Obstrucción de la arteria central de retina con persistencia de flujo de la arteria cilioretiniana en un paciente con obstrucción embólica de arteria carótida. Reporte de caso / Central retinal artery occlusion with cilioretinal artery flow persistence in a patient with carotid artery embolic occlusion. Case report

Objetivo: Describir el caso de un paciente con obstrucción de la arteria central de la retina (OACR) con persistencia de flujo ciliorretinal y su relación con la patología cardiovascular. Caso clínico: Paciente varón de 64 años, con antecedentes de hipertensión arterial sistémica, consultó por cuadro de visión tubular brusca en ojo derecho (OD) de 3 días de evolución. Se constató una agudeza visual (AV) de 20/25 en el ojo afectado. A la fundoscopía se destaca palidez retinal que respeta el área macular con la presencia de vasos optociliares, compatible con OACR con permeabilidad de la arteria ciliorretinal. Se realizó manejo multidisciplinario con cardiología y medicina interna para control y tratamiento de factores de riesgo. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó Angiografía bajo fluoresceína (AGF), campo visual (CV) y tomografía de coherencia óptica (TCO) macular, además se realiza estudio de fuente embólica con Ecodoppler carotídeo. Resultados: AGF revela un llenado precoz durante la fase coroidea y un retraso en la fase arterial. El CV del OD muestra conservación del área circunscrita entre los 10 grados centrales. La TCO macular muestra un engrosamiento dependiente del edema sin afectación central. Ecodoppler carotídeo revela obstrucción de 20 - 40 % en las arterias carótidas comunes, arterias carótidas internas y arterias vertebrales. Conclusión: La OACR se presenta en 1 en 10.000 casos en centros terciarios. La causa más frecuente es embólica de origen carotídeo. La arteria cilioretiniana permanece permeable en el 25% de las OACR y solo el 10% respeta de manera total el haz papilomacular, conservando agudeza visual central. Es considerada una emergencia oftalmológica debido a la pérdida de visión que produce y representa una alta mortalidad en los pacientes afectados, debiendo hacer un estudio completo y descarte de patología concomitantes que requieran tratamiento oportuno.

Purpose: To describe the case of a patient with obstruction of the central retinal artery (CRAO) with persistence of cilioretinal fl ow and its relationship with cardiovascular pathology. Clinical case: Male patient, 64 years old, with a history of systemic arterial hypertension, consultation for sudden tubular vision in the right eye (RE) of 3 days of evolution. The visual acuity (VA) was 20/25 in the eye aff ected. The fundoscopy highlights were retinal pallor that respects the macular area with the presence of optociliary vessels, this case was compatible with an CRAO with permeability of the ciliary artery. Multidisciplinary management is carried out with cardiology and internal medicine for the control and treatment of risk factors. Materials and methods: Fluorescein angiography (FA), visual field (VF) and macular optic cohort tomography (OCT) were performed, as well as an embolic source study with carotid Ecodoppler was done. Results: AGF reveals early fi lling during the choroidal phase and a delay in the arterial phase. Th e VD of the RE shows conservation of the circumscribed area between the 10 central grades. Macular TCO shows a thickening dependent on edema without central involvement. Carotid echodoppler reveals obstruction of 20-40% in the common carotid arteries, internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries. Conclusion: The CRAO is presented in 1 in 10,000 cases in tertiary centers. The most frequent cause is embolic of carotid origin. Th e cilioretinal artery remains permeable in 25% of the CRAOS and only 10% fully respects the papillomacular bundle, conserving central visual acuity. It is considered an ophthalmological emergency due to the loss of vision that produces and represents a high mortality in the aff ected patients, having to make a complete study and discard concomitant pathologies that require timely treatment.

A Case of Odontogenic Orbital Cellulitis Causing Blindness by Severe Tension Orbit

We report a very rare case of odontogenic orbital cellulitis causing blindness by severe tension orbit. A 41-yr old male patient had visited the hospital due to severe periorbital swelling and nasal stuffiness while he was treated for a periodontal abscess. He was diagnosed with odontogenic sinusitis and orbital cellulitis, and treated with antibiotics. The symptoms were aggravated and emergency sinus drainage was performed. On the next day, a sudden decrease in vision occurred with findings of ischemic optic neuropathy and central retinal artery occlusion. Deformation of the eyeball posterior pole into a cone shape was found from the orbital CT. A high-dose steroid was administered immediately resulting in improvements of periorbital swelling, but the patient's vision had not recovered. Odontogenic orbital cellulitis is relatively rare, but can cause blindness via rapidly progressing tension orbit. Therefore even the simplest of dental problems requires careful attention.

Bilateral central retinal arterial obstruction following head trauma: A very rare case report.

A 30-year-old patient presented at our outpatient department with complaints of severe loss of vision in both eyes following a head injury six days back. He also had a fracture at left side of the mandible and a few bruises over the left cheek. External ocular examination revealed subconjuctival hemorrhage in the left eye and bilateral sluggishly reacting pupils. Fundus examination showed white- out retina and a cherry red spot at the macula in both eyes. A clinical diagnosis of bilateral central retinal arterial obstruction (CRAO) was made which was later confirmed by fundus fluorescence angiography. Bilateral CRAO is a rare disease usually found in patients with cardiac embolic diseases, giant cell arteritis or systemic vascular inflammations. Our case is the second reported case in English literature of bilateral CRAO following head trauma.

Central Retinal Artery Obstruction in Protein S Deficiency

PURPOSE: To report a case of central retinal artery obstruction (CRAO) caused by protein S deficiency. CASE SUMMARY: A 36-year-old man presented with acutely reduced visual acuity in the right eye. The patient had no other diseases such as diabetes mellitus or hypertension. The visual acuity was 20/20 in the right eye and light perception in the left eye. Afferent pupillary defect was observed in theleft eye. Fundus examination showed diffuse retinal opacification and a cherry-red spot at the macula. Thus the patient was diagnosed with CRAO in the left eye. There were no abnormal findings on routine hematologic tests including blood coagulation test. Protein C activity, antithrombin III activation, anticardiolipin antibody were within normal limits but protein S activity was decreased. Thus, the patient was diagnosed with CRAO with protein S deficiency. CONCLUSIONS: Coagulation factors such as protein S need to be measuredin cases of CRAO in young patients without medical problems.

Central Retinal Artery Obstruction in Protein S Deficiency

PURPOSE: To report a case of central retinal artery obstruction (CRAO) caused by protein S deficiency. CASE SUMMARY: A 36-year-old man presented with acutely reduced visual acuity in the right eye. The patient had no other diseases such as diabetes mellitus or hypertension. The visual acuity was 20/20 in the right eye and light perception in the left eye. Afferent pupillary defect was observed in theleft eye. Fundus examination showed diffuse retinal opacification and a cherry-red spot at the macula. Thus the patient was diagnosed with CRAO in the left eye. There were no abnormal findings on routine hematologic tests including blood coagulation test. Protein C activity, antithrombin III activation, anticardiolipin antibody were within normal limits but protein S activity was decreased. Thus, the patient was diagnosed with CRAO with protein S deficiency. CONCLUSIONS: Coagulation factors such as protein S need to be measuredin cases of CRAO in young patients without medical problems.

Transthoracic Echocardiography and Carotid Doppler Ultrasound for Detection of Cardiac and Carotid Artery Disease in Patients with Acute Retinal Artery Obstruction

We reviewed the medical records of patients with acute retinal artery obstruction (RAO) and evaluated the importance of transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and carotid Doppler ultrasound in determining causes of cardiac and carotid artery origin in RAO. A retrospective case study conducted in the Department of Ophthalmology, Inha University Hospital, Korea comprised 26 patients presenting with acute RAO who underwent systemic evaluation, TTE and carotid Doppler ultrasound between June 1, 1997 and December 31, 2003. Among these 26 patients, abnormal cardiac findings were detected in 12 (46%) and abnormal carotid findings in 4 (15%). Furthermore, other risk factors for RAO were found in 2 (8%) and stroke broke out within 7 months after experiencing RAO in 4 (15%) of the 26 patients. In patients with acute RAO, TTE and carotid Doppler ultrasound play an important role in pinpointing the origins of retinal emboli. It is thought that TTE and carotid Doppler ultrasound may be essential examinations for determining the underlying cause, planning treatment strategies, and preventing stroke and death.

Visual Improvement following Acute Obstruction of the Retinal and Choroidal Blood Flows

The prognosis for useful vision after central retinal artery obstruction is generally considered poor, except in those cases with a patent cilioretinal artery. When the choroidal circulation is affected as well in the form of an ophthalmic artery obstruction, characteristically the visual loss is more severe and the retinal whitening is more intense and, the cherry-red spot may be present. We report a patient with partial visual improvement following acute obstruction of the retinal and choroidal circulations more than three hours.