SEASONAL VARIATION IN WATER QUALITY AND PHYTOPLANKTON PRODUCTION IN JOHILA RESERVOIR, LALPUR, AMARKANTAK (M.P.)

Present study has been undertaken in order to assemble knowledge regarding physicochemical parameters analysis from June 2021 – May 2022 in relation to the abundance, composition and seasonal variation in the phytoplankton of Johila reservoir Lalpur Podki, Amarkantak (M.P.). It is interiorly located at Latitude 22046'20, Longitude, 81044'39'' in Lalpur and no study regarding hydrobiology in general and phytoplankton abundance in particular has yet not been conducted. Johila reservoir has its origin from Jwaleshwar temple kund of Amarkantak, hill located in Makel velly. It starts flowing opposite site to the Narmada River after 15 Kilometre and finally joins the river Sone at Dasrathghat of Umaria District of Madhya Pradesh. Total area of Johila reservoir is 86 hectare (216 acers). Since no study yet has been done on phytoplankton production in relation to its physico-chemical characteristic hence present study has been undertaken. Phytoplankton population were dominated by Chlorophyceae, Myxophyceae and Bacillariophyceae in decreasing order. Chlorophyceae members revealed dominance over Myxophyceae and Bacillariophyceae.

Indoor Air Quality Level at Medical Clinics, University Hospital in Klang Valley, Malaysia

@#Introduction: Patient health can be influenced by indoor air quality (IAQ) level, where the risks of IAQ pollution are proportionate with the occupant number in the clinic. This research aims to determine the level of IAQ in Medical Clinic 1 and 2 of University Hospital in Klang Valley, Malaysia. Methods: The indoor exposure to physical (temperature, relative humidity and air movement), chemical (formaldehyde, CO2 , CO, TVOC and PM10) and biological (bacterial and fungal count) parameters following Industry Code of Practice (ICOP) IAQ (2010) were assessed in the morning and afternoon using relevant equipment. Data was analysed with One-Sample T Test and Independent T Test using SPSS Version 25. Results: No statistically significant mean difference (p>0.05) of IAQ parameters between both Medical Clinics (morning & afternoon) except for Rh and CO by Independent T Test analysis. In contrast, the One-Sample T Test showed there was statistically significant mean difference (p<0.01) of all parameters as compared to the ICOP (2010) standard in both Medical Clinics (morning and afternoon). There was a positive correlation of CO2 , CO and formaldehyde with bacterial counts (TBC) for both Medical Clinics. Meanwhile, CH2 O concentration was slightly higher in the morning due to the usage of cleaning products which may have released CH2 O gas killing the bacteria, thus lower the rate of bacterial growth in the afternoon. Fungal counts showed no significant impact. Conclusion: All measured parameters were complied with the ICOP (2010) standard except air movement and CO2 in both Medical Clinics.

Two alcoholic sources in the preparation, chemical characterization and acceptability of artisanal dovialis liqueurs / Duas fontes alcoólicas no preparo, caracterização química e aceitabilidade de licores artesanais de doviális

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated two alcoholic sources in the preparation, chemical characterization, and acceptability of homemade Kei apple liqueurs. Kei apple fruits were harvested from 4-year-old plants and immediately transported to the laboratory. The liqueur prepared with vodka + fruits without the epicarp was named L1;the liqueur prepared with sugarcanespirit+ fruits with the epicarp and sliced was named L2. The infusion or alcoholic maceration stage was then performed, mixing the fruits with the alcoholic liquid. After the preparation of the alcoholic extract, the chemical characterization of the final products was performedand after 60 days, the sensory analysis and acceptabilityof the product were conducted. The experimental design was entirely randomized, in a 2 × 2factorial scheme (two types of fruits ×.two types of alcohol), containing three samples of liqueurs per replicate and six replicates per experimental plot. The liqueurs suited the parameters fixed by the Brazilian legislation for the chemical evaluation of these products. As for sensory analysis, L1 had good acceptability from tasters, with apurchase intention by 71% of them.

RESUMO: Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar duas fontes alcoólicas no preparo, caracterização química e aceitabilidade de licores artesanais de doviális. Frutos de doviálisforam colhidos de plantas de 4 anos e imediatamente transportados ao laboratório. Chamou-se de L1 o licor que fora preparado com vodca + frutos sem epicarpo e L2 o licor preparado com aguardente de cana-de-açúcar + frutos com epicarpo e fatiados. Na sequência realizou-se a etapa de infusão ou maceração alcoólica, misturando os frutos + líquido alcoólico. Após o preparo do extrato alcoólico, foi realizada a caracterização química dos produtos finais e, após 60 dias, a análise sensorial e aceitação do produto. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 (2 tipos de frutos x 2 tipos de álcool), contendo três amostras de licores por repetição e seis repetições por parcela experimental. Os licores se enquadraram nos parâmetros previstos pela legislação brasileira na avaliação química dos produtos. Quanto a análise sensorial, houve boa aceitabilidade dos provadores do L1 e intenção de compra de 71% dos provadores.

Diversity and abundance of denitrifiers during cow manure composting / Diversidad y abundancia de desnitrificadores durante el compostaje del estiércol de vaca

Diversity and abundance of the denitrifying genes nirK, nirS and nosZ were investigated in cow manure compost using polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) and real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR), respectively. These three genes were detected in all the stages of the composting process. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the nirK gene was closely related to Rhizobiales, Burkholderiales, the nirS gene was closely related to Pseudomonadales and Burkholderiales, and the nosZ gene was closely related to Rhodospirillales, Rhizobiales, Pseudomonadales, and Alteromonadales. qPCR results showed that the abundance of these three genes (nirK, nirS and nosZ) reached the peak value in the late thermophilic stage of composting and abundance of the nirK gene was higher than that of the nosZ gene and the nirS gene. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that the diversity of the nirK and nirS genes was significantly correlated with ammonium (p < 0.05), the diversity of the nosZ gene was significantly correlated with pH (p < 0.05) and the abundance of the nirK nirS and nosZ genes was significantly correlated with temperature (p< 0.05).

La diversidad y la abundancia de los genes desnitrificadores nirK, nirS, nosZ en el compost de estiércol de vaca se investigaron por medio de la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa seguida de electroforesis en gel con gradiente de desnaturalización (PCR-DGGE) y por PCR cuantitativa (qPCR) en tiempo real, respectivamente. Estos 3 genes fueron detectados durante todas las fases del compostaje. El análisis filogenético mostró estrecha relación del gen nirK con Rhizobiales y Burkholderiales, del gen nirS con Pseudomonadales y Burkholderiales y del gen nosZ con Rhodospirillales, Rhizobiales, Pseudomonadales y Alteromonadales. Los resultados de la qPCR mostraron que la abundancia de los genes nirK, nirSy nosZ alcanzó el valor máximo en la fase termofílica tardía del compostaje, y que la abundancia del gen nirK era más elevada que los de los genes nosZ y nirS. El análisis de redundancia (RDA) mostró que la diversidad de los genes nirK y nirS estaba significativamente correlacionada con la concentración de amonio (p<0,05), mientras que la del gen nosZ estaba significativamente correlacionada con el pH (p<0,05). También mostró que la abundancia de los genes nirK, nirS y nosZ estaba significativamente correlacionada con la temperatura (p<0,05).

Physico-chemical Characterization of Palm Kernel Oil Extracted from the Seeds of Two Varieties of Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) for Possible Use in Feed or Food

This study was carried out in order to assess the quality of the type of palm kernel oil suitable for the alternative in animal oil in feed or food. To reach this objective, oil D and oil T extracted respectively from the seeds of the varieties Dura and Tenera of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) by the Soxhlet method using hexane as a solvent were analyzed for their physicochemical characteristics. The results obtained show that the values for the physical parameters (Oil yield, density and percentage of impurities) of both oils were similar and fell in those of the standards of Codex Alimentarius 2015. However, for the chemical parameters (Acid value, percentage of free fatty acids, peroxide value, saponification value and ester value), the values obtained for oil D were the highest, but for both oils, the values were above those recommended by the standards of Codex Alimentarius 2015, excepted the Saponification values and the Ester values which were below these standards. The determination of fatty acids composition by Gas Chromatography showed that these oils were not significantly different. Indeed, the totals saturated fatty acids were in amounts of 87.92% ± 0.17 and 87.53% ± 0.24, while the totals unsaturated fatty acids were in amounts of 12.08% ± 0.02 and 12.47% ± 0.02 respectively for oil D and oil T. The predominant fatty acid was lauric acid in amounts of 36.87% and 37.84% respectively for oil D and oil T. Thus, these palm kernel oils could be used as ingredients and preservatives in feed due to their content in lauric acid which is known to possess antimicrobial properties and also to their content in unsaturated fatty acids (oleic and linoleic acids) which are an indicator of oil quality. However, oil T seems to be more suitable for the alternative in animal oil in feed due to its percentage of free fatty acid which is less than that of oil D.

Physico-Chemical Characterization Of Textile Effluent From A Dyeing Industry In Tiruppur Of Tamil Nadu

The physico-chemical parameters of various textile industrial effluents vary depending on the type of dyes and processingchemicals used. The major pollution indicating parameters like TS, TDS, TSS, DO, COD, BOD, pH, alkalinity, chlorides,sulphates and heavy metals were analyzed. The estimated parameters were compared with the stipulated standard values putforth by WHO, BIS and TNPCB. The effluent was highly turbid with high values for TDS, TSS, alkalinity, chlorides,sulphates and iron. The study also showed elevated levels of some heavy metals. Physico- chemical analysis indicate that theeffluent samples have higher values for most of the parameters and exceed the permissible limits. Based on the estimatedcharacteristics, it is revealed that the effluent is not suitable for direct discharge into water stream and need a suitabletechnology for the treatment before discharge.

Relationship Between Parameters of Development and Functional Compounds of Yacon Leaves

Abstract Yacon is a tuberous root from the Andean region being increasingly grown across the world due to the low caloric values of their roots and the functional properties of extractions of its leaves. However, there is still a gap in the knowledge of how the plant develops, and if physical and chemical changes are noticed regarding maturity. The subject of this work was to investigate the dynamics of a group of parameters and to establish correlations across them. To achieve this goal, leaves collected from three different parts of the plant in three months were assessed regarding size (plant height and leaf area), color and the presence of sesquiterpene lactones. Different methods of extraction were also studied and the total phenolic content was analyzed. The analysis of the results revealed different patterns in the quantity, size and leaf distribution according to the age of the plant. From three different methods of extraction studied, decoction seems to be the most appropriate one to obtain phenolic compounds with greater yield and safety. Besides, the greenness of yacon leaves showed a linear correlation to the total phenolic content, being a simple and promising estimator of the corresponding bioactive group. Sesquiterpene lactones were identified in all extracts, indicating the ease of their extractability even in simple procedures of tea-making.

Avaliação de rótulos e das características físico-químicas de leite e derivados produzidos em indústrias maranhenses

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os rótulos e as características físico-químicas de leite e derivados produzidos em indústrias maranhenses. Para isso, 139 amostras, sendo 48 de leite pasteurizado integral, 48 de iogurte, 26 de queijos, 10 de bebida láctea e 06 de doce de leite, foram submetidas a análises físico-químicas. Os resultados das análises foram confrontados com as respectivas legislações em vigor. Adicionalmente, foram analisados todos os rótulos das amostras, comparando-os ao padrão proposto pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, averiguando possíveis irregularidades. No período avaliado, seis amostras de leite pasteurizado integral, oito de iogurte, quatro de queijo e duas de doce de leite apresentaram parâmetros físico-químicos divergentes das legislações. Dentre os 139 rótulos avaliados identificaram-se 38,13% de inadequações das informações obrigatórias. As principais irregularidades encontradas foram: não possui identificação do lote visível, legível e indelével; ausência de porção alimentar em g ou mL e medida caseira correspondente; não apresenta prazo de validade de forma clara e precisa; ausência de identificação da origem completa discriminada no rótulo; ausência de orientação quanto à correta conservação de alimentos perecíveis a ocorrência de vocábulos e/ou imagens induzindo ao equívoco do consumidor. Desta forma, conclui-se que a qualidade físico-química das amostras estava na sua maioria adequada aos padrões físico-químicos vigentes, entretanto, as irregularidades observadas nos rótulos podem induzir o consumidor ao consumo incorreto desses alimentos.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the labels and physical and chemical characteristics of milk and milk products produced in industries of the state of Maranhão, Brazil. For this, 139 samples, 48 of pasteurized whole milk, 48 of yoghurt, 26 of cheeses, 10 of milk and 6 of of sweet paste milk, were submitted to physical and chemical analysis. The results of the analyzes were compared with the respective legislation in force. In addition, all the labels of the samples were analyzed, comparing them to the standard proposed by the National Agency of Sanitary Surveillance, investigating possible irregularities. In the period evaluated, six samples of pasteurized whole milk, eight of yoghurt, four of cheese and two of sweet paste milk presented physical and chemical parameters divergent from the legislations. Among the 139 labels evaluated, 38.13% of the inadequacies of the mandatory information were identified. The main irregularities were: no visible, readable and indelible lot identification; absence of food portion in g or mL and corresponding home measure; without a clear and precise period of validity; absence of identification of the complete origin broken down on the label; absence of guidance on the correct conservation of perishable foods the occurrence of words and/or images leading to consumer misconception. Thus, it was concluded that the physical and chemical quality of the samples was in accordance with the current physical and chemical standards. However, the irregularities observed in the labels can induce the consumer to misuse these foods.

Avaliação de rótulos e das características físico-quimicas de leite e derivados produzidos em indústrias maranhenses

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os rótulos e as características físico-químicas de leite e derivados produzidos em indústrias maranhenses. Para isso, 139 amostras, sendo 48 de leite pasteurizado integral, 48 de iogurte, 26 de queijos, 10 de bebida láctea e 06 de doce de leite, foram submetidas a análises físico-químicas. Os resultados das análises foram confrontados com as respectivas legislações em vigor. Adicionalmente, foram analisados todos os rótulos das amostras, comparando-os ao padrão proposto pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, averiguando possíveis irregularidades. No período avaliado, seis amostras de leite pasteurizado integral, oito de iogurte, quatro de queijo e duas de doce de leite apresentaram parâmetros físico-químicos divergentes das legislações. Dentre os 139 rótulos avaliados identificaram-se 38,13% de inadequações das informações obrigatórias. As principais irregularidades encontradas foram: não possui identificação do lote visível, legível e indelével; ausência de porção alimentar em g ou mL e medida caseira correspondente; não apresenta prazo de validade de forma clara e precisa; ausência de identificação da origem completa discriminada no rótulo; ausência de orientação quanto à correta conservação de alimentos perecíveis a ocorrência de vocábulos e/ou imagens induzindo ao equívoco do consumidor. Desta forma, conclui-se que a qualidade físico-química das amostras estava na sua maioria adequada aos padrões físico-químicos vigentes, entretanto, as irregularidades observadas nos rótulos podem induzir o consumidor ao consumo incorreto desses alimentos

The objective of the study was to evaluate the labels and physical and chemical characteristics of milk and milk products produced in industries of the state of Maranhão, Brazil. For this, 139 samples, 48 of pasteurized whole milk, 48 of yoghurt, 26 of cheeses, 10 of milk and 6 of of sweet paste milk, were submitted to physical and chemical analysis. The results of the analyzes were compared with the respective legislation in force. In addition, all the labels of the samples were analyzed, comparing them to the standard proposed by the National Agency of Sanitary Surveillance, investigating possible irregularities. In the period evaluated, six samples of pasteurized whole milk, eight of yoghurt, four of cheese and two of sweet paste milk presented physical and chemical parameters divergent from the legislations. Among the 139 labels evaluated, 38.13% of the inadequacies of the mandatory information were identified. The main irregularities were: no visible, readable and indelible lot identification; absence of food portion in g or mL and corresponding home measure; without a clear and precise period of validity; absence of identification of the complete origin broken down on the label; absence of guidance on the correct conservation of perishable foods the occurrence of words and/or images leading to consumer misconception. Thus, it was concluded that the physical and chemical quality of the samples was in accordance with the current physical and chemical standards. However, the irregularities observed in the labels can induce the consumer to misuse these foods

Qualidade microbiológica e fatores ambientais de áreas estuarinas da Reserva Extrativista Marinha Baía do Iguape (Bahia) destinadas ao cultivo de ostras nativas / Microbiological quality and environmental factors of estuarine area of Iguape Bay Marine Reserve (Bahia) for cultivation of native oysters

RESUMO: Objetivou-se verificar a qualidade microbiológica das águas destinadas ao cultivo de ostra da Baía do Iguape, Bahia, e sua correlação com os fatores ambientais e variações de maré. Foram coletadas 36 amostras de água superficial de três viveiros de cultivo, totalizando 12 coletas. A população de coliformes totais e coliformes termotolerantes foi determinada por meio da técnica de tubos múltiplos - Número Mais Provável (NMP.100 mL-1). Foram estabelecidas como variáveis ambientais pH, temperatura, salinidade, turbidez, precipitação pluviométrica e maré. Observou-se que a população de coliformes totais e coliformes termotolerantes nos três viveiros monitorados variou de <1,8 a 1.600 NMP.100 mL-1 e <1,8 a 350 NMP.100 mL-1, respectivamente, constatando-se que os viveiros apresentam boa qualidade microbiológica da água superficial. Quanto à influencia dos fatores ambientais na densidade microbiana, foi obtida uma correlação positiva quanto à precipitação pluviométrica e negativa para temperatura e turbidez. Considerando os dados do presente estudo, verifica-se que a população de coliformes aumentou nos meses mais chuvosos e em maré de sizígia. É necessário realizar o monitoramento microbiológico e ambiental de águas destinadas à aquicultura por favorecer a produção segura e sustentável de ostra, uma vez que os parâmetros de qualidade podem sofrer influências climáticas e variações temporais.

ABSTRACT: The objective was to verify the microbiological quality of water used in oyster cultivation in Iguape Bay, Bahia, and its correlation with environmental factors and tidal variations. Thirty six samples of surface water were collected from three oyster cultivation areas, totalizing 12 collections. The concentrations of total and thermotolerant coliforms were determined using the multiple tube test - Most Probable Number (MPN.100 mL-1). The environmental variables assessed in the water samples were: pH, temperature, salinity, turbidity, rainfall and tidal. Total coliforms and thermotolerant coliforms MPN values ranged from <1.8 to 1,600 MPN.100 mL-1 and from <1.8 to 350 MPN.100 mL-1, respectively. The oyster cultivation areas presented good microbiological quality of surface water. The influence of environmental factors on microbial density was obtained as a positive correlation with rainfall and negative correlation with temperature and turbidity. Considering the data from this study, there was an increase of the population of coliforms in the rainy season and spring tide. Thus, it is necessary to carry out microbiological and environmental monitoring of water intended for aquaculture because it promotes safe and sustainable production of oyster, since the quality parameters can suffer weather influences and seasonal variations.

A Correlation and Regression Study on the Groundwater Quality in Aligarh City, Uttar Pradesh.

Ground water is the vital source of sustenance and survival of every living organism. The present study aimed at a statistical regression analysis of Groundwater at 16 locations of Aligarh city, Uttar Pradesh. A correlation study has been carried out amongst all possible pairs of 15 physico-chemical parameters viz., pH, total acidity, phenolphthalein alkalinity, total alkalinity, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen demand, turbidity, electrical conductivity, total solid, total dissolved solid, total suspended solid and chloride to assess groundwater quality. The correlation analysis provides an excellent tool for the prediction of parameter values within reasonable degree of accuracy. The existence of strong correlation between Total Hardness & Magnesium and Total Dissolved Solid & Total Solid are ascertained. The analysis reveals that the groundwater of the area needs some treatment before consumption and it also needs to be protected from the perils of contamination.

Water Quality Evaluation of Konandur Pond, Thirthahalli, Karnataka, India.

Water samples were collected from konandur pond in Theerthalli (T). The physico-chemical parameters like TDS, Total Hardness, Total Alkalinity, Nitrogen, NO3 -, Cl -, SO4 -2, Ca +2, Mg +2, and Phosphate were analyzed. The results were considered for correlation analysis and it was observed that many of the parameters bear a good positive correlation and some bears a negative correlation. The study revealed that, pond water was not much polluted. In the light of standard of water quality recommended by WHO, the pond water should be used for drinking and cooking after proper treatment.

Studies on Physico Chemical Characteristics of Chikkamalappanakere Tank, Shivamogga, Karnataka, India.

An investigation was carried out in Chikkamalappanakere tank near Shivamogga town on physicochemical characteristics during January to December 2012. The results of physico-chemical parameters were compared with the standard values prescribed by the Bureau of India Standards (BIS) and World Health Organization (WHO). The study revealed that, tank water is polluted as it possesses high BOD, CO2, phosphate and nitrogen. In the light of standard of water quality recommended by WHO, the tank water should not be used by human beings especially for drinking and cooking.

Biophysicochemical Evaluation and Micropropagation Studies on Neem for Biodiesel Production.

In this experiment the seed oils of 30 Neem (Azadirachta indica. A. juss) biotypes were screened and evaluated for their physio-chemical parameters for oil content, biodiesel yield, density, viscosity, iodine value , free fatty acid, saponification value, flash point and fire point which were estimated for selection of the elite neem biotype. The best shoot regeneration (60%-80%) was observed in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with naphthalene acetic acid NAA (0.2-0.4 mg/L) and benzyl amino purine BAP (0.2-0.4 mg/L). Root induction (80%) was successfully obtained in MS medium supplemented with IBA (0.05 mg/L) and IAA (0.05 mg/L). Acclimatization and hardening was quite successful with survival rate of 60%.

Studies on Physico Chemical Characteristics of Koteganguru Tank, Shivamogga, Karnataka, India.

An investigation was carried out in Koteganguru tank near Shivamogga town on physico-chemical characteristics during January to December 2007. The results of physico-chemical parameters were compared with the standard values prescribed by the Bureau of India Standards (BIS) and World Health Organization (WHO). The study revealed that, tank water is polluted as it possesses high BOD, CO2, phosphate and nitrogen. In the light of standard of water quality recommended by WHO, the tank water should not be used by human beings especially for drinking and cooking.

Seasonal variation of biotic and abiotic parameters in parallel neotropical fishponds / Variação sazonal dos parâmetros bióticos e abióticos em tanques de piscicultura com disposição paralela de região neotropical

The present study was carried out to evaluate the phytoplankton community and water quality in four parallel fishponds (FP1 to FP4) during one year. Some abiotic parameters of water column and phytoplankton was sampled in four sites, one in each fishpond. Similarity analysis showed that FP2 fishpond was markedly different for the others ponds with regard to phytoplankton community. Conductivity, orthophosphate, temperature, TSS and hardness parameters were significantly different (p<0.05) between fishponds and all limnological parameters were significantly different (p<0.01) among period (months). Organic matter and phosphorus of the sediment were significantly different (p<0.01) only among fishponds. In current study Chlorophyceae and Bacillariophyceae occurred in most months. Cyanobacteria density in April and May was higher in all fishponds, at FP3 represented 71.4% in April and FP1 represented 78.7% in May of total reported, with chlorophyll-a content lower than 41 mg.L−1. The physical and chemical parameters of fishponds water constituted relations between the parameters and algae occurrence. The present study however, indicated that Cyanobacteria was more frequent in the fishponds after the fish grow-out period (April), and the water quality should be monitored more frequently in this period, due to the high total phosphorus, orthophosphate and chlorophyll-a contents.

O presente estudo avaliou durante um ano a comunidade fitoplanctônica e os fatores abióticos da água de quarto tanques de piscicultura (FP1 ao FP4) com disposição paralela. Alguns fatores abióticos da água e do fitoplâncton foram amostrados em quarto pontos, localizados um em cada tanque de piscicultura. Análise de similaridade mostrou que o tanque de piscicultura FP2 foi diferente dos outros tanques em relação a comunidade fitoplanctônica. Condutividade, ortofosfato, temperatura, STS e dureza foram diferentes (p<0,05) entre tanques e todas as variáveis limnológicas variaram entre o período de estudo (p<0,01). Matéria orgânica e fósforo do sedimento variaram (p<0,01) somente entre os tanques. Chlorophyceae e Bacillariophycea estiveram presentes em todos os meses amostrados. Em abril e maio foi observada elevada densidade de Cyanobacteria em todos os tanques sendo que no FP3 representou 71,4% em abril e no FP1 78,7% em maio do total encontrado, com teor de clorofila-a abaixo de 41 mg.L−1. Os parâmetros físico-químicos da água dos tanques de piscicultura apresentaram relação com a ocorrência do fitoplâncton nestes sistemas. Os resultados deste estudo indicaram a maior frequência de Cyanobacteria no período após a engorda de peixes (abril) necessitando maior monitoramento da qualidade da água devido aos altos teores de fósforo total, ortofosfato e clorofila-a observados neste mês (abril).

Byproducts of orange extraction: influence of different treatments in fiber composition and physical and chemical parameters

In this work we evaluated the variability in fiber content and physical and chemical parameters of byproducts from orange juice extraction. Five different treatments and two drying methods were evaluated. The results indicate that drying by lyophilization was better than that drying in an oven. The pH ranged from approximately 3.47 to 3.96. The variation in moisture values was 9.22% ± 0.02 to 18.48 ± 0.52%. The total dietary fiber content in the resulting flours ranged from 42.44% to 62.74%. The soluble and insoluble dietary fiber contents differed among the samples, ranging from 5.04% to 19.95% for the first fiber type, and 23.96% to 57.70% for the second. In conclusion, three treatments, associated with freeze-drying, showed promising results in the development of fiber-rich product. However, some modifications are needed, as well as further analysis, to guarantee the benefits of these products for human health. This study contributes to the possible application of industrial byproducts.

Neste trabalho avaliou-se a variabilidade no conteúdo de fibras e nos parâmetros físico-químicos de subprodutos da extração do suco de laranja. Investigaram-se cinco diferentes pré-tratamentos e dois tipos de secagens dos produtos. Os resultados indicam que a secagem por liofilização é melhor que aquela feita em estufa. O pH dos produtos variou de, aproximadamente, 3,47 a 3,96. A variação entre os valores de perda por dessecação foi de 9,22% ± 0,02 a 18,48 ± 0,52%. O conteúdo de fibras totais encontrado nas farinhas obtidas variou de 42,44% a 62,74%. O conteúdo de fibras dietéticas solúveis e insolúveis diferiu entre as amostras de 5,04% a 19,95%, para a primeira, e 23,96% a 57,70%, para a segunda. Como conclusões, três tratamentos, associados à secagem por liofilização demonstraram resultados promissores no desenvolvimento de produto rico em fibras, entretanto, algumas modificações e novas análises devem ser realizadas a fim de garantir os benefícios desses produtos para a saúde. Esse estudo contribui para uma possível utilização de subprodutos da indústria alimentícia.

Pharmacognostical study and establishment of quality parameters of aerial parts of Costus speciosus-a well known tropical folklore medicine

Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic pharmacognostical characters of Costus speciosus (aerial parts) along with their physico-chemical parameters and fluorosence analysis.Method:microscopy, powder microscopy, leaf constant, fluorescence analysis and preliminary phytochemical investigation.Results:The findings of macroscopy revealed that leaves elliptic to oblong or oblong-lancoelate, The pharmacognostical characters were determined in terms of macroscopy, thick, spirally arranged, with stem clasping sheaths up to 4 cm, flowers large, white, cone-like terminal spikes, with bright red bracts. Transverse section of leaflet showed the presence of cuticularised epidermis with polygonal cells on adaxial surface and bluntly angled cells on abaxial surface of lamina, mesophyll cells differentiated in to single layered palisade cells on each surface and 2-3 layered spongy parenchyma, unicellular and uniseriate multicellular covering trichomes, paracytic stomata and vascular bundles surrounded by sclerenchymatous multicellular sheath. Preliminary phytochemical screening exhibited the presence of various phytochemical groups like alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, phenolic constituents. Further, the leaf constants, powder microscopy and fluorescence characteristics indicated outstanding results from this investigationConclusions:Various pharmacognostical and physico-chemical parameters have pivotal roles in identification, authentication and establishment of quality parameters of the species.

Pharmacognostical study and establishment of quality parameters of aerial parts of Costus speciosus-a well known tropical folklore medicine

Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic pharmacognostical characters of Costus speciosus (aerial parts) along with their physico-chemical parameters and fluorosence analysis. Method: The pharmacognostical characters were determined in terms of macroscopy, microscopy, powder microscopy, leaf constant, fluorescence analysis and preliminary phytochemical investigation. Results: The findings of macroscopy revealed that leaves elliptic to oblong or oblong-lancoelate, thick, spirally arranged, with stem clasping sheaths up to 4 cm, flowers large, white, cone-like terminal spikes, with bright red bracts. Transverse section of leaflet showed the presence of cuticularised epidermis with polygonal cells on adaxial surface and bluntly angled cells on abaxial surface of lamina, mesophyll cells differentiated in to single layered palisade cells on each surface and 2-3 layered spongy parenchyma, unicellular and uniseriate multicellular covering trichomes, paracytic stomata and vascular bundles surrounded by sclerenchymatous multicellular sheath. Preliminary phytochemical screening exhibited the presence of various phytochemical groups like alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, phenolic constituents. Further, the leaf constants, powder microscopy and fluorescence characteristics indicated outstanding results from this investigation Conclusions: Various pharmacognostical and physico-chemical parameters have pivotal roles in identification, authentication and establishment of quality parameters of the species.

Pharmacognostical study and establishment of quality parameters of aerial parts of Costus speciosus-a well known tropical folklore medicine

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the diagnostic pharmacognostical characters of Costus speciosus (aerial parts) along with their physico-chemical parameters and fluorosence analysis.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The pharmacognostical characters were determined in terms of macroscopy, microscopy, powder microscopy, leaf constant, fluorescence analysis and preliminary phytochemical investigation.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The findings of macroscopy revealed that leaves elliptic to oblong or oblong-lancoelate, thick, spirally arranged, with stem clasping sheaths up to 4 cm, flowers large, white, cone-like terminal spikes, with bright red bracts. Transverse section of leaflet showed the presence of cuticularised epidermis with polygonal cells on adaxial surface and bluntly angled cells on abaxial surface of lamina, mesophyll cells differentiated in to single layered palisade cells on each surface and 2-3 layered spongy parenchyma, unicellular and uniseriate multicellular covering trichomes, paracytic stomata and vascular bundles surrounded by sclerenchymatous multicellular sheath. Preliminary phytochemical screening exhibited the presence of various phytochemical groups like alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, phenolic constituents. Further, the leaf constants, powder microscopy and fluorescence characteristics indicated outstanding results from this investigation.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Various pharmacognostical and physico-chemical parameters have pivotal roles in identification, authentication and establishment of quality parameters of the species.</p>