Miocardiopatía hipertrófica en la edad pediátrica. Revisión a propósito de una serie de casos

Introducción: La miocardiopatía hipertrófica (MCH) constituye una enfermedad compleja y variable en cuanto a morfología, fisiopatología, pronóstico y sobrevida. Se caracteriza por una hipertrofia del ventrículo izquierdo, aunque en ocasiones puede ser biventricular o ventricular derecha aislada. En la edad pediátrica predominan las causas no sarcoméricas. La ecocardiografía es el método diagnóstico más utilizado para caracterizar la morfología y repercusión hemodinámica, sin embargo, la resonancia magnética cardíaca (RMC) es de elección por aportar mayores ventajas morfológicas y funcionales. Las pruebas genéticas son de gran importancia en la determinación del diagnóstico etiológico, manejo terapéutico y pronóstico. El tratamiento tiene como objetivo principal mejorar la capacidad funcional y aliviar los síntomas. Los betabloqueantes no vasodilatadores son considerados de primera líneay en algunos casos se puede recurrir a terapias avanzadas como disopiramida o terapia de reducción septal (TRS), uso del cardiodesfibrilador implantable (CDI), y en ocasiones se debe considerar trasplante cardiaco en pacientes con síntomas refractarios al tratamiento médico y en MCH del tipo obstructivo. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, corte transversal. Resultados: Se estudiaron 12 pacientes, desde enero de 2020 a diciembre de 2022, con edades comprendidas desde 5 meses hasta 16 años, diagnosticados con MCH de presentación clínica variable y de distintas etiologías. Conclusión: La MCH de causas no sarcoméricas como los síndromes malformativos y errores innatos del metabolismo son las que tienen peor pronóstico y sobrevida. La finalidad de detectar precozmente la MCH es el inicio temprano de la terapia específica, para así retrasar el compromiso cardiovascular y mejorar la sobrevida.

Introduction: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a complex and variable disease in terms of morphology, pathophysiology, prognosis and survival. It is characterized by left ventricular hypertrophy, although it can sometimes be biventricular or isolated right ventricular. In the pediatric population, non-sarcomeric causes predominate. Echocardiography is the most widely used diagnostic method to characterize morphology and hemodynamic repercussions; however, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) is preferred because it provides greater morphological and functional advantages. Genetic tests are of great importance in determining the etiological diagnosis, therapeutic management and prognosis. The main objective of the treatment is to improve functional capacity and alleviate symptoms. Non-vasodilator beta-blockers are considered first-line treatment and in some cases advanced therapies such as disopyramide or septal reduction therapy (SRT), use of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) can be used; heart transplantation should be considered in patients with symptoms refractory to medical treatment and in HCM of the obstructive type. Materials and methods: This was an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study. Results: 12 patients were studied, from January 2020 to December 2022, with ages ranging from 5 months to 16 years, diagnosed with HCM of variable clinical presentation and of different etiologies. Conclusion: HCM from non-sarcomeric causes such as malformation syndromes and inborn errors of metabolism have the worst prognosis and survival. The purpose of early detection of HCM is the early initiation of specific therapy, in order to delay cardiovascular compromise and improve survival.

Evaluation of nurse's performance in telemedicine / Evaluación de la actuación del enfermero en telemedicina / Avaliação da atuação do enfermeiro em telemedicina

ABSTRACT Objective: Describe the nurse's role in the Telemedicine Program in Cardiology implanted in Pernambuco, Brazil. Methods: Qualitative study, with a target audience of nurses, performed between July and December 2016 at the Emergency Care Units. Data were collected through an online instrument, consisting of open and closed questions, performed with 19 professionals. The data were analyzed through the discourse of the collective subject by QuantiQualisoftware. Results: The sample consisted of 19 nurses, mostly female (80%), with a mean age of 30 years old. Two central ideas were constructed: nurses' knowledge about the Telemedicine Program in Cardiology; and actions developed by nurses. Also, a flow of the program's assistance was built. Final considerations: The nurse in Telecardiology performs functions of assistance and continuing education of monitoring and training for patients.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Describir la actuación del enfermero en el Programa de Telemedicina en Cardiología implantado en Pernambuco, Brasil. Métodos: Estudio cualitativo, con público objetivo de enfermeros, realizado entre julio y diciembre de 2016 en las Unidades de Atención de Emergencia. Los datos fueron recolectados por medio de un instrumento on-line, constando de cuestiones abiertas y cerradas, realizado con 19 profesionales. Los datos fueron analizados a través del discurso del sujeto colectivo por el QuantiQualisoftware. Resultados: La muestra fue compuesta de 19 enfermeros, la mayoría del género femenino (80%), con una media de edad de 30 años. Se construyeron dos ideas centrales: conocimiento de los enfermeros sobre el Programa de Telemedicina en Cardiología; y acciones desarrolladas por los enfermeros. También se construyó un flujo de la atención del Programa. Consideraciones finales: El enfermero en la Telecardiología desempeña funciones de asistencia y educación continuada de monitoreo y de cuño formativo a los pacientes.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever a atuação do enfermeiro no Programa de Telemedicina em Cardiologia implantado em Pernambuco, Brasil. Métodos: Estudo qualitativo, com público-alvo de enfermeiros, realizado entre julho e dezembro de 2016 nas Unidades de Pronto Atendimento. Os dados foram coletados por meio de um instrumento on-line, constando de questões abertas e fechadas, realizado com 19 profissionais. Os dados foram analisados através do discurso do sujeito coletivo pelo QuantiQualisoftware. Resultados: A amostra foi composta de 19 enfermeiros, em sua maioria do sexo feminino (80%), com média de idade de 30 anos. Foram construídas duas ideias centrais: conhecimento dos enfermeiros sobre o Programa de Telemedicina em Cardiologia; e ações desenvolvidas pelos enfermeiros. Ainda, foi construído um fluxo do atendimento do Programa. Considerações finais: O enfermeiro na Telecardiologia desempenha funções de assistência e educação continuada de monitoramento e de cunho formativo aos pacientes.

Detection of Cardiovascular Disease Risk's Level for Adults Using Naive Bayes Classifier / 대한의료정보학회지

OBJECTIVES: The number of deaths caused by cardiovascular disease and stroke is predicted to reach 23.3 million in 2030. As a contribution to support prevention of this phenomenon, this paper proposes a mining model using a naïve Bayes classifier that could detect cardiovascular disease and identify its risk level for adults. METHODS: The process of designing the method began by identifying the knowledge related to the cardiovascular disease profile and the level of cardiovascular disease risk factors for adults based on the medical record, and designing a mining technique model using a naïve Bayes classifier. Evaluation of this research employed two methods: accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity calculation as well as an evaluation session with cardiologists and internists. The characteristics of cardiovascular disease are identified by its primary risk factors. Those factors are diabetes mellitus, the level of lipids in the blood, coronary artery function, and kidney function. Class labels were assigned according to the values of these factors: risk level 1, risk level 2 and risk level 3. RESULTS: The evaluation of the classifier performance (accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity) in this research showed that the proposed model predicted the class label of tuples correctly (above 80%). More than eighty percent of respondents (including cardiologists and internists) who participated in the evaluation session agree till strongly agreed that this research followed medical procedures and that the result can support medical analysis related to cardiovascular disease. CONCLUSIONS: The research showed that the proposed model achieves good performance for risk level detection of cardiovascular disease.

Use of the Wasserman equation in optimization of the duration of the power ramp in a cardiopulmonary exercise test: a study of Brazilian men

This study aimed to analyze the agreement between measurements of unloaded oxygen uptake and peak oxygen uptake based on equations proposed by Wasserman and on real measurements directly obtained with the ergospirometry system. We performed an incremental cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET), which was applied to two groups of sedentary male subjects: one apparently healthy group (HG, n=12) and the other had stable coronary artery disease (n=16). The mean age in the HG was 47±4 years and that in the coronary artery disease group (CG) was 57±8 years. Both groups performed CPET on a cycle ergometer with a ramp-type protocol at an intensity that was calculated according to the Wasserman equation. In the HG, there was no significant difference between measurements predicted by the formula and real measurements obtained in CPET in the unloaded condition. However, at peak effort, a significant difference was observed between oxygen uptake (V˙O2)peak(predicted)and V˙O2peak(real)(nonparametric Wilcoxon test). In the CG, there was a significant difference of 116.26 mL/min between the predicted values by the formula and the real values obtained in the unloaded condition. A significant difference in peak effort was found, where V˙O2peak(real)was 40% lower than V˙O2peak(predicted)(nonparametric Wilcoxon test). There was no agreement between the real and predicted measurements as analyzed by Lin’s coefficient or the Bland and Altman model. The Wasserman formula does not appear to be appropriate for prediction of functional capacity of volunteers. Therefore, this formula cannot precisely predict the increase in power in incremental CPET on a cycle ergometer.

La prueba de esfuerzo electrocardiográfica: utilidad en el diagnóstico y pronóstico de la enfermedad coronaria / Exercise electrocardiogram testing: usefulness in the diagnosis and prognosis of coronary artery disease

Resumen: la prueba de esfuerzo electrocardiográfica evalúa los ajustes fisiológicos en respuesta a un aumento en el metabolismo; además, permite establecer el diagnóstico y pronóstico de diferentes enfermedades cardiovasculares. Esta prueba continúa siendo el método diagnóstico de más fácil acceso y menos costoso para la evaluación inicial de pacientes con síntomas estables, que tienen un riesgo bajo o intermedio de enfermedad coronaria, y en aquellas personas con dolor torácico que consultan al servicio de urgencias. Sin embargo, posee limitaciones en la exactitud diagnóstica, con falsos negativos alrededor del 40% (sensibilidad del 60%) y falsos positivos alrededor del 10% (especificidad del 90%). En este artículo se discute información sobre la prueba de esfuerzo electrocardiográfica,su aplicación tanto para el diagnóstico como el pronóstico y su utilidad en la toma de decisiones en los pacientes en quienes se sospecha o tienen una enfermedad coronaria. Igualmente, se presentan aspectos prácticos para la realización del procedimiento, una propuesta de informe con los principales hallazgos y algunos ejemplos clínicos.

Abstract: exercise electrocardiography (exercise ECG) evaluates the physiological adjustments in responseto an increased metabolism and allows the diagnosis and prognosis of various cardiovascular diseases. Exercise ECG remains the diagnostic test least expensive and most readily available for initial evaluation of patients with stable symptoms with low or intermediate risk of coronary heart disease and those consulting with chest pain to emergency services. However, it has limitations in diagnostic accuracy with false negatives rate around 40% (sensitivity 60%) and false positives rate around 10% (specificity 90%). Here we discuss the information about the exercise ECG, its applicationfor diagnosis and prognosis, and its use in decision-making for patients with suspected or known coronary artery disease. In addition, practical aspects are presented to perform the procedure and a proposal of report with the main findings and some clinical examples.