Assessment of land use cover changes, carbon sequestration and carbon stock in dry temperate forests of Chilas watershed, Gilgit-Baltistan

Abstract Land use and land cover change are affecting the global environment and ecosystems of the different biospheres. Monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) of these changes is of utmost importance as they often results in several global environmental consequences such as land degradation, mass erosion, habitat deterioration as well as micro and macro climate of the regions. The advance technologies like remote sensing (RS) and geographical information system (GIS) are helpful in determining/ identifying these changes. In the current study area, changes in carbon stocks, notably in forest areas, are resulting in considerable dynamics of carbon stocks as a result of climate change and carbon sequestration. This study was carried out in the Diamer district of the Gilgit Baltistan (GB) Pakistan to investigate the change in cover change/land use change (particularly Forest Land use) as well as carbon sequestration potential of the forests in the district during almost last 25years. The land cover, temporal Landsat data (level 1, LIT) were downloaded from the USGS EROS (2016), for 1979-1989, 1990-2000 and 2001-2012. Change in land uses, particularly forest cover was investigated using GIS techniques. Forest inventory was carried out using random sampling techniques. A standard plot of size 0.1 ha (n=80) was laid out to determine the tree density, volume, biomass and C stocks. Simulation of C stocks was accomplished by application of the CO2FIX model with the data input from inventory. Results showed a decrease in both forest and snow cover in the region from 1979-2012. Similarly decrease was seen in tree volume, tree Biomass, dynamics of C Stocks and decrease was in occur tree density respectively. It is recommended we need further more like project such as BTAP (Billion Tree Afforestation Project) and green Pakistan project to increase the forest cover, to control on land use change, protect forest ecosystem and to protect snow cover.

Resumo O uso e as mudanças na cobertura da terra estão afetando o meio ambiente global e os ecossistemas das diferentes biosferas. O monitoramento, relatório e verificação (MRV) dessas mudanças são de extrema importância, pois muitas vezes resultam em várias consequências ambientais globais, como degradação da terra, erosão em massa, deterioração do hábitat, bem como micro e macroclima das regiões. As tecnologias avançadas, como sensoriamento remoto (RS) e sistema de informações geográficas (SIG), são úteis para determinar / identificar essas mudanças. Na área de estudo atual, as mudanças nos estoques de carbono, principalmente em áreas florestais, estão resultando em uma dinâmica considerável dos estoques de carbono como resultado das mudanças climáticas e do sequestro de carbono. Este estudo foi realizado no distrito de Diamer de Gilgit Baltistan (GB), Paquistão, para investigar a mudança na mudança de cobertura / mudança de uso da terra (particularmente uso de terras florestais), bem como o potencial de sequestro de carbono das florestas no distrito durante quase os últimos 25 anos. A cobertura da terra, os dados temporais do Landsat (nível 1, LIT), foram baixados do USGS EROS (2016), para 1979-1989, 1990-2000 e 2001-2012. Mudanças nos usos da terra, particularmente na cobertura florestal, foram investigadas usando técnicas de SIG. O inventário florestal foi realizado por meio de técnicas de amostragem aleatória. Um lote padrão de 0,1 ha (n = 80) foi estabelecido para determinar a densidade das árvores, volume, biomassa e estoques de C. A simulação dos estoques de C foi realizada pela aplicação do modelo CO2FIX com a entrada de dados do inventário. Os resultados mostraram uma diminuição na cobertura florestal e de neve na região de 1979 a 2012. Da mesma forma, diminuição foi observada no volume da árvore, biomassa das árvores, dinâmica dos estoques de C e diminuição na densidade das árvores, respectivamente. É recomendado que precisemos de mais projetos como o BTAP (Billion Tree Afforestation Project) e o projeto Green Pakistan para aumentar a cobertura florestal, controlar as mudanças no uso da terra, proteger o ecossistema florestal e proteger a cobertura de neve.

Tree species composition, growing stock and biomass carbon dynamics of the major timber species in Hindu Kush regions of Pakistan

Abstract Using inventory data, this study evaluates the species composition, growing stock volume (GSV), and biomass carbon (BMC) of the five major timber species in the sub-tropical, and temperate/sub-alpine regions of Pakistan. It was found that the stem density varies between 50 and 221 trees ha -1, with a mean of 142 trees ha-1 (13.68 million trees for entire forest area). Among the species, Pinus wallichiana showed a high species composition (27.80%) followed by Picea smithiana (24.64%). The GSV was found in the range of 67.81 to 425.94 m3 ha-1, with a total GSV value of 20.68 million m3 for the entire region. Similarly, The BMC ranged from 27.04 to 169.86 Mg ha-1, with a mean BMC value of 86.80 Mg ha-1. The total amount of stored carbon was found at 8.69 million tons for a total of 95842 ha of commercially managed forest. Furthermore, the correlation analysis between the basal area (BA) and GSV and BMC showed that BA is the best predictor of GSV and BMC. The findings provide insights to the policy makers and forest managers regarding the sustainable commercial forest management as well as forest carbon management in the recent global carbon management for climate change mitigation.

Resumo Usando dados de inventário, este estudo avaliou a composição de espécies, volume de estoque crescente (GSV) e carbono de biomassa (BMC) das cinco principais espécies madeireiras nas regiões subtropicais e temperadas/subalpinas do Paquistão. Constatou-se que a densidade do caule variou entre 50 e 221 árvores ha-1, com média de 142 árvores ha-1 (13,68 milhões de árvores para toda a área florestal). Entre as espécies, Pinus wallichiana apresentou alta composição de espécies (27,80%), seguida de Picea smithiana (24,64%). O GSV foi encontrado na faixa de 67,81 a 425,94 m3 ha-1, com um valor total de 20,68 milhões de m3 para toda a região. Da mesma forma, o BMC variou de 27,04 a 169,86 mg ha-1, com valor médio de 86,80 mg ha-1. A quantidade total de carbono armazenado foi de 8,69 milhões de toneladas para um total de 95.842 ha de floresta manejada comercialmente. Além disso, a análise de correlação entre área basal (BA), GSV e BMC mostrou que BA é o melhor preditor de GSV e BMC. As descobertas fornecem insights para os formuladores de políticas e gestores florestais sobre o manejo florestal comercial sustentável, bem como o manejo florestal de carbono no recente gerenciamento global de carbono para a mitigação das mudanças climáticas.

Short-term effects of air pollutants on outpatient volume of respiratory diseases in Guiyang / 环境与职业医学

Background Affected by concentration, composition, and population tolerance of air pollutants, the relationship between air pollutants and population health has regional differences. There is still a research gap in Guiyang. Objective To explore the short-term effects of air pollutant concentrations in low-pollution areas on the outpatient volume of respiratory diseases. Methods Spearman correlation analysis was used to evaluate the correlation between air pollutants, meteorological factors, and respiratory outpatient volume from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2020 in Guiyang City. A single pollutant distribution lag nonlinear model and a multi-pollutant interaction model were established based on Poisson distribution. A three-dimensional diagram was drawn to display the relationship between air pollutants and respiratory outpatient volume. Quantitative analysis was conducted on the attribution risk and lag effect of air pollutant concentration on outpatient volume of respiratory diseases in Guiyang City. Results The results of the single pollutant model showed that fine particulate matter (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and sulfur dioxide (SO2) elevated the outpatient volume of respiratory diseases. The maximum relative risk (RR) and 95%CI values of PM2.5, NO2,CO, and SO2 appeared on Day 2, 0, 5, and 6, respectively, which were 1.019 (1.015, 1.023), 1.146 (1.122, 1.171), 1.129 (1.116, 1.143), and 1.046(1.040, 1.052), respectively. For every quartile concentration increment of PM2.5, NO2, CO, or SO2, the outpatient volume of respiratory diseases increased by 0.943% (0.111%, 1.782%), 4.050% (3.573%, 4.529%), 0.595% (0.317%, 0.874%), or 0.667% (0.235%, 1.100%), respectively. The maximum RR (95%CI) of O3 was 1.015 (1.007, 1.023) and appeared on Day 0. The results of multi-pollutant model showed that PM2.5, NO2, CO, SO2, and O3 all elevated the outpatient volume of respiratory diseases. The maximum RR values of PM2.5, NO2, CO, SO2 and O3 appeared on Day 14, 0, 5, 7 and 0, respectively, which were 1.027 (1.021, 1.034), 1.213 (1.179, 1.248), 1.059 (1.043, 1.074), 1.016 (1.005, 1.026), and 1.024 (1.015, 1.033), respectively. Compared with the single pollutant model, the RR values of PM2.5, NO2, and O3 on the outpatient volume of respiratory diseases in the multi-pollutant model showed an upward trend, while the RR values of CO and SO2 in the multi-pollutant model showed a downward trend. Conclusion The impact of low concentrations of PM2.5, NO2, CO, and SO2 on human health cannot be ignored.

An unprecedented pair of Z/E isomeric pyridinium compound from the aqueous extract of Aspongopus chinensis Dallas / 药学学报

A novel pair of Z/E isomeric compounds with unprecedented carbon skeleton were isolated from an aqueous extract of Aspongopus chinensis Dallas by macroporous resin, silica gel, and semi-preparative high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Their structures were identified by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Infrared spectroscopy (IR), Mass spectroscopy (MS) and other spectroscopic methods as (Z)-3-(but-1″-en-1″-yl)-1-(2ʹ-hydroxyethyl)-4-propylpyridin-1-ium, namely aspongopyridine A, and (E)-3-(but-1″-en-1″-yl)-1-(2ʹ-hydroxyethyl)-4-propylpyridin-1-ium, namely aspongopyridine B, respectively. Besides, the anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, acetylcholinesterase inhibition and butyrylcholinesterase inhibition activities of the compounds 1 and 2 were evaluated. The results showed that compounds 1 and 2 have no anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and butyrylcholinesterase inhibition activities instead of weak acetylcholinesterase inhibition activity.

Tree species composition, growing stock and biomass carbon dynamics of the major timber species in Hindu Kush regions of Pakistan / Composição de espécies de árvores, estoque em crescimento e dinâmica de biomassa de carbono das principais espécies madeireiras nas regiões de Indocuche no Paquistão

Using inventory data, this study evaluates the species composition, growing stock volume (GSV), and biomass carbon (BMC) of the five major timber species in the sub-tropical, and temperate/sub-alpine regions of Pakistan. It was found that the stem density varies between 50 and 221 trees ha -1, with a mean of 142 trees ha-1 (13.68 million trees for entire forest area). Among the species, Pinus wallichiana showed a high species composition (27.80%) followed by Picea smithiana (24.64%). The GSV was found in the range of 67.81 to 425.94 m3 ha-1, with a total GSV value of 20.68 million m3 for the entire region. Similarly, The BMC ranged from 27.04 to 169.86 Mg ha-1, with a mean BMC value of 86.80 Mg ha-1. The total amount of stored carbon was found at 8.69 million tons for a total of 95842 ha of commercially managed forest. Furthermore, the correlation analysis between the basal area (BA) and GSV and BMC showed that BA is the best predictor of GSV and BMC. The findings provide insights to the policy makers and forest managers regarding the sustainable commercial forest management as well as forest carbon management in the recent global carbon management for climate change mitigation.

Usando dados de inventário, este estudo avaliou a composição de espécies, volume de estoque crescente (GSV) e carbono de biomassa (BMC) das cinco principais espécies madeireiras nas regiões subtropicais e temperadas/subalpinas do Paquistão. Constatou-se que a densidade do caule variou entre 50 e 221 árvores ha-1, com média de 142 árvores ha-1 (13,68 milhões de árvores para toda a área florestal). Entre as espécies, Pinus wallichiana apresentou alta composição de espécies (27,80%), seguida de Picea smithiana (24,64%). O GSV foi encontrado na faixa de 67,81 a 425,94 m3 ha-1, com um valor total de 20,68 milhões de m3 para toda a região. Da mesma forma, o BMC variou de 27,04 a 169,86 mg ha-1, com valor médio de 86,80 mg ha-1. A quantidade total de carbono armazenado foi de 8,69 milhões de toneladas para um total de 95.842 ha de floresta manejada comercialmente. Além disso, a análise de correlação entre área basal (BA), GSV e BMC mostrou que BA é o melhor preditor de GSV e BMC. As descobertas fornecem insights para os formuladores de políticas e gestores florestais sobre o manejo florestal comercial sustentável, bem como o manejo florestal de carbono no recente gerenciamento global de carbono para a mitigação das mudanças climáticas.

Construction of residents' healthy lifestyle cognitive index system in the context of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality / 环境与职业医学

Background Healthy lifestyle is one of the important factors affecting individual health. How to promote residents' cognition of healthy lifestyle has become an urgent practical problem for the whole society. However, there is no residents' healthy lifestyle cognitive indexes available with consideration of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. Objective To construct a cognitive index system for providing effective assessment on residents' cognition of healthy lifestyle under the background of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. Methods Based on the health belief model, a preliminary cognitive index system of residents' healthy lifestyle under the background of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality was proposed after literature study and relevant policy review. Then three rounds of indicator importance evaluation and screening by Delphi method were conducted before the index system was finally constructed. The weights of all levels of indicators were determined using analytic hierarchy process. In addition, a self-assessment questionnaire was developed based on the index system. The questionnaire was utilized to conduct a survey among 200 residents by convenience sampling in Shenyang, Liaoning Province from November to December 2021. The survey was used to examine the reliability and validity of the indicator system. Results The effective recovery rates of the three rounds of Delphi method were all 100%. The authority coefficient was 0.84. The Kendall's W consistency test showed good expert consistency (P<0.001). Finally, a cognitive index system of residents' healthy lifestyle under the background of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality was initially constructed, including 4 first-level indicators, 8 second-level indicators, and 35 third-level indicators. Among them, the weights of the first-level indicators were 0.4541 for practice cognition, 0.2248 for benefit and obstacle cognition, 0.1626 for action clue cognition, and 0.1585 for risk cognition, respectively. The correlation coefficients between each indicator were from 0.586 to 0.977 (P<0.01). The overall Cronbach's α coefficient was 0.95, indicating high reliability. Invited experts agreed that the entries were representative and the content validity of the constructed indicator system was good. The factor analysis also showed that the structure validity was good. Conclusion The proposed index system for residents' cognition of healthy lifestyle show good reliability and validity, which can be used as an effective assessment tool for residents' healthy lifestyle cognition under the background of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. It can provide a scientific and theoretical basis for promoting residents' cognition and practice of healthy lifestyle.

Research progress on the mechanical compatibility of restorative materials with dental tissue / 口腔疾病防治

@#As the main means of mastication, teeth can withstand countless functional contacts. The mechanical properties of teeth are closely related to their tissue structure. Enamel and dentin have a high hardness and modulus of elasticity, and their graded structure allows them to withstand bite forces without being susceptible to fracture. When tooth tissue is defective, full crown restoration is often needed to restore the normal shape and function of the tooth. Metal materials, ceramic materials, and polyetheretherketone (PEEK) materials are commonly used for crown restoration. Metal materials have certain disadvantages in terms of aesthetics and are relatively rarely used in clinical practice. Ceramic materials with different compositions exhibit differences in performance and aesthetics, but their elastic modulus and hardness are much higher than those of dental tissue, resulting in mismatching mechanical properties. In contrast, the elastic modulus of PEEK is lower than that of tooth tissue and similar to that of bone tissue, but its properties can be improved by fiber reinforcement. Notably, when the mechanical properties of a restoration material and tooth tissue are not fully matched, the interface between them often forms a potential weak link, which ultimately affects the stability and long-term effect of the restoration. This article introduces the mechanical properties and corresponding structural characteristics of enamel and dentin. On this basis, the advantages and limitations of existing restoration materials are analyzed, and the possibility of biomimetic design of full crowns is further explored.

Aspectos por considerar en autopsias por intoxicación aguda con monóxido de carbono, el asesino silente. A propósito de dos casos / Aspects to consider in autopsies for acute carbon monoxide poisoning, the silent killer. About two cases

El monóxido de carbono (CO) es un gas que se produce durante la combustión incompleta de diferentes materiales orgánicos. Una vez que se inhala, se absorbe hacia la sangre, ejerciendo su efecto a nivel sistémico. Se une fuertemente a la hemoglobina, y forma la carboxihemoglobina lo que provoca una disminución del transporte de oxígeno a los tejidos y dependiendo de su concentración puede ser mortal. Los hallazgos comúnmente encontrados en la autopsia son color rojo cereza en la piel y órganos, así como edema pulmonar, entre otros. El diagnóstico de intoxicación por CO se basa en la medición post mortem de carboxihemoglobina en sangre, por lo que se deben tomar muestras para cuantificar estos niveles. Con respecto al manejo en estos casos, se presenta dos casos correspondientes a la autopsia médica legal en las que se estableció como causa de muerte la intoxicación por monóxido de carbono.

Carbon monoxide (CO) is a gas that is produced during the incomplete combustion of different organic materials. Once inhaled, it is absorbed into the blood, exerting its effect at the systemic level. It strongly binds to hemoglobin, and forms carboxyhemoglobin, which causes a decrease in oxygen transport to the tissues and, depending on its concentration, can be fatal. The findings commonly found in the autopsy are cherry red color in the skin and organs, as well as pulmonary edema, among others. The diagnosis of CO poisoning is based on the postmortem measurement of carboxyhemoglobin in the blood, so samples must be taken to quantify these levels. Regarding the handling of these cases, two cases corresponding to the legal medical autopsy are presented in which carbon monoxide poisoning was established as the cause of death.

Qualitative Characterization of the Abrasive Component of Charcoal-Containing Toothpastes and the Effect on Dentin Roughness / Caracterización Cualitativa del Componente Abrasivo de las Pastas Dentales que Contienen Carbón Vegetal y la Rugosidad de la Dentina

This study investigated the effect of commercially available whitening toothpastes containing charcoal on dentin. Nine charcoal-containing toothpastes were compared with 3 whitening toothpastes (positive control) and distilled water (negative control). Periodontally hopeless molars were cleaned and washed and the occlusal table removed to expose dentin. The teeth were mounted in auto-polymerizing resin and exposed dentine surfaces polished with water-cooled decreasing grits of silica carbide paper up to 1500 grit. Baseline average roughness (Ra) measurements were taken. Specimens were then mounted in an automatic tooth-brushing machine and brushed for 5000 cycles. Repeat Ra measurements were taken. Specimens were brushed in 5000-cycle increments up to 25,000 cycles with Ra measurements being taken at each time point. Between abrasive challenges specimens were stored in distilled water. All toothpaste samples were sputter coated and examined under a scanning electron microscope to qualify the shape and size of the abrasive components of the formulations. Data were analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance with post hoc Bonferroni. The results demonstrated that the abrasive effect, in terms of increasing Ra, on dentin was noted as early as 5000 cycles for all the tested toothpastes (p<0.05). The effect of continued brushing showed an overall cumulative effect on dentine roughness up to 25000 cycles. When toothpastes were compared between groups at each time-point, dentin specimens brushed with Pursito were statistically similar to the control group. At 25,000 cycles all dentin samples were significantly rougher compared to Pursito and the control groups. It may be concluded that all the tested toothpastes have an abrasive effect on dentin surfaces.

Este estudio investigó el efecto sobre la dentina de las pastas dentales blanqueadoras disponibles en el mercado que contienen carbón vegetal. Se compararon nueve dentífricos que contenían carbón vegetal con 3 dentífricos blanqueadores (control positivo) y agua destilada (control negativo). Los molares sin material periodontal se limpiaron y lavaron y se retiró la tabla oclusal para exponer la dentina. Los dientes se montaron en resina autopolimerizable y las superficies expuestas de la dentina se pulieron con papel de carburo de sílice de grano decreciente enfriado con agua hasta grano 1500. Se tomaron medidas de rugosidad promedio (Ra) de referencia. Luego, las muestras se montaron en una máquina automática de cepillado de dientes y se cepillaron durante 5000 ciclos. Se tomaron medidas repetidas de Ra. Las muestras se cepillaron en incrementos de 5000 ciclos hasta 25 000 ciclos y se tomaron medidas de Ra en cada punto de tiempo. Entre periodos abrasivos, las muestras se almacenaron en agua destilada. Todas las muestras de pasta de dientes se recubrieron por pulverización catódica y se examinaron bajo un microscopio electrónico de barrido para calificar la forma y el tamaño de los componentes abrasivos de las formulaciones. Los datos se analizaron utilizando un análisis de varianza de dos vías de Bonferroni post hoc. Los resultados demostraron que el efecto abrasivo, en términos de aumento de Ra, sobre la dentina se notó ya en 5000 ciclos para todas las pastas dentales probadas (p<0,05). El efecto del cepillado continuo mostró un efecto acumulativo general sobre la rugosidad de la dentina hasta 25.000 ciclos. Cuando se compararon las pastas dentales entre los grupos en cada momento, las muestras de dentina cepilladas con Pursito fueron estadísticamente similares al grupo de control. A los 25.000 ciclos, todas las muestras de dentina eran significativamente más ásperas en comparación con Pursito y los grupos controles. Se puede concluir que todas las pastas dentales probadas tienen un efecto abrasivo sobre las superficies dentinarias.

Correlation of Venous to Arterial Carbon Dioxide Partial Pressure Difference with other Cardiac Output Indices in Patients Undergoing Intracardiac Repair for Tetralogy of Fallot

Background: Clearance of tissue carbon dioxide by circulation is measured by venous to arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure difference (AVCO2 ) and is correlated with cardiac output (CO) in critically ill adult patients. This study aimed to correlate AVCO2 with other CO indices like arteriovenous oxygen saturation difference (AVO2 ), central venous oxygen saturation (ScVO2 ), and serum lactate in pediatric patients undergoing intracardiac repair (ICR) for tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). Methods: We conducted a prospective observational study in 50 patients, of age 5months to 5 years, undergoing ICR for TOF and analyzed AVO2 , AVCO2 , ScVO2 , and lactate from arterial and venous blood gas pairs obtained at different time intervals from admission to pediatric intensive care unit(PICU)(T0 ), at 6 h (T1 ), 12 h (T2 ), 24 h (T3 ), and 48 h (T4 ) postoperatively. Bivariate correlations were analyzed using Pearson for parametric variables. Results: Admission AVCO2 was not correlated with AVO2 (R2 = 0.166, P = 0.246), ScVO2 (R2 = ?2.2, P = 0.124), and lactate (R2 = ?0.07, P = 0.624). At T1 , AVCO2 was correlated with AVO2 (R2 = 0.283, P = 0.0464) but not with ScVO2 (R2 = ? 0.25, P = 0.079) and lactate (R2 = ?0.07, P = 0.623). At T2 , T3 and T4 , AVCO2 was correlated with AVO2 (R2 = 0.338,0.440 & 0.318, P = 0.0162, 0.0013, and 0.024), ScVO2 (R2 = ? 0.344, ? 0.488, and ?0.366; P = 0.0143, <0.0001, and 0.017), and lactate (R2 = 0.305, 0.467 and 0.607; P = 0.0314, 0.00062 and <0.0001). AVCO2 was negatively correlated with ScVO2 . No correlation observed between admission AVCO2 and mechanical ventilation duration. Two nonsurvivors had higher value of admission AVCO2 compared to survivors. Conclusion: AVCO2 is correlated with other CO surrogates like AVO2 , ScVO2 , and lactate in pediatric patients undergoing ICR for TOF.

El rol del laboratorio en los hallazgos de intoxicación y exposición a monóxido de carbono / The role of the laboratory in findings of carbon monoxide poisoning and exposure

El monóxido de carbono es un gas altamente tóxico que se origina principalmente por la combustión incompleta de combustibles fósiles. La intoxicación presenta síntomas inespecíficos que solapan otras patologías y por lo tanto es indispensable la confirmación mediante la medición de la carboxihemoglobina en sangre. El laboratorio incorporó la determinación en el informe del estado ácido base a partir de octubre del 2018, debido a que previamente el médico debía solicitarla frente a la sospecha de una intoxicación. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar si esta medida implementada por el laboratorio contribuyó a mejorar el diagnóstico de intoxicación por CO, analizar las características de los pacientes con COHb mayor o igual a 5% y definir un valor de reporte inmediato para la COHb. El 46% de los casos con COHb mayor o igual a 5% no se relacionaban con una intoxicación y/o exposición a CO. De los casos de intoxicación se encontró que el 77% fueron diagnosticados a partir de la sospecha médica y un 23% por hallazgo del laboratorio. Se concluyó que es de mucha utilidad el rol del laboratorio en detectar aquellos casos que no fueron evidentes clínicamente. Existen ciertas patologías como las oncológicas o la enfermedad de Wilson donde se vieron valores elevados de COHb sin presentar intoxicación y se definió finalmente, como valor de reporte inmediato 7% para la COHb. (AU)

Carbon monoxide is a highly toxic gas that originates mainly from incomplete combustion of fossil fuels. Intoxication causes nonspecific symptoms that overlap with other conditions and, therefore, confirmation by measuring blood carboxyhemoglobin is essential. The laboratory incorporated the measurement in the acid-base status report as of October 2018, as it was previously required to be requested by the physician in case of suspected intoxication. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether this measure implemented by the laboratory contributed to the improvement of the diagnosis of CO intoxication, to analyze the characteristics of patients with COHb greater than or equal to 5% and to define an immediate reporting value for COHb. Overall, 46% of the cases with COHb greater than or equal to 5% were not related to CO poisoning and/or exposure. Of the cases of intoxication, 77% were diagnosed based on medical suspicion and 23% on laboratory findings. It was concluded that the laboratory has a useful role in detecting cases that were not clinically evident. There are certain diseases including different types of cancer or Wilson's disease where elevated COHb values were seen without intoxication and finally, 7% for COHb was defined as the immediate reporting value (AU)

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Low Pressure Carbon Dioxide as a Hurdle in Raw Milk Storage

Aims: To evaluate the effectiveness of low pressure carbon dioxide as a hurdle in raw milk storage. Study Design: Milk samples were stored at under low pressure carbon dioxide at 29°C for 6 hours and the microbial quality of milk was compared with control milk. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Dairy Microbiology, Verghese Kurien Institute of Dairy and Food Technology (VKIDFT), Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Mannuthy between January 2020 and December 2020. Methodology: Milk samples were collected from an organized farm. The initial microbial quality of milk was determined and samples were carbonated to a pressure of 20 psi and stored for six hours 29°C, uncarbonated milk sample kept at 29°C acted as the control. The microbial quality of the carbonated milk and uncarbonated milk was determined after storage in terms of total viable count, coliform count and gram negative organism count. Results: Significant growth suppression (P=0.05) of bacteria was observed in the carbonated milk. Total Viable count showed a suppression of 1.05 log cfu/ml while coliforms showed a suppression of 1.3 log cfu/ml. The greatest log reduction was observed in gram negative organisms with a difference of 2.2 log cfu/ml and psychrotrophic organisms with 1.54 log cfu/ml. Conclusion: Carbon dioxide was found to be an effective bacteriostatic agent which could be used for extending the keeping quality of raw milk. The bacteriostatic action could be due to anaerobic conditions developed by carbon dioxide and also due to the increased acidity of the medium.

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning from Heavy Cigarette Smoking Presenting as Delusion in a Patient with a History of Chronic Schizophrenia (Methamphetamine Induced)

We describe a case of carbon monoxide poisoning in a 54-year-old male from heavy cigarette smoking presenting as delusions. The patient has a history of methamphetamine-induced schizophrenia now in remission for 2 years, and not on any psychotropics and is drug-free.

Intoxicación por monóxido de carbono: estudio observacional de pacientes que acudieron a Urgencias durante 2020 / Carbon monoxide poisoning: an observational study of patients admitted to Emergency Department during 2020

El objetivo fue describir las intoxicaciones monóxido de carbono. Se diseñó un corte transversal que incluyó una muestra consecutiva de mediciones de carboxihemoglobina (COHb), realizadas Enero y Diciembre 2020 en la Central de Emergencias del Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires. Se utilizaron bases secundarias y revisión manual de historias clínicas para recolección de varia-bles de interés. Durante el período de estudio hubo 20 pacientes confirmados, con media de 50 años (DE 20), 55% sexo masculino, 20% tabaquistas, y una única embarazada. El 70% correspondieron al trimestre Junio-Julio-Agosto. La fuente de intoxicación más frecuente se debió a accidentes domésticos (calefón, estufa, brasero, hornalla, salamandra) que representaron el 50% de los casos, 30% por incendios, y el 20% restante explicado por tabaco o factor desconocido. Los estudios de laboratorio más solicitados fueron: 95% recuento de glóbulos blancos, 85% glucemia, 70% CPK, y 55% troponina. Los hallazgos relevantes fueron COHb con mediana de 7.15%, CPK con mediana de 89 U/mL, y troponina con mediana de 8.5 pg/mL. La totalidad se realizó electrocardiograma: 15% presentaron arritmia como hallazgo patológico, y ninguno isquemia. En cuanto la presentación clínica: 30% presentó cefalea, 15% síncope, 15% coma, 10% mareos y 10% convulsiones. Sólo 25% tuvieron tomografía y 15% resonancia de cerebro, sin hallazgos críticos. Sin embargo, 15% fueron derivados para trata-miento con cámara hiperbárica. La mayoría ocurrieron en invierno y explicados por accidentes domésticos. Será necesario un fortalecimiento del rol preventivo que apunte al control de la instalación y el buen funcionamiento de artefactos, como mantener los ambientes bien ventilados (AU)

The objective was to describe carbon monoxide poisoning. A cross sectional was designed, which included a consecutive sample of carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) measurements, carried from January to December 2020 at the Emergency Department of tHospital Italiano de Buenos Aires. Secondary databases and manual review of medical records were used to collect variables of interest. During the study period there were 20 confirmed patients, with a mean age of 50 (SD 20), mostly male (55%), 20% smokers, and only one pregnant woman, 70% corresponded to June-July-August. The most frequent source of poisoning was explained to domestic accidents (water heater, stove, brazier, stove, salamander) which represented 50% of cases, 30% due to fires, and the remaining 20% by tobacco or unknown factor. The most laboratory studies were: 95% white blood cell count, 85% glycemia, 70% CPK, and 55% troponin. Meanwhile, relevant findings were carboxyhemoglobin with a median of 7.15%, CPK with a median of 89 U/mL, and troponin with a median of 8.5 pg/mL. All underwent an electrocardiogram: 15% presented arrhythmia as a pathological finding, and none ischemia. Regarding the clinical presentation: 30% presented headache, 15% syncope, 15% coma, 10% dizziness and 10% seizures. Only 25% had brain tomography and 15% MRI, without pathological findings. However, 15% were referred for treatment with a hyperbaric chamber. Most of the cases occurred in winter and explained by domestic accidents. It will be necessary to strengthen the preventive role that aims to control the installation and the proper functioning of devices, such as keeping rooms well ventilated (AU)

Chemical and Biological Evaluation of Bakeries Produced from Golden Berries

This investigation was performed with the purpose of researching the influence of pizza containing dried golden berry fruits (DGBF) at different doses against carbon tetrachloride - induced hepatotoxicity in rats. The study shows phenols content of golden berry. 25 male rats were used in the biological investigation. Rats were divided into five groups (5 rats in group) the investigation was 12 weeks. The first group (negative group) was given a basal diet and the second group (G2, G3, G4, and G5) was injected intramuscularly with carbon tetrachloride 2 ml/kg BW (50% v/v in liquid paraffin) weekly to induce hepatotoxicity. After the injury, group G3, G4 and G5 fed on 50% basal diet supplemented with 50%pizza containing 5, 10 and 15% DGBF. Findings indicate that DGBF had a high antioxidant activity, total phenol, flavonoids, ascorbic acid and carotenoids content. Rats fed 50% pizza containing (5,10 and 15%) DGBF had a lower serum total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglyceride, urea, uric acid, creatinine, GOT, GPT, MDA and SOD compared to rats fed simply the basal diet (positive control). The DGBF was added to the pizza with different proportions, and its sensory properties were evaluated, and all proportions were proper to the panelists, compared to the control. The findings of this work suggest that golden berries could be used to treat and prevent hepatotoxicity patients.

An examination of the carbon metabolic pathways in Acinetobacter sp. TAC-1 in the context of poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) utilization / 生物工程学报

The present study aimed to unravel the carbon metabolism pathway of Acinetobacter sp. TAC-1, a heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification (HN-AD) strain that utilizes poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) as a carbon source. Sodium acetate was employed as a control to assess the gene expression of carbon metabolic pathways in the TAC-1 strain. The results of genome sequencing demonstrated that the TAC-1 strain possessed various genes encoding carbon metabolic enzymes, such as gltA, icd, sucAB, acs, and pckA. KEGG pathway database analysis further verified the presence of carbon metabolism pathways, including the glycolytic pathway (EMP), pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), glyoxylate cycle (GAC), and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in the TAC-1 strain. The differential expression of metabolites derived from distinct carbon sources provided further evidence that the carbon metabolism pathway of TAC-1 utilizing PHBV follows the sequential process of PHBV (via the PPP pathway)→gluconate (via the EMP pathway)→acetyl-CoA (entering the TCA cycle)→CO2+H2O (generating electron donors and releasing energy). This study is expected to furnish a theoretical foundation for the advancement and implementation of novel denitrification processes based on HN-AD and solid carbon sources.

A novel method for detecting circulating tumor cells immunity based on micro-nano technique / 生物工程学报

This study was to develop a new method for detecting circulating tumor cells (CTCs) with high sensitivity and specificity, therefore to detect the colorectal cancer as early as possible for improving the detection rate of the disease. To this end, we prepared some micro-column structure microchips modified with graphite oxide-streptavidin (GO-SA) on the surface of microchips, further coupled with a broad-spectrum primary antibody (antibody1, Ab1), anti-epithelial cell adhesion molecule (anti-EpCAM) monoclonal antibody to capture CTCs. Besides, carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs-COOH) were coupled with colorectal cancer related antibody as specific antibody 2 (Ab2) to prepare complex. The sandwich structure consisting of Ab1-CTCs-Ab2 was constructed by the microchip for capturing CTCs. And the electrochemical workstation was used to detect and verify its high sensitivity and specificity. Results showed that the combination of immunosensor and micro-nano technology has greatly improved the detection sensitivity and specificity of the immunosensor. And we also verified the feasibility of the immunosensor for clinical blood sample detection, and successfully recognitized detection and quantization of CTCs in peripheral blood of colorectal cancer patients by this immunosensor. In conclusion, the super sandwich immunosensor based on micro-nano technology provides a new way for the detection of CTCs, which has potential application value in clinical diagnosis and real-time monitoring of disease.

Study on the correlation between color and inner quality during the processing of Prunus mume carbon and its processing end point / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To study the correlation between color and inner quality during the processing of Prunus mume carbon， and provide reference for the determination of processing end point of P. mume carbon. METHODS The chromaticity value of P. mume carbon powder was measured by colorimeter， and the inner quality of P. mume carbon was measured by selecting the contents of water， water-soluble extract， citric acid and tannin. The dynamic change trend of the chromaticity value， water， water- soluble extract， the contents of citric acid and tannin in P. mume carbon under different processing time was analyzed. The correlation between color and the above indexe contents was analyzed， and the regression equation of inner quality-chromaticity value was established. Combined with principal component analysis （PCA）， hierarchical cluster analysis （CA） and partial least squares discriminant analysis （PLS-DA）， the difference of P. mume carbon at different processing times was analyzed to determine the processing end point. RESULTS With the extension of processing time， the sample color gradually deepened； the chromaticity values L* and E* of the samples increased at first and then decreased， the chromaticity values a* and b* decreased， and finally all tended to be stable. The content of water-soluble extract， citric acid and tannin in the sample increased at first and then decreased， the water content of the sample decreased with time and finally stabilized. Correlation analysis showed that water， water-soluble extract， citric acid and tannin were positively correlated with L*， a*， b* and E*（P＜0.001）. PCA and HCA showed that P. mume carbon under different processing time could be clustered into two categories： the processed samples of 0-30 min and those of 40-60 min. PLS-DA showed that water and water-soluble extract were important quality indexes and b* was an important chrominance index in the processing of P. mume carbon. The chromaticity value of the samples processed for 50 min and 60 min were not significantly different. The contents of water， water- soluble extract， citric acid and tannin in the samples processed for 60 min were less than those processed for 50 min. CONCLUSIONS There is a certain correlation between the color and the inner quality of P. mume carbon. The processing time of P. mume carbon should be 40-50 min.

Research progress on head imaging features of carbon monoxide poisoning and delayed encephalopathy / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Acute carbon monoxide poisoning and its delayed encephalopathy have obvious damage to the central nervous system. There are different neuroimaging changes in different stages of the disease, and they are relatively specific. This article reviews the clinical research progress on the imaging changes of carbon monoxide poisoning and delayed encephalopathy, including computed tomography (CT) , conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) , diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) , diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) , diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) , magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and other imaging changes reflecting the function and metabolic state of the brain tissue.

Effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on neurological injury markers and prognosis in patients with acute and severe carbon monoxide poisoning / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Objective: To observe the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on nerve injury markers and prognosis in patients with acute severe carbon monoxide poisoning (ASCOP) . Methods: In May 2021, 103 ASCOP patients were treated in the emergency department of Harrison International Peace Hospital of Hebei Medical University from November 2020 to January 2021. The patients were divided into two groups according to whether they received tDCS treatment. The control group (50 cases) were given oxygen therapy (hyperbaric oxygen and oxygen inhalation) , reducing cranial pressure, improving brain circulation and cell metabolism, removing oxygen free radicals and symptomatic support, and the observation group (53 cases) was treated with 2 weeks of tDCS intensive treatment on the basis of conventional treatment. All patients underwent at least 24 h bispectral index (BIS) monitoring, BIS value was recorded at the hour and the 24 h mean value was calculated. Neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and serum S100B calcium-binding protein (S100B) were detected after admission, 3 d, 7 d and discharge. Follow-up for 60 days, the incidence and time of onset of delayed encephalopathy (DEACMP) with acute carbon monoxide poisoning in the two groups were recorded. Results: The NSE and S100B proteins of ASCOP patients were significantly increased at admission, but there was no significant difference between the two groups (P=0.711, 0.326) . The NSE and S100B proteins were further increased at 3 and 7 days after admission. The increase in the observation group was slower than that in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P(3 d)=0.045, 0.032, P(7 d)=0.021, 0.000) ; After 14 days, it gradually decreased, but the observation group decreased rapidly compared with the control group, with a statistically significant difference (P=0.009, 0.025) . The 60 day follow-up results showed that the incidence of DEACMP in the observation group was 18.87% (10/53) , compared with 38.00% (19/50) in the control group (P=0.048) ; The time of DEACMP in the observation group[ (16.79±5.28) d] was later than that in the control group[ (22.30±5.42) d], and the difference was statistically significant (P=0.013) . Conclusion: The early administration of tDCS in ASCOP patients can prevent the production of NSE and S100B proteins, which are markers of nerve damage. and can improve the incidence and time of DEACMP.