Análise bacteriológica e físico-química de leite cru resfriado, proveniente de posto de refrigeração, sob inspeção federal, em Rio Bonito, RJ

Com o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade microbiológica e fisico-química do leite cru de propriedades rurais do município de Rio Bonito-RJ e arredores, foram analisadas 20 amostras de leite provenientes de Posto de Refrigeração, subsidiado à Indústria Nestlé, coletadas de latões e de tanque de refrigeração. Realizaram-se análises microbiológicas como Contagem Total de Bactérias Heterotróficas Aeróbias Mesófilas (B.H.A.M), Contagem total de Bactérias Heterotróficas Aeróbias Psicotrófilas (B.H.A.P) seguindo as análises fisico-químicas, tais como: temperatura, acidez titulável, prova alizarol, lactofermentação, prova da redução e contagem de células somáticas. Para as variáveis da prova do alizarol houve reprovação em 20% das amostras, já para acidez 95% estavam dentro dos padrões normais. A temperatura das amostras, no ato da coleta, apresentou grandes variações em decorrência da distância e transporte inadequados. No teste da redutase apenas 15% foram consideradas boas ou ótimas e na lactofermentação 100% das amostras formaram algum tipo de coágulo. Em relação à contagem de bactérias, as B.H.A.M foram encontradas fora dos padrões em 65% das amostras e nas B.H.A.P em 80% dos resultados encontrados. Quanto à contagem de células somáticas apenas uma amostra apresentou-se fora do padrão. Conclui-se que a qualidade do leite pode ser melhorada por meio de assistência técnica e instrucional aos produtores, considerando os aspectos da legislação vigente associados à higienização adequada dos latões e utensílios de ordenha. O leite deve ser resfriado na fazenda e transportado sem delongas até a cooperativa.

With the objective of evaluating the microbiology and physicochemical quality of raw milk from rural properties in the city of Rio Bonito-RJ and surrounding areas, were analyzed 20 samples of raw milk from Refrigeration Station, subsidized by Nestlé, collected from bulk milk collectors and cooling tank. Microbiological analyzes were performed as Total Counting of Mesophilic Aerobic Heterotrophic Bacteria (MA.H.B), Total Counting of Heterotrophic Aerobic Psychophotrophic Bacteria (H.A.P.B) and physicochemical analyzes: temperature, titratable acidity, alizarol test, lactofermentation, reduction test and cell count somatic cells. For the variables of the alizarol test there was reprobation in 20% of the samples, already for acidity 95% were within normal standards. The temperature of the samples, at the time of collection, presented great variations due to inadequate distance and transport. In the reductase test only 15% were considered good or optimal and in the lactofermentation 100% of the samples formed some type of clot. Regarding bacterial counts, M.A.H.B. were found out of standards in 65% of samples and in H.A.P.B in 80% of the results found. As for somatic cell count, only one sample was out of standard. It is concluded that the quality of milk can be improved by providing technical and instructional assistance to producers and by appropriate hygiene of brass and milking utensils. The milk should be cooled on the farm and transported without delay to the Milk Collection Centers.

Análise bacteriológica e físico-química de leite cru resfriado, proveniente de posto de refrigeração, sob inspeção federal, em Rio Bonito, RJ

Com o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade microbiológica e físico-química do leite cru de propriedades rurais do município de Rio Bonito-RJ e arredores, foram analisadas 20 amostras de leite provenientes de Posto de Refrigeração, subsidiado à Indústria Nestlé, coletadas de latões e de tanque de refrigeração. Realizaram-se análises microbiológicas como Contagem Total de Bactérias Heterotróficas Aeróbias Mesófilas (B.H.A.M), Contagem total de Bactérias Heterotróficas Aeróbias Psicotrófilas (B.H.A.P) seguindo as análises físico-químicas, tais como: temperatura, acidez titulável, prova alizarol, lactofermentação, prova da redução e contagem de células somáticas. Para as variáveis da prova do alizarol houve reprovação em 20% das amostras, já para acidez 95% estavam dentro dos padrões normais. A temperatura das amostras, no ato da coleta, apresentou grandes variações em decorrência da distância e transporte inadequados. No teste da redutase apenas 15% foram consideradas boas ou ótimas e na lactofermentação 100% das amostras formaram algum tipo de coágulo. Em relação à contagem de bactérias, as B.H.A.M foram encontradas fora dos padrões em 65% das amostras e nas B.H.A.P em 80% dos resultados encontrados. Quanto à contagem de células somáticas apenas uma amostra apresentou-se fora do padrão. Conclui-se que a qualidade do leite pode ser melhorada por meio de assistência técnica e instrucional aos produtores, considerando os aspectos da legislação vigente associados à higienização adequada dos latões e utensílios de ordenha. O leite deve ser resfriado na fazenda e transportado sem delongas até a cooperativa.

With the objective of evaluating the microbiology and physicochemical quality of raw milk from rural properties in the city of Rio Bonito-RJ and surrounding areas, were analyzed 20 samples of raw milk from Refrigeration Station, subsidized by Nestlé, collected from bulk milk collectors and cooling tank. Microbiological analyzes were performed as Total Counting of Mesophilic Aerobic Heterotrophic Bacteria (M.A.H.B), Total Counting of Heterotrophic Aerobic Psychophotrophic Bacteria (H.A.P.B) and physicochemical analyzes: temperature, titratable acidity, alizarol test, lactofermentation, reduction test and cell count somatic cells. For the variables of the alizarol test there was reprobation in 20% of the samples, already for acidity 95% were within normal standards. The temperature of the samples, at the time of collection, presented great variations due to inadequate distance and transport. In the reductase test only 15% were considered good or optimal and in the lactofermentation 100% of the samples formed some type of clot. Regarding bacterial counts, M.A.H.B were found out of standards in 65% of samples and in H.A.P.B in 80% of the results found. As for somatic cell count, only one sample was out of standard. It is concluded that the quality of milk can be improved by providing technical and instructional assistance to producers and by appropriate hygiene of brass and milking utensils. The milk should be cooled on the farm and transported without delay to the Milk Collection Centers.

Extractores químicos en la determinacion de silicio disponible en suelos ácidos, neutros y alcalinos / Chemical extractants in the evaluation of available silicon in acid soils, neutral and alkaline

El contenido de silicio disponible, generalmente, se ha determinado en suelos ácidos, lo que ha descuidado su cuantificación en otros suelos, para poder realizar recomendaciones de este elemento, acorde a su contenido para cada suelo. El objetivo fue evaluar el silicio disponible por diferentes extractores químicos en suelos del departamento de Córdoba, en Colombia. Para ello, se colectaron, a la profundidad de 20cm, muestras de suelos ácidos, neutros y alcalinos, que fueron ingresados al laboratorio de Suelos y Aguas de la Universidad de Córdoba, para determinar el contenido de silicio disponible. Los extractores químicos fueron cloruro de calcio 0,01mol L-1, ácido acético 0,5mol L-1, acetato de amonio 38,5g L-1, tampón pH 4,0 (HC2H3O2+CH3COONa) y el método propuesto por los autores, denominado solución de cloruro de bario. Para la extracción, se pesaron 5g de suelo y se le adicionó 50mL de solución extractante y la mezcla fue agitada durante 1h, a 220rpm, filtrada y dejada en reposo por 12h. La cuantificación, se realizó en un espectrofotómetro, a una longitud de onda de 66nm y la determinación química, se efectuó en serie, con tres repeticiones, las cuales, fueron analizadas por correlación y contrastes. En general, de acuerdo a los resultados de mayor a menor concentración de silicio, se presentó en la siguiente secuencia de extracción, suelos alcalinos > neutros > ácidos. Mediante las pruebas estadísticas de Tukey y contrastes, se concluyó que el método solución de cloruro de bario se puede utilizar como alternativo al método de referencia en la determinación de silicio en los tres tipos de suelos. Además, para suelos alcalinos, se puede emplear el método de acetato de amonio 38,5g L-1, como alternativa para la determinación de silicio.

The available silicon content has generally been determined in acid soils, but neglected its quantification in other soils, to be able to make recommendations of this element according to its content for each soil. The objective of this research was to evaluate the available silicon in soils of the department of Córdoba, Colombia by means of different chemical extractors. Samples of acid, neutral and alkaline soils were collected at the depth of 20cm and sent to the Laboratory of Soils and Waters of the University of Córdoba to determine the available silicon content. The chemical extractors were 0.01mol L-1 calcium chloride, 0.5mol L-1 acetic acid, 38.5g L-1 ammonium acetate, pH 4.0 buffer (HC2H3O2 + CH3COONa) and the method proposed by the authors, named barium chloride solution. For extraction, 5g of soil were weighed and 50mL of extractant was added and the mixture was stirred for 1h at 220rpm, filtered and left standing for 12h. The quantification was performed in a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 66nm and the chemical determination was performed in series with three replicates, analyzed by correlation and contrasts. In general, according to results of higher to lower concentration, silicon was presented in the following sequence of extraction, alkaline soils> neutral> acids. By means of the Tukey test and contrasts it was concluded that the barium chloride solution could be used as alternative to the reference method in the determination of silicon in the three types of soils. In addition, for alkaline soils, the ammonium acetate method 38.5g L-1 can also be used as an alternative for the determination of silicon.

Wolbachia pipientis: A potential candidate for combating and eradicating dengue epidemics in Pakistan

Dengue virus syndrome is an emerging global health challenge which is endemic in tropical countries like Pakistan. In recent years dengue incidences have increased considerably in different areas of Pakistan with more sever impacts on urban and peri-urban populations. This review is an effort to highlight the changing epidemiology of dengue fever, role of Government of Pakistan in disease management and control using preventive and community based approaches in the region. Moreover, there is an emphasis on application of Wolbachia as novel, inexpensive and environmentally benign candidate for control and eradication of dengue transmitting vectors.

Wolbachia pipientis: A potential candidate for combating and eradicating dengue epidemics in Pakistan

Dengue virus syndrome is an emerging global health challenge which is endemic in tropical countries like Pakistan. In recent years dengue incidences have increased considerably in different areas of Pakistan with more sever impacts on urban and peri-urban populations. This review is an effort to highlight the changing epidemiology of dengue fever, role of Government of Pakistan in disease management and control using preventive and community based approaches in the region. Moreover, there is an emphasis on application of Wolbachia as novel, inexpensive and environmentally benign candidate for control and eradication of dengue transmitting vectors.