RESUMO
Locus of control (LOC) is a variable often studied owing to the important role that it plays in different contexts. Nonetheless, there is no unanimous agreement about how many dimensions make up the factorial structure of the locus of control. The goal of this research was to add new evidence of cross-cultural validity in relation to the bifactorial invariance of the LOC. The test was given to a total of 1781 participants from Spain (697), Chile (890) and The United Kingdom (194). The study of the factorial invariance between the groups was carried out using multigroup confirmatory factor analysis models for ordered-categorical data. The progressive evaluation of factorial invariance confirms that factor loadings, thresholds and error variances are invariant across groups. Relevant cross-cultural differences in LOC between Spain, Chile, and United Kingdom were not found (PS < .50).
El locus de control (LOC) es una variable frecuentemente evaluada debido a que juega un importante papel en diferentes contextos. Sin embargo, no existe un acuerdo unánime sobre cuántas dimensiones componen la estructura factorial del locus de control. El objetivo de esta investigación fue añadir nuevas evidencias de validez transcultural en relación con la invarianza bifactorial del LOC. El test fue aplicado a un total de 1781 participantes procedentes de España (697), Chile (890) y Reino Unido (194). El estudio de la invarianza factorial entre los grupos se realizó utilizando modelos de análisis factorial confirmatorio multigrupo para datos categóricamente ordenados. La evaluación progresiva de la invarianza factorial confirma que las cargas factoriales, los umbrables, y las varianzas de los errores son invariantes a través de los grupos. Finalmente, no se encontraron diferencias transculturales relevantes en LOC entre España, Chile y Reino Unido (PS < .50).
RESUMO
This article examines the hypothesis of the emergence of a post-Fordist wage relationship, exploring one of this concept's components: the transformation of permanent employment into precarious employment. Based on Eurostat data, the article analyzes the evolution of the temporary work indicator in the last twenty years and the reasons that lead workers to accept this situation, according to a generational matrix. The article concludes that there has been a structural change to the extent that all countries have moved towards greater flexibilization of employment relations through liberalization of layoffs, expansion of temporary work, or a combination of the two.
Dans cet article, on cherche à poser l'hypothèse du surgissement d'un rapport salarial postfordiste, en examinant l'un des composants de ce concept: la transformation de l'emploi permanent en emploi précaire. À partir des données de l'Eurostat, on examine l'évolution du chiffre du travail temporaire dans les 20 dernières années et les raisons qui mènent les gens à accepter cette situation d'après une matrice générationnelle. Les conclusions vont dans le sens d'un changement structurel, dans la mesure où tous les pays s'orientent vers une plus grande déréglementation des rapports dans l'emploi, soit par la déréglementation des licenciements, soit par l'expansion du travail temporaire, ou par la combinaison des deux.
RESUMO
A mensuração da variação com variáveis ordinais, de uma mesma unidade, entre dois momentos ao longo do tempo (antes e depois), no contexto da saúde,é um tema de muita controvérsia. Os pontos principais desta discussão são: a) asubjetividade (imprecisão) do dado categórico ordinal e b) o tratamento estatístico mais adequado a ser usado nas análises dos resultados.Neste trabalho ressaltam-se os aspectos técnicos e práticos, que afetam diretamente a forma de mensuração da variação e a interpretação de seus resultados decorrente do tratamento estatístico aplicado. Além disso, é apresentado um novo indicador para ser aplicado na mensuração da variação com dados categóricos ordinais.
The measurement of the variation with ordinal variables, of a same unit,between two moments along the time before and later, in the context of health science, is a controversial theme. The main points of this discussion are: the subjectivity of theordinal categorical data and the appropriate statistical treatment to be used in theanalyses of the results.This lecture emphasizes technical and practical aspects that affect theform to measure the variation and also affect the interpretation of the results directly due to the applied statistical treatment. Besides of that this work also presents a new indicator to be applied in the measurement of the variation with ordinal categorical data.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: This study investigates consumers' choice regarding source of health information. Specifically, the relationships between consumers' socioeconomic characteristics, health status, attitude to health, information needs and source of health information were explored. METHODS: Type of health information sources includes web-based, health professional, and mass-media types. Structured questionnaires were completed by 1,189 consumers through a telephone survey, and 622(52.3%) responses were included in analysis. RESULTS: A key finding was the significant difference for accessing health information by customer's characteristics, although the strong preference was shown in web-based resource. Accessing channels were different by consumer's needs of health information and attitude to health as well as consumer's age, job, education, and economic status. CONCLUSION: Consumer behaviors are likely to optimize physical and psychosocial health potentials through health information. Despite a growing number of available web-based health information resources, consumers continue to face a variety of barriers as they attempt to access these resources. Meeting consumer's needs for health information is an important role for all providers of health information.