogastropoda: Strombidae) in Xel-Há, Yucatán, Mexican Caribbean

The queen conch Strombus gigas is an important fishery in the Caribbean, whose populations are currently overexploited. Since the decade of 1980 there have been several studies on aquaculture, resource management and area rehabilitation. However, little is known about its behavior in a natural environment and the influence of environmental parameters. Monthly surveys, from January to November 2012 were conducted in in Xel Ha, to observe and quantify six behaviors of S. gigas: rest, feeding, movement, burying, copulation and spawning. The observations were made every hour from 8h to 17h by free diving through three transects with three replicates each. Each behavior was observed 90 times each month. Salinity, temperature and dissolved oxygen were registered at the bottom. We found the highest number of snails at rest in July and the lowest in March and September. Feeding and movements had a peak in August. Most buried in October and November. Copulation was first observed on March with a peak in June and July to October’s spawning. In daytime observations restingt had a peak at 8h; feeding and moving at 12 to 17h. Copulation and spawning did not have a clear pattern. Variations between months and hours (resting, feeding, moving and buried) were significant (p<0.05). Resting correlated with temperature and being buried with oxygen level (r=-0.5803; p=0.0536). Feeding and moving correlated with temperature and salinity. These results should be useful for the conservation, restoration and aquaculture programs. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (Suppl. 3): 215-222. Epub 2014 September 01.

El caracol rosa Strombus gigas tiene importancia pesquera en el Caribe, cuyas poblaciones se encuentran sobreexplotadas. Desde la década de 1980 se han desarrollado estudios de acuacultura, manejo del recurso y rehabilitación de áreas con la finalidad de proteger e incrementar sus poblaciones. Sin embargo, poco se sabe sobre el comportamiento del caracol rosa en su medio natural y la influencia de los parámetros ambientales. Mensualmente de enero a noviembre de 2012 en la caleta de Xel Há se observaron y cuantificaron seis comportamientos de S. gigas: reposo, alimentación, movimiento, cópula, enterrados y desove. Las observaciones se realizaron cada hora de 8h a 17h por medio de buceo libre en tres transectos con tres repeticiones cada uno. Cada comportamiento fue observado 90 veces cada mes. Se registraron datos de salinidad, temperatura y oxígeno disuelto en el fondo. El comportamiento anual de S. gigas presentó el mayor número de caracoles en reposo en julio. La alimentación y el movimiento tuvieron un máximo en agosto. La mayoría de caracoles enterrados se encontró en octubre y noviembre. La cópula comenzó a observarse en marzo con un máximo en junio y el desove de julio a octubre. En las observaciones diurnas e independientemente de los meses, el reposo tuvo un pico a las 8h, alimentación a las 12 y movimiento a las 17h. La cópula y el desove no presentaron un patrón en su comportamiento. Existieron variaciones significativas entre meses y horas (reposo, alimentación, movimiento y enterrado) (p<0.05). El reposo se correlacionó con la temperatura y los enterrados con el oxígeno (r=-0.5803; p=0.0536). La alimentación con temperatura, salinidad y oxígeno. El movimiento con temperatura y salinidad. Estos resultados son útiles para programas de conservación, restauración y cultivo de la especie.

Composición, abundancia y distribución de las poblaciones de gasterópodos de importancia comercial en La Guajira, Caribe colombiano / Composition, abundance and distribution of populations of commercially important gastropods in La Guajira, Colombian Caribbean

In the continental Colombian Caribbean the conch resource exploitation and the status of snails populations has been poorly studied, which are reflected in the lack of fisheries management. This study assesses composition, population density and distribution of the gastropods species that make conch resource in La Guajira region. Underwater visual censuses for snails were performed between September-November 2009 in 145 100x4m (400m²) transects, spanning a total area of 56 920m² between Riohacha and Cabo de la Vela. The study was complemented with the evaluation of composition, abundance and size of gastropods conch found in the discarded-by-fishermen shell mounds in 13 beaches. In October 2010 another 40 transects were evaluated (16 000m²) from the Southern of Riohacha to the Camarones village (La Guajira). We found a total of 9 911 snails belonging to 12 species, the most abundant being Strombus pugilis with 8 912 individuals and an average density of 1 538.4±3 662.6 ind./ha , followed by Vasum muricatum with 374 individuals and an average density of 51.8±91.2 ind./ha. Calculating the importance value index (IVI) for both living organisms as the empty shells on beaches, shows that Turbinella angulata is the most used species by artisanal fishermen in the region. Cassis madagascariensis and Cassis tuberosa are also important snail resources in the region (as suggested by the number of empty shells found in beaches), but its densities were low. Strombus gigas, with only three living organisms found in the area, presented the lowest abundance ever found in the Colombian Caribbean (0.52±3.6 ind./ha), showing that queen conch population in La Guajira can- not support commercial exploitation. The abundance of discarded S. gigas shells on beaches suggests resource exploitation in the recent past. Results remarks the urgency of implementing management plans for snail fisheries in the region.

En el Caribe continental colombiano el aprovechamiento del recurso caracol y el estado de sus poblaciones han sido poco estudiados, esto se refleja en la carencia de un ordenamiento pesquero. Se evaluó la composición, densidad poblacional y distribución de las especies que conforman ese recurso en La Guajira. Se realizaron censos visuales entre septiembre y noviembre 2009 en 145 transectos de 100x4m (400m²), abarcando un área de 56 920m² entre Riohacha y el Cabo de la Vela. También se evaluó la composición, abundancia y talla de conchas de gasterópodos en depósitos de conchas vacías en 13 playas. En octubre 2010 se evaluaron 40 transectos más (16 000m²), desde el sur de Riohacha hasta Camarones. Se encontraron 9 911 caracoles de 12 especies, siendo Strombus pugilis el más abundante con 8 912 individuos y densidad de 1 538.4±3 662.6 ind./ha, seguido por Vasum muricatum con 374 individuos y densidad de 51.8±91.2 ind./ha. El índice de valor de importancia (IVI) de caracoles vivos y de conchas en las playas, muestran a Turbinella angulata como la especie más aprovechada por pescadores artesanales. Los resultados denotan la urgencia de realizar planes de manejo pesquero para este recurso en la región.

Evaluation of glucosamine and snail mucin on the progression of experimental knee osteoarthritis in dogs / Evaluación de la glucosamina y mucina de caracol en la progresión de la osteoartritis experimental de rodilla en perros

This study evaluated the effect of oral glucosamine and intramuscular injection (IM) of snail mucin on the progression of experimental osteoarthritis (OA) in dogs. Twenty adult mongrels with mean body weight (12.4±1.8 kg) were used. Experimental OA was induced surgically using the groove model. The dogs were randomly divided into three groups following radiographic evidence of OA. Group one (control) comprised of ten dogs treated with normal saline twice weekly for four weeks following OA. Group two comprised of five dogs treated with 10mg/kg of oral glucosamine daily for four weeks. Group three comprised of five dogs treated with 5mg/kg intramuscular injection of 5% solution of snail mucin twice weekly for four weeks. Blood was obtained from the cephalic vein before surgical arthrotomy, after surgical arthrotomy, immediately after radiographic confirmation of OA (Week 0) and at two weeks interval up to 4 weeks of treatment. Efficacy of the drugs was assessed by changes in plasma IL-6 and MMP-3, while safety was determined using the changes in packed cell volume (PCV), total white blood cell counts (WBC) and observable adverse reactions associated with the administration of the drugs. In this study, the PCV and WBC did not differ significantly (P> 0.05) from the control group. Plasma IL-6 and MMP-3 were significantly (P< 0.05) lower both in glucosamine-treated and snail mucin-treated dogs up to week 4 of treatment when compared with the control group. However, there were no significant (P > 0.05) differences in IL-6 and MMP-3 between the two treatment groups. In addition, painful swelling at the site of injection was observed in dogs treated with snail mucin, while no adverse reaction was observed in dogs treated with oral glucosamine. It was therefore concluded that both oral glucosamine and IM injection of snail mucin comparably modified the progression of OA. However, owing to the adverse reaction noted with IM injection of snail mucin, further study is required to determine the most appropriate route of administration.

Se evaluaron los efectos de la glucosamina oral y la inyección intramuscular (IM) de mucina de caracol en la progresión de la osteoartritis (OA) experimental en perros. Fueron utilizados 20 perros mestizos adultos con un peso medio de 12,4±1,8 kg. La OA experimental se indujo quirúrgicamente mediante el modelo de ranura. Los animales se dividieron aleatoriamente en tres grupos después de la evidencia radiográfica de OA. El grupo 1 (control, 10 perros) fue tratado con una solución salina normal dos veces por semana durante cuatro semanas. El grupo 2 (5 perros) fue tratado con 10 mg/kg de glucosamina oral al día por cuatro semanas, y el grupo 3 (5 perros) fue tratado con 5 mg/kg IM de una solución de mucina de caracol al 5% dos veces por semana durante cuatro semanas. Se obtuvieron muestras de sangre desde la vena cefálica previo a la artrotomía quirúrgica, después de la artrotomía e inmediatamente después de la confirmación radiográfica de OA (semana 0), y en el intervalo de dos semanas hasta cuatro semanas de tratamiento. La eficacia de los fármacos se evaluó por los cambios plasmáticos de IL-6 y MMP-3, mientras que la seguridad, se determinó por los cambios en el volumen del hematocrito (VH), el recuento total de glóbulos blancos (RGB), y la observación de reacciones adversas asociadas a la administración de fármacos. El VH y RGB no difirieron significativamente (P>0,05) en el grupo control. Los niveles de IL-6 y MMP-3 plasmática fueron significativamente más bajas (P<0,05) en los perros tratados con glucosamina y mucina de caracol hasta 4 semanas, en comparación con el grupo control. Sin embargo, no hubo diferencias significativas (P>0,05) en la IL-6 y MMP-3 entre los dos grupos de tratamiento. Además, se observó un edema doloroso en el sitio de inyección de los perros tratados con mucina de caracol. En los perros tratados con glucosamina oral no se observó reacción adversa. Se concluye que tanto la glucosamina oral y la inyección IM de mucina de caracol modifican comparablemente la progresión de OA. Sin embargo, debido a la reacción adversa observada con la inyección IM de mucina caracol, se necesitan estudios adicionales para determinar la vía de administración más adecuada.

A new species of Urocopitid land snail from Haiti and a discussion of the genus Autocoptis (Gastropoda: Urocoptidae)

Autocoptis paulsoni n. sp. is described from Haiti. it is characterized by its large size, its cylindricaltapered shape, its fine costate sculpture on the teleoconch, a distinct but weak circum basal keel and its abbreviate conical juvenile shell. it is most similar to Autocoptis gruneri (Dunker 1844), which is redescribed, and its distribution is reviewed. The taxonomic status of the genus Autocoptis Pilsbry 1902 and its subgenus Urocoptola Clench, 1 935 are reviewed. The genus is endemic to Hispaniola and satellite islands.

Para Haití se describe Autocoptis paulsoni n. sp. Esta especie se caracteriza por su gran tamaño, su forma cilíndrica-cónica, teleoconcha en forma de costillas, una clara pero débil quilla circumbasal y concha juvenil cónica y abreviada. Es muy similar a Autocoptis gruneri (Dunker, 1844), que se describe de nuevo y su distribución se revisa. También se presenta el estado taxonómico del género Autocoptis y del subgénero Urocoptola. El género es endémico de La Española y las islas satélites.