Croton hirtus attenuating streptozotocin-induced neuroinflammation in rats / 数字中医药（英文）

Objective@# The present study was aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effect of Croton hirtus (CH) extract against streptozotocin (STZ) in rats. @*Methods@#(i) The sub-chronic toxicity consisted of 24 adult rats of either sex weighing from 160 to 200 g were divided into four groups with six rats in each group. Rats in group 1 received Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) mixed with saline; rats in groups 2, 3, and 4 received 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg of methanolic extract of CH (MECH) orally by gavage administration for 28 d, respectively. The functional observation battery and locomotor activity were graded as part of their neurobehavioral activity and the brain regions, including cortex and hippocampus, were analyzed for neuropathological abnormalities. (ii) The main research consisted of 30 adult male Wistar rats weighing from 160 to 200 g, which were divided into five groups and six rats in each group, including control (I), STZ (II), Donepezil (III), MECH (100 mg/kg, IV), and MECH (200 mg/kg, V) groups. Rats in group I received citrate buffer orally and DMSO mixed with saline for 14 d. Rats in group II received STZ via intracerebroventricular injection (3 mg/kg, bilateral ICV-STZ) on days 1 and 3 followed by DMSO mixed with saline for 14 d. Rats in groups III, IV, and V received STZ administration on days 1 and 3 followed by Donepezil [3 mg/(kg·d), p.o.] and MECH [100 and 200 mg/(kg·d), p.o.] for 14 d. Rats were tested for learning and memory parameters such as Morris water maze (MWM) and passive avoidance test (PAT). They were sacrificed after completing behavioural experiments; brains were harvested to estimate the acetylcholinesterase (AChE), lipid peroxidation (LPO), glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) by using UV-Visible Spectrophotometer; caspase-3 was evaluated by total fluorescence emission spectra; amyloid β (Aβ) levels were detected using enzyme-linked immuosorbent assay (ELISA); and histopathological examination was conducted in the CA1 region of the hippocampus.@*Results @# (i) The sub-chronic toxicity results revealed that open field test parameters including line crossing, rearing, entering the middle square, defecating, or urinating did not differ significantly in the MECH rats (P > 0.05). The histopathological observation did not show any lesions in the neuronal cells and inflammation in both the regions in MECH rats compared with control rats. (ii) The main study findings demonstrated that STZ-treated rats showed asignificant increase in impairment in learning and memory parameters (P < 0.001), the levels of AChE, caspase-3, Aβ (1-40 and 1-42), and LPO were increased significantly (P < 0.001), and significant decrease was found in the levels of SOD (P < 0.001) and GSH (P < 0.01). Moreover, neuronal damage was found in the hippocampus. In contrast, STZ-induced behavioural and biochemical impairments in rats were considerably decreased by treatment with MECH dose-dependently. @*Conclusion@#MECH significantly prevented the memory deficit induced by STZ due to antioxidant action. Restoration of cholinergic functioning may be the cause of behavioural improvement. Therefore, MECH may be able to treat cognitive disorders like Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Clinical Study on 2 Routes of Vancomycin Administration Assisting with Continuous Drainage in the Treat-ment of Intracranial Infection Secondary to Traumatic Brain Injury / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To investigate clinical efficacy of cerebroventricular perfusion and intrathecal perfusion of vancomy-cin assisting with continuous drainage in the treatment of intracranial infection secondary to traumatic brain injury,and its effects on cerebrospinal fluid indexes and intracranial pressure. METHODS:One hundred and eighty patients with intracranial infection secondary to traumatic brain injury selected from Sanya Hospital of TCM during Jan. 2012 to Jun. 2015 were randomly divided into control group and observation group according to lottery,with 90 cases in each group. They were given cerebroventricular perfu-sion and intrathecal perfusion of vancomycin(20 mg dissolved in 5 mL normal saline)in cella lateralis and lumbar cisterna respec-tively combined with continuous drainage,q12 h. Both groups received treatment for 7 d.Clinical efficacy,the time of infection con-trol were compared between 2 groups as well as body temperature,intracranial pressure and cerebrospinal fluid indexes before and after treatment,and the occurrence of ADR. RESULTS:After treatment,total response rate of observation group (95.56%) was significantly higher than that of control group (77.78%),with statistical significance (P0.05). CONCLUSIONS:The intrathecal perfusion of vancomycin as-sisting with continuous drainage in the treatment of intracranial infection secondary to traumatic brain injury can effectively speed up the rehabilitation process,reduce the body temperature and intracranial pressure,and is helpful to improve the relevant cerebro-spinal fluid indexes. Therapeutic efficacy of it is better than that of cerebroventricular perfusion.

Cerebroventricular hemorrhage treated by improved central venous catheter cerebellomedullary cistern and continuous alternative drainage of ventricle / 中国综合临床

Objective To study the curative effect of continuous alternant drainage surgery on improved central venous catheter cerebellomedullary cistern and continuous alternative drainage of ventricle in treating cerebroventricular hemorrhage.Methods 118 cases of patients with cerebroventricular hemorrhage were randomly divided into two groups:the improve group(n=59)was applied with continuous alternative drainage of ventricle and improved central venous catheter cerebellomedullary cistern,and the control group(n=59)was applied with traditional drainage of ventricle combined with lumbar centesis.Results In the improved group 3 cases(5.1%)died,and 7 cases(11.9%)developped with obstructive waterhead.In control group 8 cases(13.6%)died,and 15 cases(25.4%)developped with obstructive waterhead.The cleanup speed of cerebroventricular hemorrhage for patients in the improved group was much faster than that in the control group(P＜0.01).The curative effect of the improved group was distinctly better than that of the control group(P＜0.05).Conclusion Cerebroventricular hemorrhage treated by continuous alternative drainage of ventricle and the improved central venous catheter cerebellomedullary cistern and and continuous alternative drainage of ventricle can distinctly reduce mortality,deformity,complication and sequelae.

El Sistema Nervioso Simpático Cerebral y la natriuresis inducida por la administración central de endotelinas

Se evaluó el papel de los receptores alfa1- alfa2- y beta-adrenérgicos cerebrales en la acción renal de las endotelinas (ETs). La administración intracerebroventricular (ICV) de ETs a ratas macho conscientes resultó en un incremento en la excreción urinaria de sodio a la 1, 3 y 6 horas del período de recolección de orina. La administración ICV de prazosin, un antagonista selectivo del receptor alfa1-adrenérgico, inhibió la respuesta natriurética de las ETs-ICV. Por el contrario, el pretratamiento central con yohimbina (un antagonista del receptor alfa2-adrenérgico) o con atenolol (un antagonista del receptor beta1-adrenérgico) no alteró significativamente la respuesta urinaria a la ET-ICV. Nuestros resultados demuestran que las endotelinas cerebrales se encuentran involucradas en los procesos que regulan el balance electrolítico e indican que el sistema nervioso simpático cerebral, a través del receptor alfa1-adrenérgico, participa en la acción natriurética de las ETs.

Experiments were conducted to investigate the role of brain the alpha1- alpha2 and beta-adrenergic receptors on the renal effects elicited by central injection of ETs. Cerebroventricular administration of endothelins (ETs) to conscious male hydrated rats resulted in an increase in urinary sodium excretion at 1, 3 and 6 hr period of urine collection. Central administration of prazosin (an alpha1-adrenergic receptor antagonist) inhibited the increase in sodium and urine excretion induced by ICV-ETs. Yohimbine (an alpha2-adrenergic receptor antagonist) or atenolol (an beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist) did not altered the urinary response to ET-IVT. Our results demonstrate a role for brain endothelin in the regulation of electrolyte balance and indicate that the sympathetic nervous system, through the alpha1-adrenergic receptor subtype, is involved in the natriuretic action of ETs.

Clinical features of secondary cerebroventricular hemorrhage

This study carried out on 72 patients with secondary cerebroventricular hemorrhage and 115 patients with cerebral hemorrhage, without cerebroventricular apoplexy. The results showed that the cerebral hemorrhage in any area could lead to secondary cerebroventricular apoplexy. 65% of cases with thalamic hemorrhage had cerebroventricular apoplexy. The dimension of blood clot in the secondary cerebroventricular hemorrhage was larger than this in the cerebro parenchyma hemorrhage without apoplexy. The clinical characteristics included sudden crisis, conscious disorder, and cerebral stimulation. The mortality rate was 25%.

Discussion of the treatment of cerebral-ventricular apoplexy due to cerebrovascular accident

The cerebral-ventricular apoplexy is not common complication. Among 158 patients with intracerebral blood clot, there were 5 cases of the cerebral-ventricular apoplexy (male: 2; female: 3) between the ages of 19 and 42. The clinical manifestations were usually poor. These manifestations in the young people included headache, stroke and coming to coma. The disease mainly discovered by CT scanner. The internal treatment indicated for patients with the cerebral ventricular apoplexy with Glasgow score above 8. The surgical intervention indicated for patients with gradual reduction of Glasgow score and immediate coma after apoplexy.

The comparision of brain computed tomography abd isotope cisternography in communicating hydrocephalus

No abstract available.

The Study in Frontal Ventricular Measurement and Correlation between Cerebroventricular Index and Cephalic Index on Normal Computed Tomography

The study was undertaken to assess the ventricular system of the brain in normal Korean, using the computed tomography(CT). The CT examination of 1000 normal patients between the ages of 1 to 83 years, performed at Inha hospital, were evaluated. Determination of the ratio between the width of the brain and a dimension representing the distance between the outer borders of the lateral ventricles was made at two levels. The ratio, the cerebroventricular index(CVI), seems to be a reliable, easier indicator of ventricular size. The standards vary with the age of the patients. The results are as follows ; 1) There was no significant difference with sex. 2) The cerebroventricular indexes of the lateral ventricular at the widest bifrontal(CVI) and narrowest bicaudate diameters(CCI) were 0.300+/-0.033, and 0.105+/-0.022. 3) There was correlation between cerebroventricular ratio and age with increase of age, cerebroventricular ratio increased slightly. 4) There was slight correlation between cerebroventricular index(CVI) and cephalic index(CI). 5) The CVI appears to be more sensitive than the CCI in the detection of changes in ventricular size. 6) Our suspected hydrocephalic indexes(HI) are as follows ; CVI < or = 1/3 : within normal range, 1/3

Relationship between Hippocampal Theta Rhythm and Pressor Effect during Noxious Stimulus in Rabbits / 第三军医大学学报

It is known that hippocampal EEG and blood pressure can be influenced bynoxious stimuli, but the relationship between the hippocampal theta rhythm andthe pressor effect has not been made clear. In this article, the relationship betweennoxious stimulus and the central cholinergic activity after the hippocampal thetarhythm was inhibited or blocked was studied.There was an obvious correlation between the duration of the hippocampal theta rhythm and that of the pressor effect when an noxious stimulus was given. But the duration and reaction of pressor effect were inhibited if 100 ?g of atropine was injected into one of the lateral ventricles and it was strengthened if 100 ?g of mascarine was injected intraventricularly. After the clectrocoagulation of the medial septum, the hippocampal theta rhythm could not be evoked by noxious stimulus and the pressor effect was also obviously inhibited.These results seem to indicate that the hippocampus plays a role in the regulation of blood pressure, the mechanism of which may be mediated through the central cholinergic system.