RESUMO
RESUMO O objetivo desse estudo foi verificar diferenças entre a frequência cardíaca máxima (FCM) obtida na natação em testes de 200 metros nas técnicas de nado crawl e peito e comparar a FCM dos testes com as obtidas através de 53 equações de predição. A amostra foi composta por dois grupos de nadadores, todos do sexo masculino, oito (22,87 ± 2,03 anos) fizeram o nado crawl e 14 (22±2,94 anos) o nado peito. Não houve diferenças significantes (p = 0,530) em relação às técnicas de nado. Comparando-se a FCM obtida e calculada, através do modelo de Bland Altman, foi observado que apenas para o nado crawl são indicadas equações de predição para a estimativa da FCM, na impossibilidade de feitura do teste máximo. Entre as equações, recomenda-se a FCM = 204-1,07 x idade.
ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to verify the differences between the Maximum Heart Rate (MHR) obtained in swimming in tests of 200 meters in two swimming strokes frontcrawl and breaststroke and to compare FCM of the tests with the obtained through 53 prediction equations. The sample consisted of two groups of swimmers, all male, 8 (22.87±2.03 years) performed freestyle and 14 (22±2.94 years) breaststroke. There were no significant differences (p=0.530) regarding the swimming strokes. Comparing the MHR obtained and calculated through the Bland Altman model, it was observed that only for freestyle are indicated prediction equations for the MHR estimation, in the impossibility of to perform a maximum test. Among the equations, the MHR = 204-1.07 x age is recommended.
RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue comprobar las diferencias entre la frecuencia cardíaca máxima (FCM) obtenida en natación en pruebas de 200 metros en las técnicas de crol y braza, y comparar las FCM de las pruebas con las obtenidas a través de 53 ecuaciones de predicción. La muestra estaba compuesta por dos grupos de nadadores, todos del sexo masculino, y 8 (22,87 ± 2,03 años) nadaron con estilo crol y 14 (22 ± 2,94 años) nadaron a braza. No hubo diferencias importantes (p = 0,530) en relación con las técnicas de natación. En comparación con la FCM obtenida y calculada, a través del modelo de Bland Altman, se observó que las ecuaciones de predicción para la estimación de la FCM solo estaban indicadas para crol, por la imposibilidad de realizar la prueba máxima. Entre las ecuaciones, se recomienda la FCM = 204-1,07 × edad.
RESUMO
RESUMO O desenvolvimento de um protocolo específico na natação para detectar a Frequência cardíaca máxima (FCmáx) pode qualificar a prescrição e controle de treinamento na natação. Dessa forma, o estudo objetivou validar um teste específico para obtenção da FCmáx em natação, para o nado crawl. Onze nadadores masculinos, de nível universitário, nadaram as distâncias de 100 e 200 metros crawl, em velocidade máxima, com monitoramento da FC, através de um monitor cardíaco. A validade foi avaliada pela relação entre FCmáx e lactato e a confiabilidade por teste e reteste de cada distância. A FCmáx dos 100 e 200 metros no teste foi de 187,6 ± 7,23 e 187,6 ± 7,54 bpm (p > 0,05) e no reteste de 188,3 ± 8,3 e 189,5 ± 8 bpm (p > 0,05). Encontraram-se altos valores de correlação para FCmáx obtida e concentração de lactato nos dois testes (100 e 200 metros). Correlações positivas significativas entre teste e reteste mostraram a confiabilidade dos testes (100 metros - 0,910, p < 0,001 e 200 metros - 0,950, p < 0,001). Conclui-se que os testes propostos são capazes de gerar, com precisão, a FCmáx de nadadores de nível universitário, são uma importante variável usada para cálculo das zonas de intensidade do treinamento e ferramenta para monitoramento da evolução do atleta durante a temporada.
ABSTRACT The development of a specific protocol to detect swimming Maximum Heart Rate (HRmax) can qualify the prescription and control training in swimming. Thus, the aim of this study was to validate a specific test to obtain HRmax in swimming, to freestyle. Eleven male swimmers, college-level, swam the distances of 100 and 200 meters at maximum speed, with heart rate monitoring, through a cardiac monitor. The validity was evaluated by the relation between HRmax and lactate, and the reliability by test and retest of each distance. The HRmax of the 100 and 200 meters in the test was 187.6±7.23 and 187.6±7.54 bpm (p>0.05) and in the retest of 188.3±8.3 and 189.5±8 bpm (p>0.05). High correlation values were found for HRmax obtained and lactate concentration in both tests (100 and 200 meters). Significant positive correlations between test and retest showed the reliability of the tests (100 meters - 0.910, p<0.001 e 200 meters - 0.950, p<0.001). It is concluded that the proposed tests are capable of generating, with accuracy, the HRmax of college-level swimmers, being an important variable used to calculate training intensity zones and a tool to monitor the evolution of the athlete during the season.
RESUMEN El desarrollo de un protocolo específico en natación para detectar la frecuencia cardíaca máxima (FCmáx) puede condicionar la prescripción y el control del entrenamiento en natación. De esta forma, el objetivo del estudio fue validar una prueba específica para la obtención de la FCmáx en natación, en el estilo crol. Once nadadores masculinos, de nivel universitario, nadaron las distancias de 100 y 200 metros a toda velocidad, con control de la frecuencia cardíaca mediante un monitor cardíaco. La validez se evaluó por la relación entre la FCmáx y el lactato, y la fiabilidad por la relación entre el test y el retest de cada distancia. La FCmáx de 100 y 200 metros en el test fue 187,6 ± 7,23 y 187,6 ± 7,54 lpm (p > 0,05) y en el retest, 188,3 ± 8,3 y 189,5 ± 8 lpm (p > 0,05). Se encontraron elevados valores de correlación obtenidos para la FCmáx y la concentración de lactato en las dos pruebas (100 y 200 metros). Correlaciones positivas importantes entre el test y el retest mostraron la fiabilidad de las pruebas (100 metros: 0,910; p < 0,001 y 200 metros: 0,950; p < 0,001). Se concluye que las pruebas propuestas son capaces de generar, con precisión, la FCmáx de nadadores de nivel universitario y son una importante variable usada para calcular las zonas de intensidad del entrenamiento y una herramienta para el control de la evolución del nadador durante la temporada.
RESUMO
Objective Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) increases the risk of cardiovascular problem.The symptom of dyspnea on exertion may be associated with pulmonary dysfunction or heart failure, or both. The study objective was to determine whether cardiac dysfunction adds to the mechanism of dyspnea caused mainly by impaired lung function in patients with mild-to-moderate COPD. Methods Patients with COPD and healthy controls performed incremental and constant work rate exercise testing. Venous blood samples were collected in 19 COPD patients and 10 controls before and during constant work exercise for analysis of N-terminal-pro-BNP (NT-pro-BNP). Results Peak oxygen uptake and constant work exercise time (CWET) were significantly lower in COPD group than in control group (15.81±3.65 vs 19.19a±6.16 ml/min kg, P=0.035 and 7.78±6.53 rain vs 14.77±7.33 min, P=0.015, respectively). Anaerobic threshold, oxygen pulse and heart rate reserve were not statistically significant between COPD group and control group. The NT-pro-BNP levels both at rest and during constant work exercise were higher in COPD group compared to control group, but without statistical significance. The correlations between CWET and NT-proBNP at rest or during exercise in patients with COPD were not statistically significant. Conclusions Heart failure does not contribute to exercise intolerance in mild-to-moderate COPD.
RESUMO
Dizziness,chest discomfort,chest depression and dyspnea are a group of symptoms that are common complaints in clinical practice. Patients with these symptoms are usually informed that while neurosis consequent to coronary heart disease is excluded nonetheless they remain unhealthy with no rational explanation or treatment. 165 cases of these symptoms and 85 control subjects were reviewed and underwent further medical history inquiry,routine EKG test and cardiac ultrasound examination. Thirty-five patients received coronary artery angiography to exclude coronary heart disease. Serum myocardial autoantibodies against beta1-adrenoceptor,alpha-myosin heavy chain,M2-muscarinie receptor and adenine-nucleotide translocator were tested,and inflammatory cytokines and high sensitivity C-reaction protein were measured and lymphocyte subclass was assayed by flow cytometry. All patients had a complex of four symptoms or tetralogy: (1) persistent throat or upper respiratory tract infection,(2) neck pain,(3) chest pain and (4) chest depression or dyspnea,some of them with anxiety. Anti-myocardial autoantibodies (AMCAs) were present in all patients vs. 8% in and CD4-CD8+ lymphocytes were significantly higher and CD56+ lymphocytes lower in patients than those in controls (P<0.01). The ratio of serum pathogen antibodies positive against Coxsackie virus-B,cytomegalovirus,Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae were all markedly higher in patients. These data led to identification of a persistent respiratory infection-related clinical syndrome,including persistent throat infection,neck spinal lesion,fib cartilage inflammation,symptoms of car-diac depression and dyspnea with or without anxiety.