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1.
Int. j. morphol ; 31(1): 203-210, mar. 2013.
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: lil-676159

RESUMO

Developmental pathologies may result from endogenous or xenobiotic-enhanced formation of reacting oxygen species (ROS), which oxidatively damage cellular macromolecules and/or alter signal transduction, and that the embryonic processes regulating the balance of ROS formation, oxidative DNA damage and repair, and ROS-mediated signal transduction may be important determinants of teratological risk. ROS can oxidize molecular targets such as DNA, protein, lipid in a process called oxidative stress resulting in cellular dysfunction and in utero death or teratogenicity. This review, consisting of literature search of journals and chapters in books aims at highlighting the importance of the cerebellum in controlling various motor activities in the body, as well as substances affecting cerebellar development with a view of providing an insight to the role antioxidants play in cerebellar development. It is interesting to note that the developing brain (especially the cerebellum, cerebrum and hippocampus) is highly vulnerable to the deleterious effects of ROS. Studies have shown that exposure to oxidants in the first trimester is associated with an increased risk of major congenital anomalies, as most vital organs in the body develop and some become functional within this period in offspring. Antioxidants may prevent oxidative damage in degenerative diseases including ageing, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, Alzheimer's disease, stroke and Parkinson's disease as such play a critical role in wellness and health maintenance.


Las patologías del desarrollo pueden resultar de la formación endógena o xenobiótica de especies reactivas de oxígeno (ROS), que dañan oxidativamente macromoléculas celulares y/o alteran la transducción de señales, y los procesos embrionarios que regulan el equilibrio de la formación de ROS, daño oxidativo y reparación del ADN; la transducción de señales mediada por ROS pueden ser determinantes e importantes del riesgo teratológico. Las ROS pueden oxidar blancos moleculares como el ADN, proteínas y lípidos en un proceso llamado estrés oxidativo que resulta en disfunción celular y muerte intrauterina o teratogenicidad. Esta revisión consiste en la búsqueda bibliográfica de artículos y capítulos de libros con el objetivo de destacar la importancia del cerebelo en el control de diversas actividades motoras del cuerpo, así como las sustancias que afectan el desarrollo de él con el fin de proporcionar una visión del rol que juegan los antioxidantes en el desarrollo del cerebelo. Es interesante observar que el encéfalo en desarrollo (especialmente el cerebelo, cerebro e hipocampo) son altamente vulnerables a los efectos deletéreos de las ROS. Se ha demostrado que la exposición a oxidantes en el primer trimestre de embarazo se asocia con un mayor riesgo de anomalías congénitas graves, como la mayoría de los órganos vitales del cuerpo en desarrollo y algunos se vuelven funcionales dentro de este período en la descendencia. Los antioxidantes pueden prevenir el daño oxidativo en enfermedades degenerativas incluyendo envejecimiento, enfermedades cardiovasculares, cáncer, enfermedad de Alzheimer, accidente cerebrovascular y enfermedad de Parkinson, y desempeñan un rol crítico en el mantenimiento de la salud y el bienestar.


Assuntos
Humanos , Encéfalo/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Antioxidantes/fisiologia , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio , Estresse Oxidativo
2.
Int. j. morphol ; 29(2): 331-338, June 2011. ilus
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: lil-597453

RESUMO

The role of methanolic leaf extracts of Calotropis procera in phenytoin-induced toxicity on histomorphometric variables in the postnatal developing cerebellum of Wistar rat was studied. Pregnant rats were treated orally with 50 mg/kg phenytoin in pre and post natal life and 300 mg/kg methanolic leaf extract of Calotropis procera 1 hour prior to phenytoin administration. 200 mg/kg vitamin C (standard antioxidant) was also administered orally 1 hour prior to phenytoin treatment. The control animals received water. Standard diet of rat pellets and water were provided ad libitum. At the end of the experiment, the offspring of days 1, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 50 post partum, five per group were sacrificed by cervical dislocation. The cerebellum of all groups were dissected out and processed for histomorphometric studies. The results showed in the developing cerebellum of phenytoin treated animals, a delayed cell maturation in the external granular layer, reduction of the molecular layer, astrocytic gliosis and loss of Purkinje cells on day 50 postpartum. Administration of extracts of Calotropis procera and vitamin C though reversed these changes when compared with the phenytoin treated group, but not significantly when compared with the control. In conclusion, supplementation with methanolic extracts of Calotropis procera reduced the rate at which phenytoin induced toxicity in the postnatal developing cerebellum of Wistar rat.


Fue estudiado el rol de los extractos metanólicos de las hojas de Calotropis procera en la toxicidad inducida por fenitoína sobre las variables histomorfométricas en el desarrollo postnatal del cerebelo de ratas Wistar. Ratas preñadas fueron tratadas por vía oral con 50 mg/kg de fenitoína durante la vida pre y post natal. Además, fue administrado, por vía oral, una hora antes del tratamiento con fenitoína 300 mg/kg de extracto metanólico de las hojas de Calotropis procera y 200 mg/kg de vitamina C (antioxidante estándar). Los animales control recibieron agua. Una dieta estándar de pellets para rata y agua se proporcionaron ad libitum. Al final del experimento, 5 crías por grupo de 1, 7, 14, 21, 28 y 50 días post parto, fueron sacrificadas por dislocación cervical. El cerebelo de todos los animales de los diferentes grupos fueron disecados y procesados para el estudio histomorfométrico. Los resultados mostraron en el desarrollo del cerebelo de los animales tratados con fenitoína un retraso en la maduración de células en la capa granular externa, reducción de la capa molecular, gliosis astrocitaria y pérdida de las células de Purkinje en el día 50 post parto. La administración de extractos de Calotropis procera y vitamina C, aunque invirtieron estos cambios, en comparación con los grupos tratados con fenitoína, no fueron significativos en comparación con el control. En conclusión, la suplementación con extractos metanólicos de Calotropis procera redujo la velocidad a la que la fenitoína induce toxicidad en el desarrollo postnatal del cerebelo de ratas Wistar.


Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Ratos , Fenitoína/toxicidade , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Cerebelo/efeitos dos fármacos , Calotropis , Cerebelo/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Ratos Wistar , Folhas de Planta
3.
Korean Journal of Anatomy ; : 375-381, 1999.
Artigo em Coreano | WPRIM | ID: wpr-652442

RESUMO

In rat that is helpless at birth, the cerebellum is in a corresponding state of immaturity, and its histogenesis and morphogenesis mainly occur after birth. The times and sites of origin of the four types of cerebellar local-circuit neurons, as well as their migration routes to specific positions in the cortex, their distinctive patterns of differentiation and growth, and their synaptogenesis, have been well studied. The stage-specific genes in the postnatal rat cerebellum may be related with these kind of neural development in the cerebellum. To clone the genes related with neural development in the postnatal cerebellum, developmentally differentially expressed genes were screened from postnatal rat cerebellum with ordered differential display (ODD) and the developmental expression pattern in the postnatal rat cerebella was investigated with in situ hybridization histochemistry. One novel postnatal stage-specific gene (PKrCb1) was cloned by ODD with 7 cDNA pools (P0, P3, P7, P12, P18, P25, adult rat cerebella). To investigate the developmental expression pattern of this novel gene on the cell level, in situ hybridization histochemistry was performed in the developing and adult rat brain sections. The developmental expression pattern of PKrCb1 in the cerebellum was well matched with spatiotemporal migration pattern of granule cells and it may be suspected that PKrCb1 is related with migration of granule cells from external granular layer to internal granular layer. From the results, it is suggested that the methods used in this experiment will be the powerful methods for the cloning and primary function study of the genes related with cerebellar development.


Assuntos
Adulto , Animais , Humanos , Ratos , Encéfalo , Cerebelo , Células Clonais , Clonagem de Organismos , DNA Complementar , Hibridização In Situ , Morfogênese , Neurônios , Parto
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