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SUMMARY: Health professionals especially nurses have ongoing contact with patients and they may have a high incidence of musculoskeletal problems. For this reason, grip strength and carrying angle are important parameters for all health professionals to succeed in their job and avoid injuries. It was aimed to determine the effects of the hand grip, and pinch strength, carrying angle of dominant, and non-dominant hands as well as the association of the hand functional index with morphometric measurements in 193 nursing students. The means of the carrying angle of dominant and non-dominant sides were 169.11±4.21° and 168.16±4.30°, respectively. The means of the dominant and, non-dominant sides of hand grip strength were 45.99±11.24 kg and 45.89±11.34 kg, respectively. The lateral pinch strength means were measured as 19.55±3.75 kg and 19.31±3.45 kg, respectively. This paper's findings may be important for some experts such as anatomists, clinicians, surgeons, forensic scientists, anthropologists, and nurses- healthcare professionals keep in touch with patients. Also, we believe that appropriate and effective knowledge of carrying angle, hand grip and lateral pinch strength has created an opportunity to research in terms of reducing work-related risk factors.
Los profesionales de la salud, especialmente las enfermeras, se mantienen en contacto con los pacientes y pueden tener una alta incidencia de problemas musculo-esqueléticos. En consecuencia, la fuerza de agarre y el ángulo de carga son parámetros importantes para que todos los profesionales de la salud tengan éxito en su trabajo y eviten las lesiones. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar los efectos de la fuerza de prensión y pinzamiento de la mano, el ángulo de carga de las manos dominantes y no dominantes, así como la asociación del índice funcional de la mano con medidas morfométricas en 193 estudiantes de enfermería. Las medias del ángulo de carga de los lados dominante y no dominante fueron 169,11±4,21° y 168,16±4,30°, respectivamente. Las medias de los lados dominante y no dominante de la fuerza de prensión manual fueron 45,99 ± 11,24 kg y 45,89 ± 11,34 kg, respectivamente. La media de la fuerza de pellizco lateral se midió como 19,55 ± 3,75 kg y 19,31 ± 3,45 kg, respectivamente. Los hallazgos de este artículo pueden ser importantes para algunos expertos, como anatomistas, médicos clínicos, cirujanos, científicos forenses, antropólogos y enfermeras y profesionales de la salud que se mantienen en contacto con los pacientes. Además, creemos que el conocimiento apropiado y efectivo del ángulo de carga, el agarre de la mano y la fuerza de pellizco lateral ha creado una oportunidad para investigar en términos de reducción de los factores de riesgo relacionados con el trabajo.
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Humanos , Feminino , Adulto Jovem , Estudantes de Enfermagem , Força da Mão , Estudos Transversais , Força de PinçaRESUMO
Background:The angle subtended by the long axis of the arm and the long axis of forearm in the frontal plane when the elbow is fully extended and the forearm is supinated. Normal degree of Carrying angle is 5 ?-15 ? but in females it is varies on 5 ?-18 ?. The apparent difference in gender may be because of increased joint laxity in females permitting a greater degree of extension. Comparative study of carrying angle between dominant and non-dominant limb in normal young girls. This study aimed comparison of between dominant and non-dominant limb data obtained by clinical method in 18 –20 years normal young girls.Material And Methods:Carrying angle was measured in 141 students of girls in manual method with goniometer.Result:In girls carrying angle dominant limbwas greater than non-dominant limb in girls.Conclusion:The study we conducted there is no significance difference in carrying angle among females in both dominant and non-dominant limb in young girls.
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Introduction - carrying angle is the angle between the median axis of arm with the median axis of fullyextended & supinated forearm. This angle is important for swinging of arm during walking & carryingobjects. There is variability in the carrying angle among different age groups, gender and races. Currentstudy was done to evaluate carrying angle in young adults of J&K. The study was conducted in 150 (75male and 75 female) healthy MBBS students of Government medical college Jammu after obtaininginformed consent. Measurements for carrying angle were taken in both the arms of volunteers. Goniometerwas used to measure the carrying angle. Carrying angle was more in females than males (15.2 in femalesand 12.9 in males) however it was not statistically significant. The carrying angle was more on thedominant side in both the gender i.e. in males right side 13.09, left side 11.2 and females right side 16.54,left side 14.9. All subjects were right handed. No significant sexual dimorphism found though carryingangle was more in females and also on dominant side in both the sexes.
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SUMMARY: Carrying angle, or cubital angle defined as the acute angle formed by the median axis of the arm when forearm is in fully extended and supinated position. This angle changes with skelatal growth and maturity. This study was aimed to investigate the correlation of carrying angle with bi-acromial diameter and bi-acromial diameter/bi-trochanteric diameter in our healthy young adult population. This was a cross-sectional study that included 400 (204 male, 196 female) young adult students selected from Çukurova University aged between 18-25 years (mean±standard deviation of females: 20.11±2.05 years; mean±standard deviation of males: 20.45±1.82 years) which originated from different cities in Turkey. After recording demographic data, carrying angle, forearm length, arm length, bi-trochanteric diameter and bi-acromial diameter were measured by using nonelastic tape measure, pelvimeter and manuel goniometer. In addition, body mass index and bi-acromial diameter/bi-trochanteric diameter were calculated for each participants. The mean values of body height and weight were in following respectively for both genders: 178.53±6.40 cm (male), 163.88±5.73 cm (female); 74.89±10.81 kg (male), 57.56±8.61 kg (female). Whereas on dominant arm this angle was as in males 9.77°±2.82° and 13.94°±3.97° in females. The mean value of the carrying angle on nondominant arm in males was 9.85°±2.95° and 14.03°±4.08° in females. The mean carrying angle was 9.81°±2.82° in males and 13.99°±3.97° in females. There are linear relationship between the carrying angle and height (r=-0.474, p<0.001, bi-acromial diameter (r=-0.490, p<0.001), bi-acromial diameter/bi-trochanteric diameter (r=-0.449, p<0.001), forearm length (r=-0.366, p<0.001) and arm length (r=-0.273, p<0.001). We believe that the reference values of carrying angle will help the clinician in the management of elbow displacements, fractures, prosthetic design and diagnosis of epicondylar diseases.
RESUMEN: Se estudió el ángulo de sustentación o ángulo cubital definido como el ángulo agudo formado por el eje mediano del brazo al estar en posición completamente extendido y supinado el antebrazo. Este ángulo cambia con el crecimiento esquelético y la madurez. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la correlación del ángulo con el diámetro biacromial y el diámetro bi-acromial / diámetro bi-trocantérico en una población adulta joven y sana. Se realizó un estudio transversal que incluyó 400 (204 hombres, 196 mujeres) estudiantes adultos jóvenes seleccionados de la Universidad de Çukurova con edades comprendidas entre 18-25 años (media ± desviación estándar de las mujeres: 20,11 ± 2,05 años; media ± desviación estándar de los hombres: 20,45 ± 1,82 años) que se originaron en diferentes ciudades de Turquía. Después de registrar los datos demográficos, el ángulo de desplazamiento, la longitud del antebrazo, la longitud del brazo, el diámetro bi-trocantérico y el diámetro biacromial se midieron utilizando cinta métrica no elástica, pelvímetro y goniómetro manual. Además, se calcularon el índice de masa corporal y el diámetro bi-acromial / diámetro bi-trocantérico para cada participante. Los valores medios de la altura y el peso corporal fueron respectivamente para ambos sexos: 178,53 ± 6,40 cm (masculino), 163,88 ± 5,73 cm (femenino); 74,89 ± 10,81 kg (masculino), 57,56 ± 8,61 kg (femenino). Mientras que en el brazo dominante este ángulo fue como en los hombres 9,77° ± 2,82° y 13,94° ± 3,97° en las mujeres. El valor medio del ángulo de transporte en el brazo no dominante en los hombres fue de 9,85° ± 2,95° y de 14,03° ± 4,08° en las mujeres. El ángulo medio de desplazamiento fue de 9,81° ± 2,82° en hombres y 13,99 ° ± 3,97 ° en mujeres. Hay una relación lineal entre el ángulo de desplazamiento y la altura (r = -0,474, p <0,001, diámetro bi-acromial (r = -0,490, p <0,001), diámetro biacromial / diámetro bi-trocantérico (r = -0,449, p <0,001), longitud del antebrazo (r = -0,366, p <0,001) y longitud del brazo (r = -0,273, p <0,001). Creemos que los valores de referencia del ángulo de carga ayudarán al clínico en el manejo de los desplazamientos del codo, las fracturas, el diseño protésico y el diagnóstico de enfermedades epicondilares.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto , Adulto Jovem , Articulação do Cotovelo/anatomia & histologia , Antebraço/anatomia & histologia , Estudos TransversaisRESUMO
Background and Objectives: Prediction of stature from incomplete and decomposing skeletal remains is vital in establishing the identity of an unknown individual. Variety of factors such as race, gender and nutrition play an important role in determining the carrying angle of an individual. There were no study done in Malaysia to find the relationship of the carrying angle with common anthropological parameters and for comparing carrying angle among various ethnic group such as Malay, Chinese and Indians. This study was useful in finding the relationship of the discussed parameters with carrying angle among both genders and comparing between ethnics group in Malaysia. Materials and Methods: A total of 201 participants between ages of 18-25 years were included in the study. The carrying angle was measured and compared among the genders and among ethnic groups and data analysis was done using SPSS version 22. Results and Discussion: The findings indicated significant differences in the carrying angle between the genders and between left and right arm. The variation in carrying angle was significant among the males and females of various ethnicities. Conclusion: The findings in this study will be useful for clinicians, anatomists, archaeologists, anthropologists and forensic scientists when such evidence provides the investigator the only opportunity to gauge that aspect of an individual's physical description which are of value in management of arm fractures, introduction of prosthesis, evolutionary studies and forensic assessments.
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The role of carrying angle in the sex determination and its cause of formation is a long debated issue in Anatomy and Anthropology. Most studies have focused on the question of cause of formation of carrying angle, difference in sex and age but little attention has been given to correlate the carrying angle with various parameters. Hence, an effort has been made to find out correlation of carrying angle with height, and length of forearm. For present study, total 333 (173 female & 160 male) asymptomatic, healthy students of Nursing School, Homeopathic Medical College, Ayurvedic College and Medical College belonging to various regions of Gujarat were selected. There ages ranged between 17 to 22 years. An improvised instrument goniometer was used for measurement of carrying angle. Height was measured in standing, erect, anatomical position from vertex to heel with bare foot. Vernier caliper of 12” was used to measure the length of forearm. According to the present study, height and length of forearm of the person are inversely related with the carrying angle. Greater carrying angle in female is considered as secondary sex characteristic. Knowledge of the carrying angle helps in paediatric elbow surgery. It also helps orthopedic surgeon for correction of cubitus varus deformity occurring after malunited supracondylar fracture of humerus.
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PURPOSE: To suggest the most reliable guideline of the treatement for the supracondylar fracture in children by the comparison of the radiographic parameters between forearm supination-elbow extension and forearm pronation-elbow flexion view. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of seventy-one patients were included in the study. Baumann, metaphyseal diaphyseal and medial epicondylar epiphyseal angle of normal elbow in extension and flexion view were compared. Finally, the results of Group I (operation with elbow extension view) and Group II (operation with elbow flexion view) were compared. RESULTS: Intraobserver reproducibility and interobserver reliability were better in the Baumann angle with extension view and metaphyseal diaphyseal angle with flexion view. In extension view, Baumann and metaphyseal diaphyseal angle show negative correlation with carrying angle but in flexion view, only metaphyseal diaphyseal angle shows negative correlation. Baumann angle were greater in flexion view and medial epicondylar epiphyseal angle were greater in extension view. There was no statistical difference in the final results of Group I and II. CONCLUSION: Baumann angle was more effective in forearm supination-elbow extension view and metaphyseal diaphyseal angle was more effective in forearm pronation-elbow flexion view. The difference between elbow extension and flexion view should be considered during operation.
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Criança , Humanos , Cotovelo , Antebraço , Úmero , RemoçãoRESUMO
In the living the ‘Carrying angle’ measures around 173 degrees in males and 167 degrees in females. The cause of its formation is a long debated issue. The present study is an attempt to identify by anthropometric means the sexually dimorphic features in the bones of the elbow joint which makes the ‘Carrying angle’ a sex indicator. The distal end of the humerus and the proximal end of ulna playing major role in the formation of ‘Carrying angle’ have been examined for sex difference. The two measurements of the humerus (Trochlear angle and Inclination angle of Olecranon fossa) and three measurements of the ulna (Olecranon – coronoid angle, length and width of inferior medial trochlear notch) were devised for the study. Though the humeral angles failed to show any sex difference, the angle and dimensions of ulna exhibited statistically significant result. Could these parameters be the cause of sex differences the ‘Carrying angle’ exhibits at the elbow joint?
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Supracondylar fracfture of the humerus is the most common fracture about the elbow joint in children. Early accurate reduction is very important to obtain good results. The authors reviewed 44 cases of supracondylar fractures treated at Inje Universsity Pusan Paik Hospital from January 1986 to December 1990. Average follow-up time was 1 year 6 months. The results were as follows; 1. Thirty cases were treated with closed reduction and percutaneous pinning, ten with manipulation and cast immobilization, three with skeletal traction and the rest one with open reduction and internal fixation. 2. If there was a difference of the angle within 10-degree in post-reduction X-ray, deformity did not follow at the last follow-up. 3. The common formula was that a change of 5-degree in Baumann's angle corresponded to a 2- degree change in the clinical carrying angle. 4. Baumann's angle did not change between that of initially accepted and that of the final follow up X-ray. So, the authors recommend post-reduction measurements of the Baumann's angle as the adequancy of reduction of supracondylar fractures in children.
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Criança , Humanos , Anormalidades Congênitas , Articulação do Cotovelo , Seguimentos , Úmero , Imobilização , TraçãoRESUMO
From January 1988 to December 1991, 39 fractures of the lateral condyle of humerus in children were treated at the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sung-Ac General Hospital. It was possible to follow up from one year to four years and eleven months. The authors have analyzed the method of treatment on the basis of the degree of displacement in the change of Carrying angle and Baumann's angle. The results were as follows; 1. Of the 39 cases, the age incidence was confined to 2 to 12 years of age and the average age of the patients were 5 years. 2. Most fractures were Milch type II (29 cases) in contrast to Milch type I (10 cases). 3. According to the initial displacement of the fracture, 8 cases were Jokob's stage I, 21 cases of stage II & 10 cases of stage III. 4. There were no significant difference in the range of change of Carrying angle and Baumann's angle according to initial displacement of fracture site. However, significant difference in outcome were noticed from open reduction and internal fixation in comparison to closed reduction and percutaneous pinning. 5. In all 39 cases, lateral condylar overgrowth (10 cases), cubitus varus (1 cases) and cubitus valgus (3 cases) were noticed as complications but clinical significance was not noted. 6. The above results suggest that internal fixation is recommended for firm fixation although displacement is not severe. In case of Jakob's stage III, anatomical reduction is required in order to reduce additional damage on articular surface and epiphyseal plate caused by excessive manipulation.
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Criança , Humanos , Estudo Clínico , Seguimentos , Lâmina de Crescimento , Hospitais Gerais , Úmero , Incidência , MétodosRESUMO
From June 1980 to May 1986, 24 fractures of the lateral condyle of humerus in children ranging in age from 1 to 11 years were treated at the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kyungpook National University Hospital. Authors have been analized all cases of fractures clinically, especially the change of carryin angle by radiographic examination in follow-up periods. The results were as follows : 1. Fractures are more common in male than female. Mean age at time of fracture was 5.4 years. Fractures were predominated in the left side by 66.7%. 2. By the classification of epiphyseal injury, all cases were Salter-Harris type IV. By the classification of fragment displacement, Wadsworth type II fracture was most comrnon in 66.7%. They were treated with open reduction and internal fixation in 20 and with conservative treatment in 4. 3. The range of change in carrying angle was distributed from 9 degree decrease to 8 degree increase with a mean of 4.1 degrees. The range of change in carrying angle was influenced by degree of fragment displacement at the time of initial injury and longer period of follow-up. 4. The complications were lateral condylar voergrowth(20.8%), premature epiphyseal fusion(8.4%), snd nonunion(4.1%). By the criteria of Hardacre et al, 8 cases(33.3%) showed excellent result, 15 cases (6. 2%) showed good result, and 1 case (4.2%) showed poor result.
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Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Classificação , Seguimentos , Úmero , OrtopediaRESUMO
Supracondylar fracture of the humerus is the most common fracture about the elbow in children and much has been written about its treatment and the prevention of both Volkmann's ischemia with contracture and the nerve injuries associated with these fractures. However, it is still one of the most difficult fractures to manage and is frequently associated with significant residual complications. Among these complications, the change in carrying angle is the most common one. In a retrospective survey of 102 children with supracondylar fractures of the humerus treated at the Department of Orthopedic Surgery of Kyungpook National University Hospital, 68 cases were found to have sufficient clinical and roentgenographic data to classify the fractures and to determine the carrying angles at end result. The results are as follows: 1. The mean age of the 102 patients at the time of fracture was 7.3 years (range, 2 to 17 years), and the fractures were on the left side in 67.6%, and male comprised 70.1%. 2, Of all fractures, 98% were the extension type, and the most common direction of initial displacement of the distal fragment was postero-medial. 3. According to Arnold et al classification, fractures with moderate varus or valgus displacement were the most common types in our series. 4. In the associated injuries with fractures, there were 5 nerve palsies and 5 fractures at the other sites. 5. In our series, the carrying angle of the opposite side of the fractured elbow ranged from 2 to 23 degrees of valgus angulation, with a mean of 9.2 degrees. 6. The decrease in carrying angle was most common in fractures with postero-medial displacement. 7, As far as the position of immobilization after reduction of the fracture is concerned, there was less tendency of decreasing the carrying angle in pronated group. 8. Most cases were treated by conservative method. There was no significant difference in change of carrying angle between the cases treated by closed reduction and those by skeletal traction.
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Criança , Humanos , Masculino , Classificação , Estudo Clínico , Contratura , Cotovelo , Úmero , Imobilização , Isquemia , Métodos , Ortopedia , Paralisia , Estudos Retrospectivos , TraçãoRESUMO
Of 62 supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children treated for 10 years, 27 cases are described with follow-up study of 2 years and 6 months on average. These patients were treated percutaneous K-wires fixation after closed reduction. This method takes advantage in stability of fixation, vascular safety with any permissible any position of the elbow, early ambulation and short hospital stay, and low incidence of varus deformity in follow-up. Complication included transient ulnar sensory change, pin-tract infection and inaccurate position of K-wires. We observed 1 case of clinical cubitus varus among 17 cases during more than one-year follow-up and concluded this unhappy result was associated with imperfect initial reduction rather than growth disturbance or initial displacement.