RESUMO
Se presenta un estudio, en colaboración con la Defensoría del Pueblo de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, en dos etapas. La primera tipo instrumental (Montero & León, 2007), la construcción y validación de escala de creencias de los docentes acerca de los factores causales, medidas preventivas y contingentes del hostigamiento de pares. La segunda de un diseño de tipo ex post facto prospectivo de grupo único (Montero & León, 2007). Participan en él 316 docentes de ambos sexos, 22,5% hombres y 77,5% mujeres, de colegios primarios de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires con un rango etario que va de 22 a 69 años (M = 39,38; DT = 10,15). El objetivo del estudio es detectar y analizar las creencias de los docentes a nivel primario acerca de los factores causales, medidas preventivas y medidas contingentes del fenómeno Bullying. Por otra parte, detectar la coherencia entre los tres tipos en los docentes. Finalmente conocer el contenido de las creencias de los docentes al cotejarlas con datos objetivos de estudios precedentes válidos y confiables. Los resultados principales indican una codependencia entre las tres dimensiones de las creencias de los docentes. Asimismo, las creencias sobre las causas están directamente asociadas al tipo de medidas tanto preventivas como contingentes. Por otra parte, se verifica que poseen creencias con significados particulares que se ajustarían a sus propias referencias o referentes y a su propia experiencia, más que en estadísticas locales, que redundarían en de inclusión curricular de formación específica docente sobre el hostigamiento de pares y de un enfoque sistémico del fenómeno estrategias disfuncionales. Los resultados hallados en este estudio dan cuenta de la necesidad(AU)
A study in two stages, in collaboration with the Ombudsman of the City of Buenos Aires, is presented. The first of them, instrumental type (Montero & León, 2007), the construction and validation of scale of beliefs of teachers about the causal factors, preventive and contingent measures of Bullying. The second one, an ex post facto prospective type of single group design (Montero & León, 2007). Participate in it 316 teachers of both sexes (22.5% men and 77.5% women) of primary schools of the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires with an age range ranging from 22 to 69 years (M = 39.38; = 10.15). The objective of the study is to detect and analyze the beliefs of teachers at the primary level about the causal factors, preventive measures and contingent measures of the Bullying phenomenon. On the other hand, it is verified that they have beliefs with meanings that would fit their own references and their own experience, rather than in local statistics, which would result in dysfunctional strategies. The main results indicate a codependency between the three dimensions of teachers' beliefs. Likewise, beliefs about the causes are directly associated with the type of preventive as well as contingent measures. On the other hand, it is verified that there are conceptual mistakes in teachers, which will surely result in dysfunctional strategies. The results found in this study show the need for curricular inclusion of specific teacher training on Bullying and a system approach to the phenomenon(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Bullying , Instituições Acadêmicas , Estratégias de Saúde , DocentesRESUMO
En las ciudades de La Paz y El Alto se documentaron elevados índices de infecciones nosocomiales y factores de riesgo, muchos de ellos relacionados con la atención del equipo de salud. Sin embargo, aún no se tiene claramente establecidas las causas de la infección en los procesos de atención hospitalaria. El objetivo de este trabajo, consiste en identificar y describir los factores que generan elevadas tasas de infecciones nosocomiales concernientes con la atención hospitalaria en las ciudades de La Paz y el Alto. Para ello, se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, mediante una encuesta por muestreo anónima a profesionales de salud de distintas instituciones sanitarias.Entre los resultados obtenidos, muestran como el principal factor principal de las elevadas tasas de infecciones intrahospitalarias, la falta de conocimientodelos profesionales de salud, en medidas de prevención y control en el uso y manejo de los equipos. Bajo esta circunstancia, resulta necesario la elaboración de programas de capacitación en medidas de prevención y control de infecciones nosocomiales, orientado a los profesionales de las instituciones sanitarias de La Paz y El Alto.
In the cities of La Paz and El Alto there are high rates of nosocomial infections and many of the risk factors are related to the health care team. However it is not clear why this is happening. The aim of this paper is to describe the factors in hospital care responsible for the high rates of nosocomial infections in the cities of La Paz and El Alto. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out through a survey, applied anonymously to health professionals belonging to different health institutions survey. The result showed that the main responsible for high rates of nosocomial infection factor, is the lack of training of health professionals in prevention and control. Therefore, is necessary develop continuing education programs on prevention and control of nosocomial infections, for professionals in the health institutions in La Paz and El Alto.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Infecção Hospitalar , Fatores de Risco , Controle de Infecções , Assistência Hospitalar , Equipe de Assistência ao Paciente , Trabalho , Bolívia , Causalidade , Inquéritos e Questionários , Empresas de Saneamento , Equipamentos e ProvisõesRESUMO
Objective To determine the trend of emergency department (ED)mortality of a tertiary general hospital from 2004 to 2014 in order to find the factors that may impact on ED mortality.Methods Mortality in ED was estimated according to the ratio of ED visiting patients to ED deaths.And the data of all ED deaths in 2004,2009 and 2014 were collected.Variance analysis and chi-square test were used for data analysis.Results During the past decade,ED visiting patients was increased significantly by 38.0% in 2014,compared with those in 2004,and the mortality was also increased accordingly from 0.7% in 2004, to 0.9% in 2009,to 1.2% in 2014 (P <0.01).Finally,a total of 1,091 deaths occurred in these three years were included for further evaluation.There were no significant changes in average age and gender distribution,and the average age was 61.9 and the male /female ratio was 1.36∶1 during past decade.The number of adults under 40 years old (18 -39)increased from 7.5% in 2004,to 10.6% in 2009,to 14.4% in 2014 (P <0.05).Both the facilities were upgraded and the number of staffs in ED increased markedly.The cardiovascular illness,cerebrovascular diseases,and sudden death were the leading causes of ED death during past decade.The incidences of trauma and tumor remained unchanged.Average time consumed from onset of illness to arrival to ED didn’t vary significantly during past decade.The study showed no changes in use of ambulance,but remarkable increases in number of non-compliant patients or their family from 18.3% in 2004,to 25.6% in 2009,to 38.3% in 2014 (P <0.01).The percentage of patients in the night time was higher,but there were no significant changes in number of emergency patients in the night time and during holidays in the past decade,but the mean ED stay time increased obviously from 22.4 h in 2004 to 53.3 h in 2014 (P <0.05 ).Conclusions During the past decade,although ED facilities and number of staffs have been improved apparently,ED mortality rate still keeps on escalating. The increase in ED mortality rate may be related to the severely ill patients presenting to ED,the obvious decrease in compliance of patients and the prolonged ED stay time.
RESUMO
En Bolivia 8% de la población tiene alteraciones psiquiátricas; de los cuales el más perturbador es la Esquizofrenia. Por lo antes mencionado se realizó un estudio observacional y descriptivo, cuantitativo y transversal en la población de pacientes ambulatorios e internados del Hospital San Juan de Dios de Cochabamba, en el primer semestre de la gestión 2012 cuyo objetivo fue determinar los factores causales más importantes y relevantes para el desarrollo de esquizofrenia. Mediante realización de encuestas a los pacientes y familiares para asociar los factores que influyeron en cada paciente y características que comparten en común a nivel ambiente o entorno familiar, para la adquisición de la enfermedad. Dentro de los resultados se pudo ver que en su mayoría las alteraciones genéticas desde el nacimiento y la herencia familiar, el estilo de vida, la dependencia farmacológica, el entorno social y económico, son los factores causales más notables para desarrollar la enfermedad.
In Bolivia 8 % of the population has a psychiatric alteration; of which the most disturbing is the Schizophrenia. Because of the mentioned information was perfomed an observational and descriptive, quantitative and transversal study in the ambulatory population and internee patients in the San Juan de Dios Hospital, in the first semester of the management 2012 which aim was to determinate the most important causal and relevant factors for the development of schizophrenia. By doing questionannaries to the patients and relatives to associate the factors that influenced every patient and characteristics that they share to environment family circle, for the acquisition of the disease. Inside the results it was possible to see that in the main the genetic alterations from birth and the familiar inheritance, the way of life, the pharmacological dependence, the social and economic environment, are the most notable causal factors to develop the disease.