The butterflies (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea) of the Parque Estadual Intervales and surroundings, São Paulo, Brazil / As borboletas (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea) do Parque Estadual Intervales e arredores, São Paulo, Brasil

Abstract The Global South has witnessed increasing sampling of its immense biological diversity during the past century. However, the diversity of many regions remains unknown, even at pristine and highly threatened places, such as in the Atlantic Forest; and for bioindicator, umbrella, and flagship groups. The present study reports the first butterfly list of the Parque Estadual Intervales, São Paulo, Brazil and surroundings, a key protected area in the last massive continuous of the Atlantic Forest. We compiled data from museums and four years of field work, under three sampling methods. We also aimed at providing resources to support conservation efforts by analyzing 27 years of climatic data (detailed in the Supplementary Material, in English and in Portuguese), discussing our results also for non-academics, and producing scientific outreach and educational material. A companion article dealt with the experiences of science outreach and capacity development, and illustrated the butterfly catalogue of the species sampled in the park. We found 312 species that sum to 2,139 records. The museum had 229 species (432 records), and we sampled 142 species (1,682 individuals), in a total effort of 36,679 sampling hours (36,432 trap and 247 net and observation hours). The richest families were Nymphalidae (148 species) and Hesperiidae (100 species). Most species were sampled exclusively by active methods (79.8%), but other sources (passive sampling, citizen science, etc.) also found unique records. We found the highest diversity metrics from January to May, and we demonstrated that winter months had less richness and abundance. We illustrated the 20 species common to all regions, and listed those that were found more than seven months in the year, as well as the most abundant species in trap sampling, with forest dwellers as well as species common to open and fragmented areas. The dominant species in our trap datasets was the iridescent white morpho, Morpho epistrophus (Fabricius, 1796), and we suggest it to become the park butterfly mascot.

Resumo O Sul Global testemunhou crescente amostragem de sua imensa diversidade biológica durante o século passado. Entretanto, a diversidade de muitas regiões permanece desconhecida, mesmo em locais pristinos e altamente ameaçados, como na Mata Atlântica; e para grupos bioindicadores, guarda-chuva e emblemáticos. O presente estudo reporta a primeira lista de borboletas do Parque Estadual Intervales, São Paulo, Brasil e arredores, uma unidade de conservação chave no último maciço contínuo de Mata Atlântica. Compilamos dados de museus e quatro anos de campo, sob três métodos de amostragem. Também visamos oferecer recursos para apoiar os esforços de conservação, analisando 27 anos de dados climáticos (detalhados no Material Suplementar, em inglês e em português), discutindo nossos resultados numa linguagem também para não acadêmicos, e produzindo material de divulgação científica e educativos. Um artigo irmão tratou das experiências de divulgação científica e capacitação, e ilustrou o catálogo de borboletas das espécies amostradas no parque. Encontramos 312 espécies em 2.139 registros. O museu tinha 229 espécies (432 registros), e amostramos 142 espécies (1.682 indivíduos), em um esforço total de 36.679 horas de amostragem (36.432 armadilhas e 247 horas de rede e observação). As famílias mais ricas foram Nymphalidae (148 espécies) e Hesperiidae (100 espécies). A maioria das espécies foi amostrada exclusivamente por métodos ativos (79,8%), mas outras fontes (passiva, ciência cidadã, etc.) também encontraram registros únicos. Encontramos as maiores métricas de diversidade de janeiro a maio, e demonstramos que os meses de inverno tiveram menos riqueza e abundância. Ilustramos as 20 espécies comuns a todas as regiões, e listamos aquelas que foram encontradas em mais de sete meses no ano, bem como as espécies mais abundantes em armadilhas, com espécies florestais e também comuns em áreas abertas e fragmentadas. A espécie dominante em nossas armadilhas foi a morfo branca iridescente, Morpho epistrophus (Fabricius, 1796), e sugerimos que se torne a borboleta mascote do parque.

100 años de la visita del Dr. Hideyo Noguchi al Perú y su contribución al estudio de la Enfermedad de Carrión / 100 years after visit of Dr. Hideyo Noguchi to Peru and his contribution to the study of Carrion's disease

RESUMEN Se conoce poco sobre la visita al Perú en abril de 1920, hace 100 años, del Dr. Hideyo Noguchi y su contribución al estudio de la Enfermedad de Carrión o bartonelosis humana. Tal vez por ser una enfermedad casi exclusiva del Perú, aunque se han reportado casos en menor número en Ecuador y Colombia, sin tener repercusión internacional. Aun cuando su visita fue muy comentada por los diarios de la época, el tiempo han difuminado las actividades de la visita, cuyo objetivo era combatir un brote epidémico de fiebre amarilla en Paita. Permaneció tres semanas en Piura y una cuarta semana en Lima. Es en Lima que se enteró de la Enfermedad de Carrión y la controversia de que era una o eran dos enfermedades distintas (fiebre de La Oroya y verruga peruana). Un lustro después realizó numerosas investigaciones experimentales en New York contribuyendo a resolver la controversia.

ABSTRACT Little is known about the visit to Peru in april 1920, 100 years ago, of Dr. Hideyo Noguchi and his contribution to the study of Carrion's disease or human bartonellosis. Perhaps because it is an almost exclusive disease in Peru, although cases have been reported in smaller numbers in Ecuador and Colombia, they have not had much international impact. Even though his visit was much commented by the newspapers of those years, time has blurred the activities of the visit, whose objective was to fight an outbreak of yellow fever in Paita. He spent three weeks in Piura and one week in Lima. It is in Lima that he learned of Carrion's disease and the controversy as to whether La Oroya fever and peruvian wart were two distinct diseases or diferent phases of one disease. After five years he carried out numerous experimental investigations in New York contributing to the resolution of the controversy.

Effect of height to ground level on the insect attraction to exposed rabbit carcasses

Aim: The present study aimed to determine the effect of height from ground on the colonization of carrion insect species.Methodology: Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus L.) carcasses were positioned at two different heights with respect to ground level in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia to determine populations of carrion insects at different decomposition stages. Steel cages were used to defiend the carcasses from flesh eating vertebrates without effecting surrounding environmental condition. Ambient temperatures and the patterns of insect succession were monitored at both heights Results: In total, 14 and 18 different carrion-associated taxa were collected at low and high sites, respectively. The primary and dominant necrophagous colonizer was the muscid dipteran Musca calleva (Walker) at low site and M. domestica (L.) at high site. The dominant beetle species at both sites was Dermestes maculatus (De Geer). The dominant ant species at low site were Cataglyphis holgerseni (Collingwood & Agosti) and Ca. savignyi (Dufour) and Camponotus sericeus (Fabricius) at high site. Interpretation: This research verified that the height of carrion in relation to ground level considerably affected the variety of insect species, particularly flies and beetles

Prioritisation of potential drug targets against Bartonella bacilliformis by an integrative in-silico approach

BACKGROUND Carrion's disease (CD) is a neglected biphasic illness caused by Bartonella bacilliformis, a Gram-negative bacteria found in the Andean valleys. The spread of resistant strains underlines the need for novel antimicrobials against B. bacilliformis and related bacterial pathogens. OBJECTIVE The main aim of this study was to integrate genomic-scale data to shortlist a set of proteins that could serve as attractive targets for new antimicrobial discovery to combat B. bacilliformis. METHODS We performed a multidimensional genomic scale analysis of potential and relevant targets which includes structural druggability, metabolic analysis and essentiality criteria to select proteins with attractive features for drug discovery. FINDINGS We shortlisted seventeen relevant proteins to develop new drugs against the causative agent of Carrion's disease. Particularly, the protein products of fabI, folA, aroA, trmFO, uppP and murE genes, meet an important number of desirable features that make them attractive targets for new drug development. This data compendium is freely available as a web server (http://target.sbg.qb.fcen.uba.ar/). MAIN CONCLUSION This work represents an effort to reduce the costs in the first phases of B. bacilliformis drug discovery.

Sobre la calle Carrión y la bartonelosis / About Carrion street and bartonellosis

Resumen Daniel Alcides Carrión (1857-1885) fue un estudiante de Medicina peruano que estableció la relación causal entre los cuadros clínicos denominados fiebre de Oroya y la verruga peruana, hasta ese entonces entidades independientes. Mediante la autoinoculación de extractos de verrugas peruanas de un paciente, él mismo contrajo la fiebre de Oroya. Este hecho demostró que ambos cuadros clínicos se debían a la misma causa. La investigación posterior mostró que el agente involucrado era la bacteria Bartonella bacilliformis. Por otra parte, frente a la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Chile se ubica la calle denominada Carrión. Es una tradición médica en dicha Facultad que esta calle se denomina así en honor a este estudiante peruano mártir. Esta investigación muestra que esta tradición médica no tiene fundamento histórico y analiza su verdadero origen.

Daniel Alcides Carrión (1857-1885) was a Peruvian medical student who established the relationship between the clinical entities called Oroya fever and Peruvian wart, until then independent diseases. By autoinoculation of Peruvian wart extracts from a patient, he contracted the Oroya fever. This fact showed that both clinical entities occurred due to the same cause. Subsequent investigation showed that the agent involved was the bacteria Bartonella bacilliformis. On the other hand, a street called Carrion is located in front of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Chile. It is a legend or medical tradition in this Faculty that this street is named in honor of this Peruvian martyred student. This work shows that this medical story has no historical basis and analyzes its true origin.

Insects of forensic importance associated to cadaveric decomposition in a rural area of the Andean Amazon, Caquetá, Colombia / Insetos de importância forense associados à decomposição cadavérica em uma área rural na Amazônia Andina, Caquetá, Colômbia

ABSTRACT Forensic entomology is a frequently used tool to estimate the time interval between death and the discovery of the corpse. Succession of arthropods associated with cadaveric decomposition was monitored in a rural area of the Municipality of Florencia, Department of Caquetá, Colombia. Three pigs (Sus scrofa) were used as study models. Insect sampling, and monitoring of carcasses and environmental conditions were carried out every five hours. The total time from death to skeletonization was of 545 hours (22.7 days). A total of 30833 insect individuals were collected. Specimens were distributed in nine orders, 46 families, 95 genera and 106 species. Diptera was the most abundant, with 23215 individuals (75.3%), followed by Coleoptera, with 3711 individuals (12%), and Hymenoptera, with 3154 individuals (10.2%). Immature stages of Cochliomyia macellaria, Chrysomya albiceps, Hemilucilia semidiaphana and Ophyra aenescens were the main species involved in tissue consumption and acceleration of the decomposition process. Due to the presence of ants Cheliomyrmex sp., Camponotus sp. and Dinoponera sp., and coleopterans Hister sp., Acylophorus sp. and Philonthus spp., it was not possible to obtain sufficient Diptera egg masses for rearing the colonizing species. These results can be used as a standard to determine the postmortem interval in criminal investigations in the rural area of the Andean Amazon, Caquetá, Colombia.

RESUMO A entomologia forense é uma ferramenta frequentemente utilizada para estimar o intervalo de tempo entre a morte e a descoberta do corpo. Na área rural do município de Florencia, Caquetá, foi monitorada a sucessão de artrópodes associados à decomposição cadavérica, utilizando como modelo de estudo os cadáveres de três porcos (Sus scrofa). A amostragem de insetos e coleta de dados ambientais foram realizadas a cada cinco horas. A duração total do processo desde a morte até a esqueletização foi de 545 horas (22,7 dias). Foram coletados 30833 espécimes de insetos, distribuídos em nove ordens, 46 famílias, 95 gêneros e 106 espécies. Diptera foi o grupo mais representativo, com 23215 indivíduos (75,3%), seguido de Coleoptera, com 3711 indivíduos (12%) e Hymenoptera, com 3154 indivíduos (10,2%). Os estágios imaturos de Cochliomyia macellaria, Chrysomya albiceps, Hemilucilia semidiaphana e Ophyra aenescens foram as principais espécies envolvidas no consumo de tecidos e na aceleração do processo de decomposição. Devido à presença de formigas Cheliomyrmex sp., Camponotus sp. e Dinoponera sp. e de besouros Hister sp., Acylophorus sp. e Philonthus spp., não foi possível obter massas de ovos de Diptera suficientes para a criação de espécies colonizadoras. Nosso estudo fornece subsídios para determinar o intervalo post-mortem em investigações policiais e promover a entomologia forense em uma área rural da Amazônia Andina na Colômbia.

Postmortem interval estimation based on Chrysomya albiceps (Diptera, Calliphoridae) in a forensic case in the Andean Amazon, Caquetá, Colombia / Intervalo pós-morte estimado a partir de Chrysomya albiceps (Diptera, Calliphoridae) em um caso forense na Amazônia Andina, Caquetá, Colômbia

This is the first application of forensic entomology in a case involving a human corpse found in the urban area of the Municipality of Florencia, Caquetá, Colombia, in the Piedemont of the Colombian Amazon. Three days after removing the body from the scene, pupae and puparia were collected and identified as Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann, 1819) (Diptera, Calliphoridae). The postmortem interval was estimated on the basis of previously published data and verified through accumulated degree hours (ADH) and intrapuparial development. The estimated minimum postmortem interval was of 229 hours (9.5 days).

Esta é a primeira aplicação da entomologia forense em um caso envolvendo um cadáver humano encontrado em uma área urbana do Município de Florencia, Caquetá, Colombia, no Piedemonte da Amazônia Colombiana. Três dias após a remoção do corpo da área, pupas e pupários foram coletados e identificados como Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann, 1819) (Diptera, Calliphoridae). O intervalo pós-morte (IPM) foi estimado com base em dados publicados previamente e verificado usando graus-horas acumulados (GHA) e desenvolvimento intrapuparial. O intervalo pós-morte mínimo estimado foi de 229 horas (9.5 dias).

Daniel Carrión García: estudio iconográfico y antropológico forense / Daniel Carrion-Garcia: iconographic and forensic anthropological study

Este artículo tiene como propósito brindar aportes objetivos sobre la iconografía de Daniel Carrión García (1857-1885), héroe y mártir de la medicina peruana que se basan en una investigación de las tres fotografías que se le atribuyen, la cual comprende tres aspectos: el histórico, en el que se hace una recopilación de las principales fuentes bibliográficas; el técnico fotográfico, en el que revisamos el estado tecnológico de este arte en la época en la que se captaron dichas fotografías; y el antropológico forense, que nos permite utilizar los métodos más avanzados de identificación facial. Basados en estos elementos objetivos hemos concluido que la llamada “Fotografía familiar” es el estándar de oro que debe emplearse como elemento de comparación frente a la “Fotografía individual” y la “Fotografía militar”, determinando que existen elementos suficientes para afirmar que la primera es una imagen genuina de Carrión, mientras que sólo existen indicios razonables con respecto a la segunda, debiendo profundizarse las investigaciones respecto a ella.

This paper aims to provide objective contributions on the iconography of Daniel Carrion-Garcia (1857-1885), hero and martyr of Peruvian medicine, based on a detailed investigation of the three photographs attributed to him, comprising three aspects: History, in which a compilation of the main bibliographical sources is made; the photographic technique, in which we reviewed the current state of the art of photography at the time when these images were captured; and forensic anthropology, which allowed us to use the most advanced methods for facial identification. Based on these objective elements we have concluded that the so-called “family photograph” is the gold standard, which should be used as an element of comparison against the “individual photography” and the “military photography”, determining that there are sufficient elements to affirm that the first image is a genuine portrait image of Daniel Carrion, while there are only reasonable clues with respect to the second, and further investigations must be performed regarding this image.

One hundred years after the expedition by Harvard University to Peru to investigate Carrion's disease. Lessons for science / Cien años de la expedición de Harvard a Perú para investigar la enfermedad de Carrión. Lecciones para la ciencia

Abstract In 1913, around 100 years ago, the Harvard University sent an expedition to Peru, led by Richard Strong, to investigate Carrion's disease. This paper provides a critical review of the scientific research carried out in this expedition. Richard Strong was a physician who performed unethical human experimentation in the Philippines and China. In Peru, Strong conducted experiments on humans to inoculate wart secretions to a psychiatric patient, which led him to replicate the Peruvian wart in this individual, although he could not replicate Oroya fever. Based on this experiment, and without taking into account epidemiological and clinical evidence, the Harvard expedition erroneously concluded that Oroya fever and Peruvian wart were two different diseases. A retrospective review of the scientific work conducted by the expedition in Peru allows drawing the following lessons for science: a) disapproving unethical human experimentation conducted by the expedition; b) to determine the cause of infectious diseases, it is necessary to obtain the best scientific, experimental and observational evidence, and c) to acknowledge that, despite the poor infrastructure, researchers in developing countries are able to produce high-quality scientific knowledge that may surpass the knowledge generated by researchers in developed countries.

Resumen Hace poco se cumplieron 100 años de la expedición de la Universidad de Harvard a Perú, liderada por Richard Strong, para investigar la enfermedad de Carrion. El presente estudio realizó una revisión crítica de la investigación científica de dicha expedición. Richard Strong era un médico con antecedentes relacionados con la realización de experimentaciones humanas antiéticas en Filipinas y China. En Perú, Strong realizó experimentación humana al inocular secreciones de verruga en un paciente psiquiátrico, logrando reproducir en este la verruga peruana, pero no la fiebre de la Oroya; con base en este experimento, y sin considerar la evidencia epidemiológica y clínica, la expedición de Harvard concluyó erróneamente que la fiebre de la Oroya y la verruga peruana eran dos enfermedades diferentes. Una visión retrospectiva de la labor científica de la expedición de Harvard en Perú lleva a extraer las siguientes lecciones para la ciencia: a) se debe condenar la antiética experimentación humana realizada por la expedición de Harvard; b) es necesario obtener la mejor evidencia científica, experimental y observacional en la causalidad de las enfermedades infecciosas, y c) es necesario reconocer que en países subdesarrollados se puede generar conocimiento científico de alta calidad y que, pese a la escasa infraestructura, puede ser mejor al de los países desarrollados.

Daniel Alcides Carrión: la teoría unicista / Daniel Alcides Carrión: Unicist theory

La enfermedad de Carrión presenta clásicamente dos fases clínicas: la fiebre de la Oroya y la verruga peruana. La teoría unicista reconoce que ambas formas clínicas pertenecen a la misma enfermedad, la obtención de este conocimiento representó un duro desafío para la ciencia peruana y mundial. A través de un histórico experimento en 1885, Daniel Alcides Carrión obtuvo la evidencia clínica-experimental que sentó las bases de la teoría unicista; el científico diseñó esta teoría solo hasta las horas finales de su experimento, por lo cual su hallazgo es considerado un acto de serendipia. La demostración bacteriológica de la teoría la realizaría Hideyo Noguchi en 1926; Carrión brindó además evidencia de la transmisibilidad de esta infección y debido a este aporte científico se convirtió en el símbolo de la medicina peruana.

Carrion's disease typically presents two clinical phases: Oroya fever and Peruvian wart. Unicist theory recognizes that both clinical forms belong to the same disease. Obtaining this knowledge represented a challenge for both the Peruvian and the world science. In 1885, through a historical experiment, Daniel Alcides Carrión obtained the clinical-experimental evidence that work as the foundations of this theory. Carrion did not design this theory but only in the final hours of his experiment; therefore his finding is considered as an act of serendipity. Bacteriological demonstration of the theory was made in 1926 by Hideyo Noguchi. Carrion also provided evidence showing the transmission of this infection. Due to its scientific contribution Carrión became the symbol of the Peruvian medicine.

Research Progress of Carrion-breeding Phorid Flies for Post-mortem Interval Es-timation in Forensic Medicine / 法医学杂志

It is a difficult problem of forensic medicine to accurately estimate the post-mortem interval. Entomological approach has been regarded as an effective way to estimate the post-mortem interval. The developmental biology of carrion-breeding flies has an important position at the post-mortem inter-val estimation. Phorid flies are tiny and occur as the main or even the only insect evidence in relatively enclosed environments. This paper reviews the research progress of carrion-breeding phorid flies for esti-mating post-mortem interval in forensic medicine which includes their roles, species identification and age determination of immatures.

Research Progress of Carrion-breeding Phorid Flies for Post-mortem Interval Estimation in Forensic Medicine / 法医学杂志

It is a difficult problem of forensic medicine to accurately estimate the post-mortem interval. Entomological approach has been regarded as an effective way to estimate the post-mortem interval. The developmental biology of carrion-breeding flies has an important position at the post-mortem interval estimation. Phorid flies are tiny and occur as the main or even the only insect evidence in relatively enclosed environments. This paper reviews the research progress of carrion-breeding phorid flies for estimating post-mortem interval in forensic medicine which includes their roles, species identification and age determination of immatures.

Trophic roles of scavenger beetles in relation to decomposition stages and seasons

Carcasses represent a trophic and reproductive resource or shelter for arthropods, which are a representative component of the decomposition process. Four experiments, one per season, were conducted in a semi-rural area of Bahía Blanca, Argentina, to study the trophic roles of cadaveric beetles, evaluating the abundance, composition and dominance during all decomposition stages and seasons. Species of necrophagous, necrophilous and omnivorous habits were found. Abundance, composition and dominance of beetles in relation to their trophic roles changed according to seasons and decomposition stages. Guilds and patterns of succession were established in relation to those periods. Trophic roles could be an indicator of beetle associations with decomposition stages and seasons.

Incapability of Formalin Based Fixative to Kill Maggot in Mutilated Human Carrion.

Background: Embalming is a process used to temporarily preserve a human cadaver to forestall decomposition and make it suitable for display at funerals; thus, are agents that prevent autolysis and putrefaction. The outbreak of maggots from a heap of inadequately embalmed bodies due to deep cuts and bodies involved in inferno, necessitated the need to re-investigate the efficacy of formalin based embalming fluid and its inability to kill maggots. Methodology: Various strength of Formaldehyde, Xylene, Kerosene, and, Lime fluid, Isopropanol, Gamalin 20, Potassium ferrocyanide, and Physiological saline as control were used in the investigation. In the present investigation, Two maggots under the same atmospheric condition were put in each of the ten selected chemical reagents/solutions, including Lime, Kerosene, and the Gamalin 20 that are naturally available were initially dispensed into ten glass universal containers. Maggot movements in each reagent solution were critically observed. Result: Maggots death occurred within the first ten minutes in test number three groups III that contains Concentrated Formalin and Xylene andMaggots died after fifteenminute of the experiment, butmaggots did not died until about eight hours after the test in two of the experiment. Discussion: Results of this investigation showed clearly thatMaggots were not killed as soon as expected by the embalmerwhen ordinary ten percent alcoholic formalin embalming fluid is used. Equal volume of concentrated formalin plus Xylene was found out to be effective at killing maggot instantly. Conclusion: It is therefore advisable to use Xylene plus Conc. Formalin when preserving cadaver infested with Maggot and this could at the same time prevent the occurrence ofMaggots Infestation and better preservation of mass of burnt mutilated corpses in our Mortuary.

Carrion consumption by Dasyprocta leporina (RODENTIA: DASYPROCTIDAE) and a review of meat use by agoutis / Consumo de carniça por Dasyprocta leporina (RODENTIA: DASYPROCTIDAE) e uma revisão do uso de carne por cutias

The consumption of the carrion of a tapiti by a reintroduced female Dasyprocta leporina was observed in the wild. Herein, besides describing this event, we reviewed other evidence of vertebrate consumption by agoutis. Most of the studies describing this behaviour have been carried out in captivity. The preyed animals included birds and small rodents, which were sometimes killed by agoutis. This pattern suggests that this is not an anomalous behaviour for the genus, reflecting its omnivorous habits. This behaviour can be a physiologically sound feeding strategy, so new studies should focus on the temporal variation in the consumption of this resource, possibly related to food scarcity periods or to reproductive seasons, when the need for high-quality food tends to increase.

Foi observado na natureza o consumo da carniça de um tapiti (Sylvilagus brasiliensis) por uma fêmea reintroduzida da cutia Dasyprocta leporina. Neste estudo, além da descrição desse evento, é feita uma revisão de outras evidências de consumo de vertebrados por cutias. A maioria dos estudos que descreveram esse comportamento foi realizada em cativeiro. Os animais predados incluíram aves e pequenos roedores, que foram mortos pelas cutias em algumas ocasiões. Esse padrão sugere que esse não é um comportamento anômalo para o gênero, refletindo seus hábitos onívoros. Esse comportamento pode trazer vantagens fisiológicas para esses animais, de forma que novos estudos devem focar na variação temporal do uso desse recurso, relacionando-o com períodos de escassez e com a estação reprodutiva dos animais, onde a necessidade de alimentos de alta qualidade energética pode ser maior.

Experiencias en la prevención y control de la enfermedad de Carrión en el Perú / Experiences in the prevention and control of Carrión's disease in Peru

La enfermedad de Carrión, enfermedad emblemática de la medicina peruana, ha sido descrita en la sierra de Ecuador, Colombia y valles interandinos del Perú. En la década de 1990, el fenómeno de El Niño fue asociado con incremento significativo del riesgo de enfermedad en Ancash, Cajamarca y Cusco. Justamente en Cusco en 1998 se produjo una importante epidemia de la fase aguda en diversas provincias andinas y la zona selvática. Posteriormente entre 2001 y 2005 la enfermedad se ha expandido o reactivado en diversas regiones como Ancash, Cajamarca, Amazonas, Piura, Cusco, La Libertad, Puno, Ayacucho. El 2004 se presentó un rebrote importante de la enfermedad en todo el Perú, reportándose más de 11 164 casos, por ello se aplicaron diversas estrategias de control basados en estudios de susceptibilidad de vectores, disminuyendo en forma significativa el número de casos.

Carrion’s disease, the iconic disease in Peruvian medicine has been found in the mountains of Ecuador, Colombia and the Andean valleys of Peru. In the 1990s, the phenomenon of El Niño was associated with significantly increased risk of disease in Ancash, Cajamarca and Cusco. In Cusco in 1998 there was an acute phase epidemic in various Andean provinces and the jungle area. Between 2001 and 2005 the disease has spread or reactivated in different regions such as Ancash, Cajamarca, Amazonas, Piura, Cusco, La Libertad, Puno, and Ayacucho. In 2004 a major outbreak of the disease in all of Peru was presented, reporting more than 11 164 cases, and therefore diverse strategies based vector susceptibility studies was applied, lowering significantly the number of cases.

Enfermedad de Carrión grave complicada con leptospirosis aguda: reporte de un caso / Carrión´s disease complicated with severe acute leptospirosis: a case report

Se reporta el caso de un adulto varón de 56 años, procedente de Sihuas (Ancash) que acude al Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo con cuadro clínico caracterizado por un síndrome ictérico febril anemizante, en cuya evolución tórpida de solo tres días de hospitalizado presenta anemia severa (Hb: 11,8 a 6,7 g/dL) así como mialgias generalizadas asociadas a un empeoramiento brusco de la ictericia correlacionada con elevación de bilirrubinas (BT: 3,2 a 19,6 mg/dL a predominio directo) y deterioro general del paciente; por ello, se realizó la investigación microbiológica donde se encontró frotis y cultivo positivo para Bartonella bacilliformis, posteriormente, la serología (microaglutinación) resultó positiva para Lesptospira serovar Pomona. El paciente recibe tratamiento antibiótico específico (ceftriaxona y ciprofloxacino), se le transfunde dos paquetes globulares, mejora clínicamente y es dado de alta.

The case of an adult, 56 year old male is reported, from Sihuas (Ancash) who presented at Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo with fever, jaundice and anemia. In three days of hospitalization, he developed severe anemia (Hb: 11.8 to 6.7 g / dL) and generalized myalgias associated with a sudden worsening jaundice correlated with elevated bilirubin (TB 3.2 to 19.6 mg / dL direct dominance) and general deterioration. Microbiological smear and culture were positive for Bartonella bacilliformis. Subsequent serology (microagglutination) was positive for Lesptospira serovar Pomona. The patient was given specific antibiotic therapy (ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin), transfused two units of packed red blood cells, improved clinically and was discharged.

Bartonelosis humana: antes y después de Daniel Alcides Carrión / Human bartonellosis: before and after Daniel Alcides Carrion

La presente es una revisión de los aspectos bibliográficos relacionados con el conocimiento de la bartonelosis humana antes y después de la muerte de Daniel Alcides Carrión. Se enfatiza el estímulo que significó el sacrificio de Carrión en el desarrollo de la investigación médica en el Perú, en especial en lo referente a la bartonelosis humana, realizada por investigadores peruanos y de otras partes del mundo. La revisión incluye al área básica del conocimiento sobre la bacteria causante del proceso mórbido, la respuesta del huésped a la infección así como en el comportamiento bifásico de la enfermedad. La bibliografía revisada incluye aportes al conocimiento de la enfermedad, conocida hoy con el epónimo de “Enfermedad de Carrión”, a lo largo de más de un siglo de historia.

This is a review of bibliographic aspects associated to the knowledge about human bartonelosis before and after the death of Daniel Alcides Carrion. Emphasis is placed on stimulus in the development of medical research in Peru by the self-inoculation and subsequent death of Carrion especially in relation to human bartonellosis, conducted by Peruvian researchers and others around the world. The review includes the basic area of knowledge about the bacteria that causes the illness, the host response to infection as well as the biphasic behavior of the disease. The revised bibliography includes contributions to the knowledge of the disease in the last 100 years, now known with the eponym “Carrion’s disease”.

Reivindicando el verdadero rostro de Daniel A. Carrión / The vindication of Daniel A. Carrion's real portrait

Después de serias investigaciones un grupo de médicos llegó a descubrir que desde hace medio siglo algunos miembros de la Orden médica han confundido al gremio médico y a la opinión pública, presentando una imagen falsa de Daniel A. Carrión (DAC). La imagen ha sido divulgada y distorsionada en artículos médicos, en la prensa y en la televisión. De esa manera, mediante el uso de falsificaciones, lograron reemplazar su imagen verdadera por una falsa en las oficinas del Colegio Médico del Perú (CMP), en su sede principal en Miraflores y en todos los Colegios Médicos Regionales del país. Desde abril de 2011, cuando nos percatarnos que en las oficinas del CMP se había reemplazado la verdadera imagen de DAC por una falsa, comenzamos a leer su libro publicado en 1886 y casi todos los libros publicados por ilustres médicos en los siglos XIX, XX y XXI, donde narran su vida, obra y sacrificio. Para conocer profundamente la vida, obra y sacrificio de DAC, se ha revisado artículos médicos y de prensa, desde su época hasta 2013 y, ademßs, tres libros publicados para demostrar exclusivamente la verdadera imagen de DAC. Se muestra ilustraciones acompa±adas de fotografías de DAC y su familia que son verdades históricas inobjetables que demuestran la verdadera imagen de nuestro héroe y mßrtir. Asimismo, se muestra el esfuerzo que han hecho los detractores de Carrión para demostrar su falsa imagen como verdadera, con lo que, al final, solo han conseguido demostrar mßs su error.

After thorough research, a group of Medical Doctors discovered that, for the last 50 years, some members of the Peruvian Medical Professional College (PMPC) have been misleading the scientific community and the public opinionÆs understanding of Daniel A. CarrionÆs (DAC) historic figure. In effect, these members of the PMC have made public a fake portrait of the Peruvian Medical Doctor. In that way, DACÆs legacy has been distorted in several medical articles, in the press and in the media to the extent that false images were used in the process and replaced DACÆs real portrait with a fake image in all the PMPC offices nationwide. Since April of 2011, the researchers went through a thorough literature review, which included DACÆs book published in 1886, and several publications made by prominent Medical Doctors from the XIX, XX and XXI centuries. Those publications are reliable sources to understand DACÆs life, work and sacrifice. To fully understand DACÆs life, work and sacrifice, the researchers reviewed medical articles and press articles from the XIX century to the present. In that way, three books have been published to fully prove DACÆs real portrait. The document has several illustrations and photos that portrait DAC and his family. The evidence demonstrates which is DACÆs real portrait. Accordingly, the document will show the fallacies and mistakes made by the PMPC members who tried to impose DACÆs fake portrait. That information will be included in order to reflect these PMPC membersÆ effort to impose a false and deceptive portrait.

An initial study of insect succession on decomposing rabbit carrions in Harare, Zimbabwe

Objective: To investigate insects visiting sun exposed and shaded decomposing rabbit carcasses and to establish the relationship between insects and carcasses which may be of forensic importance in Harare. Methods: Two rabbits weighing 2.3 kg and 2.5 kg were killed by sharp blows on the head. One was exposed to the sun while the other was placed under shade. The carcasses were allowed to decompose and insects were collected twice a day for the first week and thereafter once a day up to the end of the 7 weeks. Maggots were also collected from the decomposing carcasses and reared.Results:Five dipteran families (Calliphoridae, Muscidae, Sarcophagidae, Phoridae and Drosophilidae) were identified from the sun-exposed carcass. Species collected included Luciliacuprina (L. cuprina), Chrysomya albiceps (C. albiceps), Musca domestica, Sarcophaga sp. and Drosophila sp. Four families (Calliphoridae, Muscidae, Phoridae, Anthomyiidae) were identified from the shaded carcass. Representatives of these families included L. cuprina, C. albiceps, Musca domestica, and Hydrotaea sp. Three Coleopteran families (Histeridae, Cleridae and Dermestidae) were identified from both carcasses. The observed species were Saprinus sp., Necrobia rufipes and Dermestes sp. Formicidae (Hymenoptera) was represented by only one species (Pheidole sp.). Flies which emerged from the rearing units were L. cuprina, Lucilia sp., C. albiceps, Sarcophaga sp. and Sepsis sp.). Conclusions: Of the dipteran species collected during the study, L. cuprina and C. albiceps could be important for further forensic studies since they were collected from the carcasses and also observed from the rearing units.