Status quo on smoking and related change pattern of smoking related behavior in past 20 years in urban residents in Tianjin / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective@#To understand the status quo of smoking and change pattern of smoking related behaviors in the past 20 years in the urban adults in Tianjin.@*Methods@#Data was from the study of Chinese Chronic Disease and Risk Factors (2015). Multi stage stratified random sampling method was used to conduct a questionnaire survey in 7 surveillance sites in Tianjin.@*Results@#in the urban residents aged>20 years were compared with those in surveys in 1996 and 2010. Results In 2015, the smoking rate in men and women aged>20 years in Tianjin were 41.1% and 4.5% respectively. The average age of starting smoking was (19.2±4.7) years for men and (24.8±10.9) years for women, showing a younger age trend. Compared with the data from 1996 and 2010, the smoking rate in the urban residents was in decrease, but the rate of successful smoking cessation was in increase in 2015, the differences were significant.@*Conclusions@#Since 1996, the rate of smoking in the urban residents of Tianjin has been in decline, however it is still at a high level, especially in women. The average age of starting smoking remains to be younger. It is necessary to strengthen the health education about harm of smoking in adolescents.

Retrospective study of topical medical treatment for glaucoma / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

@#AIM:To document the change in pattern of topical anti-glaucoma medicine by retrospective analysis in the outpatient of a local tertiary eye hospital(Second People's Hospital of Foshan)in China during 2009-2016. <p>METHODS: The data of topical anti-glaucoma medications in outpatients in our hospital were collected from January 1^st 2009 to December 31^st 2016. These data were analyzed retrospectively. The main outcome measures were the percentages of prescriptions for all kinds of anti-glaucoma medications, the ratio of the mono-therapy and combination therapies, and the defined daily doses. <p>RESULTS: The ratio of beta-adrenergic receptor blocker declined from 81.51% in 2009 to 69.37% in 2016. The use of cholinergic agent decreased from 12.04% in 2009 to 3.78% in 2016. The prostaglandin derivatives increased from 8.40% in 2009 to 31.40% in 2016. Alpha 2 adrenergic receptor agonists increased from 0 in 2009 to 29.44% in 2016. Local carbonic anhydrase inhibitors changed slightly. The proportion of mono-therapy was reduced from 65.83% in 2009 to 46.22% in 2016. The ration of two agents combination increased from 32.49% in 2009 to 38.77% in 2016. The three medications combination was increased from 1.68% in 2009 to 12.96% in 2016. The proportion of four medications combination increased from 0 in 2009 to 1.97% in 2016, while the combined use of five drugs was an isolated case. <p>CONCLUSION: The proportion of topical anti-glaucoma agents has changed remarkably. The beta-adrenergic receptor blockers and cholinergic medications are decreasing, while the prostaglandin derivatives and alpha 2 adrenergic receptor agonists are increasing. The proportion of mono-therapy is declining, while the combined therapies are rising.

Changing Patterns of Dermatophytosis and Its Causative Agents according to Social and Economic Developments in Korea / 대한의진균학회지

Deramtophytosis is one of common dermatoses and occupied 10~20% of all dermatologic outpatients in Korea. It has close relationship between host (human) and dermatophytes. Their clinical patterns and incidence, and their causative dermatophytes may change with social environments and life patterns; Some dermatophytes may decrease or disappear and others can be imported from other countries. During recent 60 years, GNP has been increased explosively, more than 190 folds, and that economic developments brought abrupt changes of social environments and life patterns in Korea. Furthermore, there had been great social events; Korean War in 1950~1953, the Asian Game in 1986, the Olympic Game in 1988 and the World Cup in 2002. Those events gave much chances for dermatophytes to move and change. Trends of clinical types of dermatophytosis and their causative dermatophytes were evaluated with reported articles during the period. Tinea capitis showed the most dramatic changes. Its incidence was the highest just after Korean war, 24.5% of all primary school students, and decreased abruptly by 26.5% of all dermatophytosis in late 1950s, 4.9% in late 1960s, and 2~4% since 1970s. Microsporum(M.) ferrugineum was the most common isolates till 1970s, and abruptly decreased and now nearly disappeared. Trichophyton(T.) violaceum was isolated in Cheju island. After Korean war, T. schoenleinii was isolated from favus and disappeared. M. canis was isolated for the first time in 1959 and has been the most common isolates from tinea capitis since late 1970s. T. verrucosum was isolated for the first time in 1986 in Kwangju and has been isolated nation-widely. T. tonsurans was isolated for the first time in 1995 in Daegu and spread among wrestlers, Judo players and Korean wrestlers. It might be imported by wrestlers with sport exchanging program. Tinea pedis is the most common dermatophytosis in Korea now. It was 26% of all dermatophytosis in late 1950s, and increased by 40.9~42.2% in 1970s. And tinea unguium has been increased as tinea pedis does; It was 2.8% of all dermatophytosis in late 1950s, and increased by 5.1~14.2% in 1970s, 5.5~15.3% in 1870s and 17% in 1990s. The patiets with tinea pedis have high family infection and also high coexisting dermatophytosis. The most common isolate was T. rubrum, followed by T. mentagrophytes and Epidermophyton floccosum. Tinea cruris was one of dramatically changed dermatophytosis. Its incidence was 5% of all dermatophytosis in 1940s, and increased by 10.2% in late 1950s, and 26.6~39.1% in 1970s. Environments and socioeconomic conditions are changing, and international travel and sports exchanging program are increasing. All those social events may cause new dermatophytes to invade from other countries. We should check it carefully and continuously.

The Changing Patterns of Psychiatric Consultations at a General Hospital / 신경정신의학

We have studied the changing patterns of psychiatric consultation in a general hospital for 10 years . Results were as follows 1) The annual psychiatric consultation rate was 1.64%. 2) In age group, elderly patients above 60's had increasing tendency of consultation. 3) The referred patients from department of Internal medicine was the highest and ones from neurology department were increasing recently. 4) Most of the patients were consulted during the month of lune, f311owe4 by April, March and May. 5) The most frequent reason far their psychiatric consultation was psychiatric complaint without specific evidence of lab. data but physical problems. 6) In the psychiatric diagnoses of the consulted patients, organic mental disorders were the first, and depression was the second in order.

The changing patterns of liver abscess during the past 20 years: a study of 482 cases

The diagnostic and treatment modalities of liver abscess have developed rapidly over the past few years but morbidity and mortality has not been markedly reduced. A total of 482 cases of liver abscess admitted to the Yonsei Medical Center over the past 20 years (Jan. 1971-Dec. 1990) were divided into 261 cases from the 1970s and 221 cases from the 1980s and the clinical and laboratory parameters were analyzed comparatively to determine if the clinical features, therapies and prognosis of liver abscess had changed. The proportion of amebic relative to pyogenic liver abscess decreased. Transbiliary infections increased in pyogenic liver abscess of the 1980s. Clinical signs such as jaundice and hepatomegaly and symptom duration before admission decreased. Abnormal laboratory features including hypoalbuminemia and elevation of alkaline phosphatase decreased and increased, respectively, in the 1980s. Ultrasonically guided percutaneous aspiration was the choice of treatment instead of surgical drainage in the 1980s. Despite diagnostic and therapeutic advances in the management of liver abscess, the prognosis has not improved in the 1980s as compared to the 1970s. This may reflect an increase in the incidence of liver abscess in old aged patients and patients with diabetes mellitus or underlying malignancy in the 1980s.

The changing patterns of cardiac diseases in 4 hospital medical schools in 2 Decades.

A retrospective study of 1,293,843 in-patients of the medical schools Siriraj, Chulalongkorn, Ramathibodi and Chiangmai hospitals in the alternate years from 1969 to 1987 (covering almost two decades), according to ICU 8-9, reveals that the proportion to all in-patient admission of 1. all cardiac patient admissions has steadily increased; 2. all cardiac failure admissions has significantly increased, but those due to anaemia and thyroid disturbances are unchanged; 3. all congenital heart disease admissions remained unchanged from 1969 to 1979, but significantly increased thereafter; 4. hypertensive cardiovascular admissions has remained unchanged; 5. rheumatic heart disease admission has decreased; 6. cardiac infection admissions has remained unchanged, but non-infection cardiac inflammation admissions has increased; 7. ischemic heart disease admissions has increased; 8. cardiac beriberi admissions decreased from 1969 to 1979, and unchanged thereafter; 9. cor pulmonale admissions has increased; and 10. cardiomyopathy admissions has increased, particularly after 1977. This information will help in planning for admission and the budgets of hospital medical schools and medical centres. It will also be useful in the planning of preventing specifice heart diseases, such as ischemic heart disease, which is increasing rapidly in the general population.