Importancia de las arritmias cardiacas inducidas por tioridazina en las edades geriátricas / Importance of the heart arrhythmias induced by thioridazine in geriatric ages

RESUMEN Introducción: la discapacidad mental, íntimamente relacionada con el incremento de la expectativa de vida, se considera uno de los problemas más graves que hay que enfrentar en la centuria recién iniciada. Esto trae consigo el aumento de la prescripción de agentes anti psicóticos, como la tioridazina, lo que tiende a convertirse en un problema de salud al causar arritmias y en ocasiones fatales. Aún no se conoce en qué grado estas alteraciones son responsables de algunas muertes súbitas ocurridas en personas que tomaban estos medicamentos. Objetivo: identificar cuáles son las alteraciones clínicas y electrocardiográficas en los pacientes que usan la tioridazina, como droga de elección en los trastornos psiquiátricos. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, a los ancianos atendidos en el Servicio de Geriatría que ingieran tioridazina, en cualquier dosis. Durante al período de marzo del año 2017 hasta marzo del 2018. Resultados: predominaron los ancianos del sexo femenino y comprendido en las edades 60 y 74 años, con nivel de escolaridad secundario, lo que se correlacionó con la doble función de la mujer en la sociedad actual, y el elevado nivel de escolaridad de la ciudadanía cubana. Predominaron antecedentes de hipertensión arterial y diabetes, al igual las palpitaciones en relación a un aumento de los bloqueos del has de his, observados en los electrocardiogramas. No se presentaron fallecidos. Conclusiones: deben utilizarse dosis bajas del medicamento, por corto tiempo y bajo supervisión electrocardiográfica (AU).

ABSTRACT Introduction: mental incapacity, tightly related to the life expectancy increase, is considered one of the most serious problems to afford in the current century. It brings about the increase of the prescription of anti-psychotic agents, like thioridazine, tending to become a health problem because of causing arrhythmias that are occasionally life-threatening. It is still unknown in what level these alterations are responsible for several sudden deaths in persons who took these drugs. Objective: to identify which are the clinical and electrocardiographic alterations in patients using thioridazine as drug of choice in psychiatric disorders. Materials and methods: a descriptive study was carried out in all patients who attended the Geriatric Service taking thioridazine in any doses during the period from March 2017 to March 2018. Results: female elder people aged 60-74 years predominated, with secondary school scholarship, finding a relationship with the double function of women in the current society, and the high level of scholarship among Cuban citizen. Arterial hypertension and diabetes antecedents predominated, and also palpitations related to the increase of His bundle blockade observed in electrocardiograms. There were no deaths. Conclusions: low doses of the drug should be used for a short time and under electrocardiographic supervision (AU).

Dose of remifentanil for minimizing the cardiovascular changes to tracheal intubation in pediatric patients / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to investigate a dosage of remifentanil for attenuating cardiovascular changes during anesthetic induction in pediatric anesthesia. METHODS: We examined the effect of remifentanil on the cardiovascular responses to intubation in 90 children ASA 1 patients, aged 4-15 years, randomly allocated to receive 1.0 ug/kg remifentanil as a bolus (R 1), or 1.5 ug/kg remifentanil (R 1.5), or 2.0 ug/kg remifentanil (R 2). Before induction, IV midazolam 0.05 mg/kg was given for sedation. After glycoppylorate 5 ug/kg, thiopental 4.0 mg/kg was injected within 10 seconds and followed by remifentanil. Following check the unconsciousness, patients were received rocuronium 0.6 mg/kg and tracheal intubation were performed 90s later, and anesthesia was maintained with 2% sevoflurane in air/oxygen. Systolic arterial pressure (SAP), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were measured at before induction of anesthesia (B), before, just after and at 1, and 3 minutes after tracheal intubation. RESULTS: SAP and HR were increased than B values in the three groups just after intubation (P < 0.05). The percentage increases of SAP and HR were 30% and 30% of B values, respectively, in R 1; 19% and 24% in R 1.5; 10% and 22% in R 2. There were significant differences between R 2 group and other two groups in SAP and HR (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In pediatric anesthesia, a bolus injection of 2 ug/kg remifentanil (R 2) was a dosage to attenuate the cardiovascular responses after intubation in pediatric patients.

What is the optimal effect-site concentration of remifentanil for minimizing the cardiovascular changes to endotracheal intubation during induction with propofol in elderly patients? / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: The addition of remifentanil during propofol TCI (target controlled infusion) attenuates the hemodynamic changes induced by endotracheal intubation. This study examined the optimal effect-site concentration of remifentanil to minimize the cardiovascular changes to endotracheal intubation in elderly patients. METHODS: Fifty ASA 1 or 2 elderly patients scheduled for elective surgery under general anesthesia were assigned randomly to one of two groups according to the effect-site concentration of remifentanil. Each group was administered 4 microgram/ml of propofol TCI with 1 ng/ml (group R1) or 3 ng/ml (group R3) of remifentanil. The heart rate (HR), systolic (SAP), mean (MAP) and diastolic arterial pressure (DAP) were measured at pre-induction, before and after endotracheal intubation. RESULTS: After intubation, the HR, SAP, MAP and DAP increased significantly in the two groups compared with the pre-intubation values. However, the HR, SAP, MAP and DAP for group R3 were lower than group R1 for 5 min after intubation. CONCLUSIONS: In elderly patients administered 4 microg/ml of propofol TCI, we suggest that the optimal effect-site concentration of remifentanil to minimize the cardiovascular changes to endotracheal intubation is 3 ng/ml rather than 1 ng/ml.

What is the Optimal Effect-site Concentration of Remifentanil for Minimizing the Cardiovascular Changes to Endotracheal Intubation during Induction with Propofol? / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: In this study, the optimal effect-site concentration of remifentanil for blunting hemodynamic responses to endotracheal intubation during total intravenous anesthesia using propofol were evaluated. METHODS: 137 ASA class I and II patients, aged 18-60 years, were randomly allocated to one of six groups according to the effect-site concentration of remifentanil. Remifentanil was then infused at a target effect-site concentration of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 6 ng/ml in groups R0, R1, R2, R3, R4 and R6, respectively. Anesthesia was induced with propofol infusion at a target effect-site concentration of 4microgram/ml endotracheal intubation was performed 5 minutes after remifentanil administration. Blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and cardiac index (CI) were recorded at the baseline and then every 30 seconds until 3 minutes after intubation. RESULTS: BP and HR in groups R0, R1 and R2 increased significantly after intubation when compared with the baseline values. The CI in group R0 also increased significantly after intubation when compared with the baseline values. Incidences of hypertension and hypotension were 50% and 5% in R0, 32% and 14% in R1, 18% and 32% in R2, 10% and 48% in R3, 8% and 54% in R4, and 0% and 81% in R6. There were also 2 cases in which the mean blood pressure was less than 50 mmHg in group R6. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that the optimal target effect-site concentrations of remifentanil for blunting hemodynamic responses to endotracheal intubation are 3 or 4 ng/ml during total intravenous anesthesia using propofol at an effect-site concentration of 4microgram/ml.

Cardiovascular change to endotracheal intubation during anesthetic induction with midazolam-fentanyl / 대한마취과학회지

Thiopental sodium, a water-soluble barbiturate derivative with pH 10.0, reaches brain tissue in its highest concentration in about 50 seconds after intravenous injection. Blood concentration then decreases according to redistribution. Patients who are given midazolam as an induction agent are known to awake from general anesthesia relatively more slowly than those given pentothal sodium. Fentanyl, a potent analgesic, has been used in balanced anesthesia because of its minimal cardiovascular effects. In the present study, the effects of pentothal sodium, midazolam and midazolam-fentanyl on cardiovascular changes to endotracheal intubation during anesthetic induction were compared. Sixty patients of ASA class I or II scheduled to undergo elective operations were classified randomly into 3 groups. Group I and II were injected with thiopental sodium 5.0 mg/kg and midazolam 0.2 mg/kg, respectively. Group III received midazolam 0.1 mg/kg and fentanyl 2 ug/kg. The results were as follows ; 1) The onset time (time from intravenous injection to loss of eyelid reflex) of group III (137+/-10.29 seconds, p<0.05) was longer than those of group I (10+/-3.22 seconds) and group II (37+/-12.49 seconds). 2) The change of the mean arterial pressure : Group III showed minimal change (4% decrease, p<0.05) at 1 minute after endotracheal intubation as compared with group I (21% increase) and group II (6% increase). 3) The change of the heart rate ; Group III showed the least change (6% increase, p<0.05) at 1 minute after endotracheal intubation as compared with group I (18% increase) and group II (12% increase). From these results, it is suggested that the combined use of midazolam and fentanyl may cause less effect on the cardiovascular system during endotracheal intubation than midazolam or thiopental sodium alone.