Distribution and health risk of residual trihalomethane in regional drinking water / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveTo explore the variation rules and health risks of trihalomethane in regional drinking water， and to provide evidence for the innovative water processing technology and the optimization of drinking water quality. MethodsBased on regional drinking water sanitation monitoring， non-parametric rank sum test was used to analyze the effects of residual trihalomethane production in different periods and with disinfection methods. The United States environmental protection agency （USEPA） classic "four-step" health risk assessment model was used to evaluate the carcinogenic risk and non-carcinogenic risk of trihalomethane through drinking water exposure. ResultsThe yield of trichloromethane in wet season was 6.3 μg·L-1， which was higher than that in dry season. Compared with chlorination pretreatment， ozone pretreatment reduced the content of bromomethane dichloromethane. Compared to liquid chlorine disinfection， sodium hypochlorite treatment incresed the levels of trichloromethane and bromomethane chloride. Although the total carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of trihalomethane in drinking water in the region were at safe levels， they were above the acceptable limits occasionally. The highest carcinogenic risk of trihalomethane were dichlorobromomethane and chlorodibromomethane，and the highest non-carcinogenic risk was trichloromethane. The health risk of children was 1.2 times higher than that for adults. ConclusionThe production of residual trihalomethane in drinking water in this area is relatively low， which is less harmful to the health of adults and children. Monitoring， including other disinfection byproducts， should continue and appropriate disinfection techniques for drinking water should be explored.

Health risk assessment of chemical substances in drinking water in Shijiazhuang from 2014 to 2021 / 环境与职业医学

Background A variety of substances in drinking water are hazardous to human health and there are health risks associated with ingestion of these substances via drinking water. Objective To assess the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks of drinking water in Shijiazhuang from 2014 to 2021. Methods The collection, preservation, and testing of 10529 drinking water samples (including finished water and tap water) in Shijiazhuang were conducted from 2014 to 2021 and followed the Standard examination methods for drinking water (GB/T 5750—2006). The health risks of 15 chemicals in drinking water by oral exposure were assessed using the US Environmental Protection Agency's four-step method combined with Monte Carlo simulation. Results Among the 15 chemicals in drinking water assessed for their health risks at general exposure levels and high exposure levels via oral route in Shijiazhuang from 2014 to 2021, the leading three chemicals and related values of carcinogenic risks for adults were cadmium (1.11×10−4, 2.98×10−4), arsenic (5.88×10−5, 1.56×10−4), and chromium (5.48×10−5, 2.41×10−4), and the leading three chemicals and related values of non-carcinogenic risks were fluoride (3.57×10−1, 6.57×10−1), arsenic (1.31×10−1, 3.47×10−1), and nitrate (1.14×10−1, 5.98×10−1). The health risk values of trichloromethane and aluminum were elevated but still in acceptable ranges. Drinking water-associated health risk values were higher in males than in females, such as the cancer risk for general exposure levels of arsenic in men was 5.76×10−5, compared to 5.72×10−5 in women. The health risk values of cadmium, chromium, fluoride, nitrate, and other chemicals in ground water were higher than those of surface water, and the health risk values of trichloromethane and carbon tetrachloride were lower than those in surface water, such as the non-carcinogenic risk value for general exposure levels of fluoride in groundwater was 3.61×10−1, compared to 2.27×10−1 in surface water. Factors such as water transmission and distribution links, water period, and season affected the health risks of drinking water. The general exposure levels of trichloromethane in tap water had a higher carcinogenic risk of 1.75×10−7 compared with 8.17×10−8 in finished water. The general levels of arsenic exposure was higher in the dry season at 1.36×10−1, compared with 1.26×10−1 in the wet season. Conclusion Except that the carcinogenic risk of cadmium at general exposure levels in Shijiazhuang exceeds the maximum acceptable range recommended by US Environmental Protection Agency, the health risk values of the remaining 14 chemicals are below the maximum acceptable risk. The carcinogenic risk values of arsenic and chromium and the non-carcinogenic risk values of fluoride, arsenic, and nitrate are relatively high, but do not exceed the maximum acceptable ranges. The emphasis should be on the management of drinking water in highly exposed areas and populations.

Mecanismos de Acción de la Microbiota Oral en el Desarrollo del Cáncer. Revisión Sistemática Exploratoria

En esta revisión sistemática exploratoria, presentamos la evidencia registrada en la literatura, de que la microbiota oral puede generar una acción carcinogénica, actuando a través de tres mecanismos principales: sobre el medio extracelular, activando vías de señalización intracelular y/o generando acción directa sobre el DNA, y que las principales bacterias estudiadas corresponden a Fusobacterium nucleatum y Porphyromona gingivalis. En la actualidad hay evidencia suficiente acerca de la asociación entre microbiota oral y distintos tipos de cáncer, sin embargo, no hay gran conocimiento de los mecanismos por los cuales esta microbiota participa en su desarrollo. Presentamos una recopilación de los diversos mecanismos de acción que utilizan las bacterias de la cavidad oral en el proceso de carcinogénesis en cuatro tipos diferentes de cáncer. Es de gran importancia aumentar el conocimiento acerca del rol etiológico de la microbiota oral en el desarrollo de la enfermedad de cáncer debido a que se establecería como un nuevo agente carcinogénico y su conocimiento podría ser utilizado como una herramienta valiosa en la detección y tratamiento de esta enfermedad.

In this Scoping Review, we present the evidence recorded in the literature about that oral microbiota can generate a carcinogenic action, acting through three main mechanisms: on the extracellular space, activating intracellular signaling pathways and/or generating direct action on DNA, and that the principal pathogens studied are Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromona gingivalis. Nowadays, there is sufficient evidence about the association between oral microbiota and several types of cancer, however, there is not much knowledge about the mechanisms by which this microbiota participates in its development. We present a compilation of different mechanisms of action used by oral cavity bacteria in the process of carcinogenesis in four different types of cancer. It is of great importance to increase the knowledge about the etiological role of the oral microbiota in the development of cancer disease because it would be established as a new carcinogenic agent and its knowledge could be used as a valuable tool in the detection and treatment of this disease.

Distribution and exposure assessment of phthalic acid esters （PAEs） in indoor dust of Shanghai / 上海预防医学

Objective To characterize the distribution and assess the exposure to phthalic acid esters （PAEs） in the indoor dust of Shanghai City. Methods Samples were collected from 33 sampling sites， including homes， hotels， offices and public places， in Shanghai in 2018， 2019， and 2020. The samples were pretreated by 100 sieves， extracted and concentrated， and then analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in selected ion mode （SIM）. Results Results on the characteristics of PAEs in indoor dust in different places showed that concentrations of PAEs were in a range of <0.01-2 464 mg·kg-1.The average concentration of 16 PAEs was 613 mg·kg-1. Bis（2-ethylhexyl） phthalate （DEHP）， di-iso-butyl phthalate （DiBP）， di-n-butyl phthalate （DBP） and di-n-octyl phthalate （DnOP） were the main components of PAEs in indoor dust， accounting for approximately 99.5% of 16 PAEs. The intake of DEHP， DBP， DEP and BBP was lower than the tolerable daily intake （TDI） and reference doses （RfD） set by EU CSTEE and U.S. EPA. Conclusion Average daily dose （ADD） via indoor dust is estimated， and the order of intake through different pathways is hand-oral intake>skin contact>respiratory inhalation. Exposure risk of PAEs in children is greater than that in adults.

Distribution and exposure assessment of phthalic acid esters （PAEs） in indoor dust of Shanghai / 上海预防医学

Objective To characterize the distribution and assess the exposure to phthalic acid esters （PAEs） in the indoor dust of Shanghai City. Methods Samples were collected from 33 sampling sites， including homes， hotels， offices and public places， in Shanghai in 2018， 2019， and 2020. The samples were pretreated by 100 sieves， extracted and concentrated， and then analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in selected ion mode （SIM）. Results Results on the characteristics of PAEs in indoor dust in different places showed that concentrations of PAEs were in a range of <0.01-2 464 mg·kg-1.The average concentration of 16 PAEs was 613 mg·kg-1. Bis（2-ethylhexyl） phthalate （DEHP）， di-iso-butyl phthalate （DiBP）， di-n-butyl phthalate （DBP） and di-n-octyl phthalate （DnOP） were the main components of PAEs in indoor dust， accounting for approximately 99.5% of 16 PAEs. The intake of DEHP， DBP， DEP and BBP was lower than the tolerable daily intake （TDI） and reference doses （RfD） set by EU CSTEE and U.S. EPA. Conclusion Average daily dose （ADD） via indoor dust is estimated， and the order of intake through different pathways is hand-oral intake>skin contact>respiratory inhalation. Exposure risk of PAEs in children is greater than that in adults.

Variations and health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient PM2.5 in industrial and residential areas in Fuzhou City / 环境与职业医学

Background PM2.5 pollution has become a widely concerned environmental health problem. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) are the main harmful components of PM2.5, and their sources and carcinogenic risk deserve attention. Objective To analyze the source apportionment of PAHs in ambient PM2.5 in Fuzhou, and to evaluate the potential carcinogenic risk through inhalation due to exposure to PAHs. Methods In this study, two sampling sites were set up in Cangshan (industrial area) and Taijiang (commercial and residential area) districts in Fuzhou City. PM2.5 was collected from 10th to 16th of each month from 2017 to 2020 by membrane filtration method. The concentrations of ambient PM2.5 were measured by weighing, and the concentrations of 16 PAHs, including naphthalene(NAP), acenaphthylene(ACY), acenaphthene(ACE), fluorene(FLU), phenanthrene(PHE), anthracene(ANT), fluoranthene(FLT), pyrene(PYR), benzo[a]anthracene(BaA), chrysene(CHR), benzo[b]fluoranthene(BbF), benzo[k]fluoranthene(BkF), benzo[a]pyrene(BaP), indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene(IcdP), dibenzo[a,h]anthracene(DahA), and benzo[g,h,i]perylene(BghiP), were determined by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detector and fluorescence detector. The concentrations of PM2.5 and PAHs were compared in the two districts and the concentrations of PAHs were also compared in different seasons. The diagnostic ratio [FLT/(FLT+PYR), IcdP/(IcdP+BghiP), BaA/(BaA+CHR), and BaP/BghiP] method and positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis were used to determine the sources of PAHs in PM2.5 in Fuzhou. The excess carcinogenic risk (ECR) model was used to assess the potential health risk of inhalation exposure to PAHs. Results During 2017–2020, the M (P25, P75) concentration of ambient PM2.5 in Cangshan and Taijiang districts of Fuzhou were 35.0 (25.0, 47.5) and 34.0 (25.5, 46.0) μg·m−3 respectively, and the percentages of PM2.5 exceeding the national standard in Cangshan and Taijiang were 2.68% and 4.17%, respectively, without significant differences (P＞0.05). The M (P25, P75) concentrations of ΣPAHs in Cangshan was 5.03 (3.07, 7.67) ng·m−3, higher than that in Taijiang, 3.20 (2.05, 5.59) ng·m−3 (P＜0.05). The M (P25, P75) concentrations of PAHs monomers except ACY, FLU, and ACE in Cangshan were higher than those in Taijiang (P＜0.05). The concentrations of ΣPAHs in PM2.5 in four seasons in Cangshan were higher than those in Taijiang (P＜0.05). In both districts, the concentration of ΣPAHs in winter was higher than those in spring, summer, and autumn (P＜0.05). According to the diagnostic ratio method, the median ratios of FLT/(FLT+PYR) in the two districts ranged from 0.4 to 0.5, and those of IcdP/(IcdP+BghiP), BaA/(BaA+CHR), and BaP/BghiP were from 0.2 to 0.5, from 0.2 to 0.35, and less than 0.6, respectively. The results of PMF analysis showed the proportions of four factors in Cangshan were 37.9%, 13.2%, 24.0%, and 24.9%, respectively. The major load contributors to factor 1 included FLT, PHE, and PYR; to factor 2, FLU, ACY, and ACE; to factor 3, DahA; to factor 4, BghiP, IcdP, and BaP. The proportions of four factors in Taijiang were 23.6%, 19.3%, 22.0%, and 35.1%, respectively. The main load contributor to factor 1 was DahA; to factor 2, BghiP; to factor 3, FLT, PHE, and PYR; to factor 4, IcdP, BaP, BbF, BkF, CHR, and BaA. The benzo[a]pyrene equivalences (BEQ) in Cangshan and Taijiang districts were 1.87 ng·m−3 and 1.61 ng·m−3, respectively. The excess carcinogenic risks of PAHs through inhalation exposure was 3.83×10−6 and 3.30×10−6, respectively. Conclusion The complex sources of PAHs in ambient PM2.5 include dust, vehicle emissions, industrial emissions in Fuzhou, and are different in selected two districts. The level of PAHs in ambient PM2.5 may pose a potential carcinogenic risk to local population.

Lung cancer and occupational exposure: hospital-based case-control study / Cáncer de pulmón y exposición profesional: estudio caso-control hospitalario / Câncer de pulmão e exposição ocupacional: estudo caso-controle de base hospitalar

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze the relationship between occupation and lung cancer in patients at a national referral hospital for cancer care in southern Brazil. Method Hospital-based case-control study conducted between February and October 2019. Occupational histories were coded according to international classifications and translated into occupations associated with lung cancer (List A and B). The odds ratios were adjusted for smoking, with a 95% confidence interval, calculated by conditional logistic regression. Results 99 cases and 227 controls were included. Among men, the occupation of painters (list A) was associated with lung cancer (OR = 14.3; 95% CI: 1.8-116.5), there were no occupations in list B associated with lung cancer. In women, no increased risks were found. Conclusions It has been shown that exposure to occupational carcinogens among repair and construction painters increases the risk of lung cancer.

RESUMEN Objetivo Analizar la relación entre la ocupación y el cáncer de pulmón en pacientes ambulatorios de un hospital nacional de referencia para la atención oncológica en el sur de Brasil. Método Estudio caso-control hospitalario realizado entre febrero y octubre de 2019. Se codificaron los antecedentes laborales según clasificaciones internacionales y se tradujeron a ocupaciones asociadas con el cáncer de pulmón (Lista A y B). Las odds ratios se ajustaron para el tabaquismo, con un intervalo de confianza del 95%, calculada por regresión logística condicional. Resultados se incluyeron 99 casos y 227 controles. Entre los hombres, la ocupación de pintores (lista A) se asoció con el cáncer de pulmón (OR = 14,3; IC del 95%: 1,8-116,5), no hubo ocupación de la lista B asociada con el cáncer de pulmón. En las mujeres, no se encontraron mayores riesgos. Conclusiones Se ha demostrado que la exposición a carcinógenos ocupacionales entre los pintores de la reparación y la construcción aumenta el riesgo de cáncer de pulmón.

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar a relação entre ocupação e câncer de pulmão em pacientes de um hospital de referência nacional para atendimento oncológico no Sul do Brasil. Método Estudo caso-controle de base hospitalar realizado entre fevereiro e outubro de 2019. Os históricos ocupacionais foram codificados de acordo com classificações internacionais e traduzidos em ocupações associadas ao câncer de pulmão (Lista A e B). As odds ratios foram ajustadas para tabagismo, com intervalo de confiança de 95%, calculadas por regressão logística condicional. Resultados Foram incluídos 99 casos e 227 controles. Entre os homens a ocupação de pintores (lista A) estava associada ao câncer de pulmão (OR= 14,3; IC 95%: 1,8-116,5), não houve ocupações da lista B associadas ao câncer de pulmão. Nas mulheres não foram encontrados riscos aumentados. Conclusões Evidenciou-se que a exposição aos carcinógenos ocupacionais entre pintores de reparo e da construção civil aumentam o risco de câncer de pulmão.

Carcinógenos ocupacionales relevantes en Colombia, listado actualizado (2020) / Relevant occupational carcinogens in Colombia, 2020 updated list

RESUMEN Objetivo Actualizar la lista de carcinógenos ocupacionales relevantes para el contexto colombiano. Materiales y Métodos Se elaboró un listado único para el contexto colombiano a partir del Manual de Agentes Carcinógenos de los Grupos 1 y 2A de la IARC, de interés ocupacional para Colombia (2006) y del documento CAREX-2012 del Instituto Nacional de Cancerología. Estos documentos se compararon con los listados de carcinógenos ocupacionales relevantes a nivel internacional a partir de una revisión de literatura con las palabras "occupational carcinogens", "exposure" y"neoplasm". A su vez, estas publicaciones se cotejaron con la información disponible en el Programa de monografías en línea de la Agencia Internacional para la Investigación del Cáncer (IARC), hasta la monografía número 123. Resultados Se proponen 52 carcinógenos ocupacionales relevantes, 25 químicos, cuatro físicos, cuatro biológicos, ocho mezclas y once circunstancias de exposición. Conclusiones La actualización incluyó agentes físicos: radiación ultravioleta de la soldadura y Radón-222 y sus productos en descomposición (emisores de alfa partículas); mezclas: polvo de cuero, polvo de madera y aceite de esquisto; y circunstancias de exposición: humos de soldadura y contaminación del aire exterior y material particulado en aire contaminado exterior.

ABSTRACT Objective Update of relevant occupational carcinogens list in the Colombian context. Materials and Methods A unique list was prepared for the Colombian context from the Manual of Carcinogens of Groups 1 and 2A of the IARC, of occupational interest for Colombia, 2006 and the document CAREX-2012 of the National Cancer Institute. These documents were compared with lists of internationally relevant occupational carcinogens based on a literature review with words "occupational carcinogens", "exposure", and "neoplasm". Additionally, these publications were compared with the information available in the Online Monograph Program of the International Agency for Research on Cancer-IARC, up to monograph number 123. Results 52 relevant occupational carcinogens, 25 chemical, four physical, four biological, eight mixtures and eleven exposure circumstances are proposed. Conclusions the update included physical agents: ultraviolet radiation from welding and Radon-222 and their decomposition products (emitters of alpha particles); mixtures: leather dust, wood dust and shale oil; and exposure circumstances: fumes from welding and outside air pollution and particulate matter in outside polluted air.

Risco de câncer de pulmão com a história de trabalho e os hábitos de vida: caso-controle / Lung cancer risk with work history and lifestyle habits: case-control

Resumo: Estudo caso-controle, de base hospitalar, realizado em um hospital oncológico no estado do Paraná, com objetivo de avaliar o risco de câncer de pulmão associado à exposição ocupacional a substâncias cancerígenas, cuja hipótese foi estudar se o risco de câncer de pulmão é maior entre indivíduos expostos a essas substâncias quando comparado com indivíduos não expostos. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de entrevista e busca em prontuários físico e eletrônicos, entre janeiro e outubro de 2019. Participaram 99 casos e 227 controles. As variáveis utilizadas para avaliar o risco ocupacional foram ramo de atividade econômica e ocupação, padronizadas por códigos de classificações internacionais. Os códigos foram descritos em ocupações referidas pela Agência Internacional de Pesquisa em Câncer como, reconhecidas ou suspeitas, por acarretarem risco carcinogênico pulmonar, e analisados conforme ferramenta padrão de análise de câncer de pulmão ocupacional. A história ocupacional foi cruzada em uma matriz de exposição ocupacional específica para seis agentes cancerígenos pulmonares, denominada DOM-JEM. Não foi possível pareamento dos controles por sexo e idade. A análise comparativa das variáveis utilizou testes Mann-Whitney e Qui-quadrado. O risco de câncer pulmonar foi estimado pelo Odds ratio e intervalo de confiança de 95%, através da regressão logística condicional. Os modelos foram ajustados por idade, escolaridade, município e tabagismo. As análises ocorreram separadamente por sexo. Tabagismo foi tratado como variável de confusão. Os resultados mostraram risco aumentado de câncer de pulmão para mulheres de serviços agrícolas (OR= 12,9; IC: 3,3-50,9) e das ocupações de: trabalhadoras agrícolas de árvores e arbustos, principalmente, coletoras de café e algodão (OR=3,9; IC: 1,0-15,7); garçonetes (OR= 5,0; IC: 1,0-23,6); e caixas (OR= 10,9; IC: 1,4-79,8). Nos homens, evidências apontaram risco aumentado na fabricação de móveis e acessórios (OR= 27,7; IC: 1,1-677,4) e nas ocupações de: trabalhadores do tratamento de madeira e fabricação de papel/celulose (OR=9,3; IC: 1,0-83,4); e pintores (OR= 14,3; IC: 1,7-116,5). Entre as ocupações reconhecidas por risco carcinogênico pulmonar, apenas a de pintor apresentou risco associado. Não se obteve resultados significativos nas ocupações suspeitas de risco carcinogênico. Entre as mulheres, a exposição concomitante ao cromo e níquel em níveis baixos apontou risco aumentado (OR= 24,8; IC: 1,1-398,7) na matriz de exposição ocupacional. A exposição aos hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos, asbestos e sílica apresentaram riscos aumentados sem associação. Nos homens, não houve associação na matriz. Comprovou-se que a ocupação de pintor esteve associada ao desenvolvimento do câncer nos homens. A exposição aos compostos de cromo-níquel apresentou evidência limitada entre as mulheres. O fato de o trabalho agrícola na coleta de café e algodão representar risco de câncer de pulmão entre as mulheres é pouco estudado e discutido na literatura nacional. O caráter inovador está relacionado à realização de estudos caso-controle para associação entre câncer pulmonar e exposição a agentes químicos. Demonstra-se a necessidade de instrumentalização dos serviços de saúde para que possam identificar as causas do adoecimento do trabalhador relacionado aos agentes químicos, para fins de prevenção e redução dos adoecimentos e dos custos em saúde que oneram a sociedade, o trabalhador e sua família.

Abstract: Hospital-based case-control study conducted at a oncology hospital in the state of Paraná, with objective of assessing the risk of lung cancer associated with occupational exposure to carcinogens, whose hypothesis was to study whether the risk of lung cancer is higher among individuals exposed to these substances when compared to unexposed individuals. Data was obtained through interviews and searches in physical and electronic medical records, between January and October 2019. 99 cases and 227 controls participated. The variables used to assess occupational risk were economic activity and occupation, standardized by international classification codes. The codes were later described into occupations recognized by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC): carcinogenic risk to the lung, or suspected carcinogenic risk to the lung, according to the standard tool for the analysis of occupational lung cancer in epidemiological studies. Occupational history was crossed with a specific occupational exposure matrix for six lung carcinogens, called DOM-JEM. It was not possible to match the controls by sex and age. The comparative analysis of the variables used the Mann-Whitney and Chi-square tests. The risk of lung cancer was estimated by the Odds ratio and 95% confidence interval, through conditional logistic regression. The models were adjusted for age, education, municipality, and smoking. The analysis was conducted separately by sex. Smoking was treated as a confounding variable. The results showed an increased lung cancer risk for females of agricultural services (OR= 12,9; IC: 3,3-50,9), and in the occupations of agricultural workers of trees and shrubs, mainly coffee and cotton collectors (OR=3,9; IC: 1,0-15,7); waitresses (OR= 5,0; IC: 1,0-23,6); cashiers (OR= 10,9; IC: 1,4-79,8). Among men, evidence pointed to an increased risk in the economic areas of furniture and accessories manufacturing (OR= 27,7; IC: 1,1-677,4); workers in wood treatment and paper or cellulose manufacturing (OR=9,3; IC: 1,0-83,4); and painters (OR = 14.3; CI 1.7-116.5). Among the occupations recognized by pulmonary carcinogenic risk, only that of the painter had an associated risk. No significant results were obtained in occupations suspected of presenting carcinogenic risk. Among women, concomitant exposure to chromium and nickel at low levels pointed an increased risk (OR= 24,8; IC: 1,1-398,7) in the occupational exposure matrix. Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, asbestos and silica presented increased risks without association. In men, there was no association in the matrix. It becomes proven that the occupation of painter was associated with the development of cancer in men. Exposure to chromium-nickel compounds presented limited evidence among women. The fact that agricultural work in the collection of coffee and cotton represents a risk of lung cancer among women is little studied and discussed in national literature. The innovative character is related to the conduct of case-control studies for the association between lung cancer and exposure to chemical agents. It demonstrates the need to instrumental health services so that they can identify the causes of the illness of the worker related to chemical agents, for the purposes of prevention and reduction of illnesses and health costs that burden society, the worker and your family.

Compostos voláteis associados ao risco carcinogênico e não carcinogênico / Volatile compounds associated with carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk

RESUMO O presente trabalho consiste na avaliação da existência de risco e sua quantificação em casos de vazamentos de derivados do petróleo em uma refinaria localizada na Região Sudeste do Brasil. A área apresenta solo subsuperficial e água subterrânea contaminados por hidrocarbonetos de petróleo e outras substâncias em consequência do funcionamento de uma refinaria. Foram consideradas as vias de exposição por inalação aos contaminantes presentes nesses dois meios. A quantificação do risco de câncer e do quociente de perigo foi realizada para cada substância química, permitindo verificar que, para a exposição a água subterrânea contaminada, não houve efeito carcinogênico e não carcinogênico para os compostos analisados por meio da via de inalação. Já para a exposição a solo subsuperficial contaminado, verificou-se que todos os elementos detectados apresentaram riscos carcinogênicos para ambas as condições analisadas (ambiente aberto e fechado) e ambos os receptores (trabalhadores e comercial). Os elementos benzeno, tolueno, etilbenzeno, o-xileno e m-xileno apresentaram risco não carcinogênico para ambientes fechados em solo subsuperficial contaminado. Em ambientes abertos, somente o xileno,m- não apresentou risco não carcinogênico. Para receptores trabalhadores, somente o benzeno apresentou risco não carcinogênico. Destaca-se a grande importância do gerenciamento de risco para posterior recuperação dessa área afetada.

Abstract The present study was an assessment and risk quantification of derivatives from oil spill at a refinery located in the Southeast of Brazil. The area presents subsurface soil and groundwater contaminated by petroleum hydrocarbons and other substances from the refinery. Inhalation exposure routes have been evaluated due to the presence of contaminants in the affected area. Risk quantification and hazard ratio were performed for each chemical substance, allowing to verify that, for exposure from contaminated groundwater, there was no carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effect considering the inhalation route. As for exposure to contaminated subsurface soil, all the elements were detected as having the carcinogenic risk for both analyzed conditions (open and closed environments), and both receptors (worker and commercial). The elements Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, o-Xylene, and m-Xylene, have presented a non-carcinogenic risk for closed environments from contaminated subsurface soil. In open environments, only m-Xylene did not present non-carcinogenic risk. For the workers receptors, only Benzene has presented a non-carcinogenic risk. It might be highlighted the importance of risk management for the subsequent recovery of this affected area.

Quantitative assessment of occupational health risks in workers exposed to low-level dichloromethane / 中国职业医学

OBJECTIVE: To quantitatively evaluate the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks of low-level dichloromethane(DCM) exposure. METHODS: A typical sampling method was used to select workers from an engine factory and an automobile parts factory as the research subjects. After hazard identification and hazard characteristic assessment, the occupational health risks of DCM in the workplace were quantitatively assessed by non-carcinogenic risk assessment and carcinogenic risk assessment. RESULTS: The highest exposure concentration of short-term of DCM was 43.6 mg/m~3 in the air of eight DCM job posts in these two enterprises, which was lower than the operational level of 300.0 mg/m~3(half of the occupational exposure limit in China). Under this premise, the non-carcinogenic risk assessment results showed that the non-carcinogenic risk caused by inhalation of DCM was unacceptable in workers of these eight job posts. The results of carcinogenic risk assessment showed that the carcinogenic risk caused by inhalation of DCM was acceptable for all the workers in these eight job posts. CONCLUSION: Low-level DCM exposure can cause unacceptable occupational health risks to workers. Quantitative risk assessment can be applied to assess exposure to low-level chemicals.

Pharmacological aspects of fisetin

Over the past decades, epidemiological studies have concluded that a diet rich in plant-derived products plays a pivotal role in human health. Fisetin (3,3',4',7-tetrahydroxyflavone) is a hydrophobic polyphenolic compound primarily found in edible plants (e.g. strawberry, blueberry, apple, grape, persimmon, kiwi, and cucumber). Various preclinical studies have revealed that fisetin exhibits a wide range of pharmacological effects such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, anti-osteoporotic, antimicrobial, and anti-diabetic properties. Therefore, the pharmacological in vitro and in vivo studies on fisetin are discussed in this review. Additionally, this review would be useful for further study regarding the potential of natural products, notably fisetin, and its therapeutic potential for the prevention and treatment of diseases.

Use of Formocresol by the Paediatric Dentists across Chennai - A Questionnaire Study

Formocresol is used as medicament for non-vital teeth and primary teeth. In the composition of formocresol, formaldehyde is a primary component which is the hazardous substance. Studies have proved that the use of low dose of formaldehyde in the composition of formocresol would not be carcinogenic. There is a controversy about formocresol in paediatric dentistry for more than 20 years. We wanted to assess the application of formocresol for deciduous teeth and permanent teeth pulpotomy and understand the awareness towards the diluted form of formocresol and its adverse effect among Chennai paediatric dentists. METHODSA questionnaire was given to 50 paedodontists from Chennai city. The questions were based on the usage of original strength or diluted form of Formocresol by the practitioners, the brand and formula that was applied and in case they use diluted form of formocresol, by what method they diluted it and formulation was achieved and the knowledge about the adverse effects. Data was analysed statistically to achieve the results. RESULTSMost of the dentist were aware of the fact that the formocresol has carcinogenic effect. Higher number of dental practitioner were using diluted form of formocresol. Many dentist weres using commercially available formocresol. 64 % of the dentists were using formocresol as intracanal medicament. 24 % of the dentists were using full concentration of formocresol and 54% were using dilute form of formocresol. CONCLUSIONSThis survey concluded that formocresol is a widely used medicament and it is used as commercially available diluted form by most of the practitioners.

Research progress in cell transformation test and its application in cigarette smoke evaluation / 公共卫生与预防医学

In order to understand the current development of cell transformation assay (CTA) and its application in the evaluation of cigarette smoke carcinogenesis, the relevant literatures were analyzed and combed from these two aspects. CTA can evaluate the carcinogenicity of various genotoxic and non-genotoxic carcinogens in a short period of time, and has a strong consistency with the results of animal carcinogenic test. After malignant transformation, the cells show changes in cell morphology, immortalization of cells, disappearance of cell-cell contact inhibition, and the ability to form tumors when injected into animals. The identification methods of transformed cells include transformed cell focus count, agglutination test, soft agar culture and inoculation of nude mice, etc. At present, BALB/c 3T3 cells, Bhas 42 cells and SHE cells are the most widely used cells for CTA. Cigarette smoke is a complex aerosol containing a variety of non-genetic carcinogenic chemicals. Cell transformation tests are often used as an in vitro alternative method to evaluate the carcinogenic effects of cigarette smoke, which is different from the short-term genetic toxicity test. It simulates the long-term state of human smoking induced malignant transformation of cells, through the long-term exposure of cells for several decades, which is closer to the occurrence of cancer caused by human smoking. Therefore, CTA can evaluate the carcinogenicity of cigarette smoke and other tobacco products.

Consumption of Manjakani Among Postpartum Mothers and Risk of Heavy Metal Contamination

@#Introduction: In Malaysia, herbal medicines are used for variety of reasons including health promotion and home remedies during pregnancy and postpartum with Manjakani (Quercus infectoria) as one of the most commonly consumed herbs. Herbal medicines consumption had been linked to heavy metals contamination and transfer from mother to infant and may affect infant’s growth and development. This study aims to (i) determine Manjakani consumption among postpartum mothers, (ii) quantify its heavy metals level, namely lead, cadmium, arsenic and chromium, and (iii) determine health risk associated with its consumption. Methods: A cross-sectional study involving 106 postpartum mothers was carried out in Kuala Lumpur. Six samples of Manjakani were sampled and extracted using microwave digester and analysed using Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Non-carcinogenic health risks for herbal medicine consumption were calculated using Hazard Quotient (HQ). Results: Manjakani was consumed by 16% of mothers (n=17). Highest level of the metals was shown by chromium with mean concentration of 4210 ± 1910 ug/kg, followed by lead (170.8 ± 193.2), arsenic (39.3 ± 27.1) and cadmium (7.7 ± 0.76). There were no significant non-carcinogenic health risks with lead, arsenic, chromium and cadmium contamination (HQ < 1). Conclusion: Manjakani is consumed by mothers during confinement period. Heavy metals were quantified in Manjakani although no significant association was observed with socio-demographic characteristics and birth outcomes.

Heavy Metals in Danggui (Angelica sinensis) Consumed by Postpartum Mothers and Its Health Risk

@#Introduction: Consumption of Chinese Herbal Medicine (CHMs) have escalated globally. They are preferred treatment for minor diseases or disorders. In Malaysia, CHMs are common home remedies during pregnancy and postpartum. Angelica sinensis (Danggui) is a staple CHMs during postpartum for purpose of nourishing blood and resolving stasis. Concerns are raised over possible heavy metals toxicity. Objective: This study aims to (i) determine Danggui consumption among postpartum mothers, (ii) quantify its heavy metals level, namely Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Arsenic (As) and Chromium (Cr) and (iii) determine health risks of Danggui consumption among mothers. Methods: A cross-sectional study involving 112 postpartum mothers was carried out in Kuala Lumpur. Danggui samples were collected from nine districts in Kuala Lumpur (Segambut, Seputeh, Cheras, Kepong, Bandar Tun Razak, Titiwangsa, Setiawangsa, Batu and Lembah Pantai). Heavy metals were extracted using microwave digester and analysed using Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). Hazard Quotient (HQ) was used to determine non-carcinogenic health risks for herbal medicine consumption. Results: Danggui was consumed by 19.6% of mothers (n=22). Among them, incidence of jaundice was 63.6% and need for phototherapy was 40.9%. Heavy metals contaminations were found in the decreasing order of Cr > As > Pb > Cd with median (interquartile) of 3996.3 (2805.6) μg/ kg, 128.3 (56.7), 98.6 (99.1) and 37.0 (35.0) respectively. No non-carcinogenic health risks were found for all four metals. Conclusion: Alarming concentrations of heavy metals were quantified in Danggui warranting for further investigation to safeguard health of postpartum mothers.

Respirable Particulate (PM10) and Its Heavy Metals Concentrations from Bauxite Mining in the Vicinity of Urban Kuantan, Malaysia: Inhalation Health Risk Assessment

@#Introduction: Bauxite ore contain various heavy metals especially aluminum, if exposed excessively is detrimental to the respiratory system. Objective: This study aimed at determining the PM10 and its Al, As, Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb content and assessing the inhalation health risk assessment (HRA) among the community. Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Kuantan on 162 randomly selected respondents in three residential areas; Felda Bukit Goh (FBG), Jalan Besar Bukit Goh (JBBG) and Kuantan Port Consortium Flat (KPCF). Questionnaires were used to obtain the background information and health symptoms. PM10 with its heavy metals were subsampled for 24 hours using air sampling pumps in 42 randomly sub-sampled households from the 3 areas. Results: PM10 exceeded 150 µg/m3 and the Al, Cd, As, Cr, Ni and Pb levels exceeded the standard limit. The hazard quotient (HQ) of Cd in JBBG (4.13), Cr in FBG (74.06), JBBG (84.41), KPCF (76.87) and Ni in FBG (60.53), JBBG (66.95) and KPCF (58.81) exceeded the HQ value of 1. The lifetime cancer risk (LCR) exceeded the level of 0.0000001 for Cr in FBG (0.0252), JBBG (0.0288) and KPCF (0.0262), as well as for Ni in the FBG (0.000184), JBBG (0.000204), and KPCF (0.000179) areas. Conclusion: The PM10 levels exceeded the USEPA guidelines while Al, Cd, As, Cr, Ni and Pb exceeded the ATSDR limit. The Cd, Cr and Ni posed non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks. Therefore, health risks from the PM10, Cd, Cr and Ni exposures were found in this study.

Lung cancer related to occupational exposure: an integrative review / Cáncer de pulmón relacionado con la exposición ocupacional: revisión integrativa / Câncer de pulmão relacionado à exposição ocupacional: revisão integrativa

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify in the literature the carcinogenic agents found in the work environment, the occupations and the risk for lung cancer. Method: A descriptive and analytical study of the Integrative Literature Review type was carried out in national and international databases from the last ten years in the period from 2009 to 2018, concerning 32 studies referring to association between carcinogenic substances to which the worker is exposed and lung cancer. Results: Nine (28.1%) publications originated in China and only one in Brazil. The most exposed workers were from the secondary sector, 50% being from industry and 6.2% from construction, mostly male. Asbestos and silica stood out among the carcinogenic substances most associated with lung cancer risk, accounting for 37.5% and 28.1%, respectively. Conclusions: The association between occupational exposure and the risk for lung cancer was characterized in this research by the substantial scientific evidence from the described studies that confirm this association.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar en la literatura los agentes cancerígenos presentes en el entorno laboral, las ocupaciones y el riesgo de cáncer de pulmón. Método: Estudio descriptivo y analítico de una revisión integradora realizada en una base de datos nacional e internacional de los últimos diez años, entre 2009 y 2018, que comprende 32 estudios referidos a la vinculación entre el cáncer de pulmón y las sustancias cancerígenas de exposición ocupacional. Resultados: Nueve (28,1%) publicaciones tuvieron su origen en China y solo una en Brasil. Los trabajadores más expuestos pertenecían al sector secundario, el 50% a la industria y un 6,2% a la construcción, siendo en su mayoría hombres. El asbesto y la sílice se destacaron entre las sustancias cancerígenas más asociadas con el riesgo de cáncer de pulmón, con índices de 37,5% y el 28,1%, respectivamente. Conclusiones: La vinculación entre la exposición ocupacional y el riesgo de cáncer de pulmón se caracterizó en esta investigación por la evidencia científica sustancial de los estudios descriptos que confirman esta asociación.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar na literatura os agentes carcinogênicos presentes no ambiente ocupacional, as ocupações e o risco do câncer de pulmão. Método: Estudo descritivo e analítico de revisão integrativa realizada em base de dados nacionais e internacionais dos últimos dez anos, entre 2009 e 2018, compreendendo 32 estudos referentes à associação entre câncer de pulmão e substâncias carcinogênicas de exposição ocupacional. Resultados: Nove (28,1%) publicações originadas na China e apenas uma brasileira. Os trabalhadores mais expostos foram do setor secundário, sendo 50% da indústria e 6,2% da construção civil, em sua maioria do sexo masculino. O amianto e a sílica sobressaíram-se entre as substâncias carcinogênicas mais associadas ao risco de câncer de pulmão correspondendo a 37,5% e 28,1%, respectivamente. Conclusões: A associação entre a exposição ocupacional e o risco de câncer de pulmão ficou caracterizada nesta pesquisa pelas substanciais evidências científicas dos estudos descritos que confirmam essa associação.

Expression of Immunohistochemical Markers Estrogen Receptor Alpha, Progesterone Receptor A, Her2-neu, p53, and Ki-67 in Epithelial Ovarian Tumors and Their Correlation with Clinicopathologic Variables

Background: This study aims to assess the expression of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), progesterone receptor A (PRA),Her-2-neu, p53, and Ki-67 in epithelial ovarian tumors and evaluate their correlation with various clinicopathologic variables.Materials and Methods: A total of 50 cases of epithelial ovarian tumors received from the department of obstetrics andgynaecology and surgical oncology were included in this study. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed on sections takenfrom paraffin-embedded tissue blocks. Chi-square test and ANOVA were used for statistical analysis.Results: Among 50 cases of ovarian epithelial tumors, 26 (52%) malignant, 18 (36%) benign, and 6 (12%) borderline. The medianage of patients was higher (53 years) in malignant tumors. ERα had lower expression in benign (27.7%) and PRA had higherexpression in malignant (69%) while Her-2-neu and p53 were negative in benign tumors. ERα and PRA had higher expressionin serous (57.1% and 53.6%), postmenopausal (83.3% and 70%), advanced stage (55.6% and 53.3%), Grade 3 (44.4% and40%), and tumors with ascites (77.8% and 53.3%). Her-2-neu and p53 were negative in benign and higher in malignant (23%and 58%), serous (66.7% and 67%), Grade 3 (57% and 35%), and tumors with ascites (71% and 88%). Ki-67 had a significanthigher expression in malignant (52 ± 28) and Grade 3 tumors (72 ± 20) as compared to benign tumors (4 ± 2).Conclusion: The difference in expression of these markers among benign, borderline, and malignant tumors reveals their rolein differentiation and prognostication of ovarian tumors. Ovarian tumors are extremely heterogeneous as proved by the lackof coexpression of these markers. Tumors with adverse prognostic factors express ERα and PRA; this supports the mitogenicrole of estrogen and estrogenic regulation of PR. Her-2-neu and p53 are expressed only in malignant tumors supporting theirrole in the differentiation of borderline and malignant tumors. Similarly, differential expression of Ki-67 in tumors with adverseprognostic factors would help in prognostication and differentiation.

A Phytopharmacological Review Of Dadim-punica Granatum Linn.

Punica granatum Linn. is a well-known nature power fruit rich in natural bioactive constituents, edible phytoestrogen like substances and other nutritional elements, grown all over the world from Iran to Mediterranean region and Central Asia. It is also described in Ayurveda as Dadim for treating Amlapitta, Raktapitta and used as Hridya and Atisaraghna. It is used for its good nutritive values generally used in the form of Avaleha, Swaras or Juices and Jellies. Several studies conducted previously showed that pomegranate exhibits antibacterial and antifungal activity. Description of pomegranate is being found since Vedic period. Pomegranate is mentioned in Rigveda also. Aacharya sushrut described pomegranate or Dadim (Sanskrit name) as a best fruit i.e. Shrestha under Phalavarga. According to Acharya Vagbhata, Dadim is also included in Shramghna and Hrudya Gana. In various studies in human and rodent models, pomegranate juice has been found to wield antiatherogenic, antioxidant, anti-carcinogenic, and anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, gastroprotective, hepatoprotective and nephroprotective activities. Several studies on the antioxidant, anti-carcinogenic, and anti-inflammatory and many more potential properties of various parts of pomegranate and its constituents have been already published. Many studies had proved the latent efficacy of pomegranate and its applications including male infertility, Alzheimer’s disease, and obesity. So, the present study aims to discuss the collective information on pomegranate which can provide a summary to study the diverse array of biological actions of pomegranate and thus provide easy accessibility for treating various common diseases.