The carpal joint of the donkey (Equus asinus): morphological investigation / Articulación del carpo del asno (Equus asinus): investigación morfológica

The current study has been achieved to be an essential resource for all veterinary practitioners that deal with the anatomy of the carpal joint of the donkey. Ten adult donkeys of both sexes were used in the current study. The topographical approach to the carpal joint was investigated in this study. Radiography and computed tomography (CT) of the carpus delineated the articulations of the carpal joint: radiocarpal, intercarpal, and carpometacarpal. The carpal ligaments were well delineated and the carpal canal was demonstrated with its content such as superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) and deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT). The contrast radiography visualized that the radiocarpal joint outpouched proximal to the accessory carpal bone by large palmarolateral pouch and small palmaromedial pouch, however the intercarpal joint outpouched distal to the accessory carpal bone by two small palmarolateral and palmaromedial pouches. The carpometacarpal joint showed medial and lateral palmarodistal outpouchings in distal direction between the corresponding 2nd and 4th metacarpal bones and the 3rd metacarpal bone. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) displayed two types of synoviocytes macrophages type A cells and fibroblast like type B cells at the cellular lining of the synovial membrane of the joint capsule.

Este estudio constituye un recurso esencial para todos los veterinarios que se ocupan de la anatomía de la articulación del carpo del asno. Fueron utilizados diez asnos adultos, de ambos sexos. Se analizó la articulación del carpo desde un enfoque topográfico. Se realizaron estudios por radiografía y tomografía computarizada para identificar las articulaciones del carpo en su conjunto: radiocarpiana, intercarpiana y carpometacarpiana. Los ligamentos del carpo se encontraron bien delineados y en el canal carpiano se identificó su contenido, como el tendón del flexor digital superficial y el tendón del flexor digital profundo. La radiografía de contraste permitió visualizar que la articulación radiocarpiana se articula proximalmente con el hueso accesorio del carpo a través una larga evaginación palmarolateral y una pequeña evaginación palmaromedial; sin embargo, la articulación intercarpiana se relaciona distalmente con el hueso accesorio del carpo por medio de dos pequeñas evaginaciones, palmarolateral y palmaromedial. La articulación carpometacarpiana mostró evaginaciones palmarodistales, medial y lateral, en dirección distal entre los correspondiente 2 y 4 huesos metacarpianos y el 3 hueso metacarpiano. La microscopía electrónica de barrido muestra dos tipos de células: células A, correspondientes a sinoviocitos macrófagos y células B, correspondientes a fibroblastos, en el revestimiento celular de la membrana sinovial de la cápsula articular.

Clinical Observation on Carpal Joint Sprain by Puncturing Juliao (GB 29) / 针灸推拿医学（英文版）

Objective: To observe the effect of puncturing Juliao (GB 29) in treating carpal joint sprain. Methods: 99 cases were randomly divided into 3 groups, treatment, control 1 and control 2 groups, 33 cases for each group. Cases in treatment group were treated by acupuncture on Juliao (GB 29); patients in control 1 group were treated by acupuncture at Sanyinjiao (SP 6), and patients in control 2 group were treated by local application. The clinical effect was compared among three groups after the treatment. Results: The effective rate in the treatment group is 96.9%, which is over and above 84.8% in control 1 group and 75.8% in control 2 group (both P＜0.05). Conclusion: Acupuncture at Juliao (GB 29) has a precise curative effect in treating sprain of carpal joint. It is more effective than acupuncture at Sanyinjiao (SP 6) and local application.

A clinical study of distal radial fractures and carpal instability / 中华创伤骨科杂志

Objective To investigate carpal instability after distal radial fractures have been treated with cast immobilization or operation and its effect on clinical functions.Methods 124 patients with distal radial fracture were treated with cast immobilization,external fixation or plate internal fixation.They were followed up.Their carpal instability was evaluated according to X-ray manifestations before and after treatment;their clinical carpal functions were assessed according to Gartland and Werley scoring system.Results The follow-ups revealed five types of carpal instability:palmar or dorsal shift of the carpus,VISI(volar intercalated segment instability),DISI(dorsal intercalated segment instability)and scapholunate dissociation.The incidence of carpal instability was 58.1%before treatment,21.8%after treatment and 22.6%at the follow-ups.Functional results were excellent and good in 80.6 %of the total patients,in 84.5%of those in the stability group,and in 75.0%of those in the instability group.Conclusions Distal radial fractures usually lead to carpal instability.Operations can correct radius-carpal instability effectively,but it is difficult to correct scapholunate dissociation.The function of carpal joint is evident ly poorer in patients with carpal instability than in those with carpal stability,for it is mainly affected by the integrality of radius-carpal joint.