SEASONAL VARIATION IN WATER QUALITY AND PHYTOPLANKTON PRODUCTION IN JOHILA RESERVOIR, LALPUR, AMARKANTAK (M.P.)

Present study has been undertaken in order to assemble knowledge regarding physicochemical parameters analysis from June 2021 – May 2022 in relation to the abundance, composition and seasonal variation in the phytoplankton of Johila reservoir Lalpur Podki, Amarkantak (M.P.). It is interiorly located at Latitude 22046'20, Longitude, 81044'39'' in Lalpur and no study regarding hydrobiology in general and phytoplankton abundance in particular has yet not been conducted. Johila reservoir has its origin from Jwaleshwar temple kund of Amarkantak, hill located in Makel velly. It starts flowing opposite site to the Narmada River after 15 Kilometre and finally joins the river Sone at Dasrathghat of Umaria District of Madhya Pradesh. Total area of Johila reservoir is 86 hectare (216 acers). Since no study yet has been done on phytoplankton production in relation to its physico-chemical characteristic hence present study has been undertaken. Phytoplankton population were dominated by Chlorophyceae, Myxophyceae and Bacillariophyceae in decreasing order. Chlorophyceae members revealed dominance over Myxophyceae and Bacillariophyceae.

Cultivo da microalga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata em escala de bancada utilizando meio contaminado com metais pesados / Cultivation of microalgae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata in bench scale using medium contaminated with heavy metals

RESUMO Neste trabalho foi avaliado o crescimento da microalga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata em meio de cultivo alternativo NPK (20:05:20) contaminado com metais pesados. O primeiro tratamento consiste do controle sem a adição de contaminante, enquanto os demais foram contaminados com AlCl3, FeSO4 e ZnSO4 e os três metais. Nos resultados obtidos, o controle foi o único que apresentou crescimento positivo contínuo, enquanto o tratamento contendo todos os metais obteve maior densidade e maior taxa de crescimento exponencial. O tratamento contaminado com ZnSO4 obteve o menor potencial de produção. Apesar dos valores apresentados, todos os tratamentos apresentaram crescimento positivo no final do ensaio, sendo possível atribuir à microalga um elevado potencial de produção em água contaminado por metais.

ABSTRACT This study evaluated the growth of microalgae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata amid growing alternative NPK (20:05:20) contaminated with heavy metals. The first treatment consists of the control without addition of dopant, while others were infected with AlCl3, FeSO4 e ZnSO4 and the three metals. Of the results obtained, the control was the only one that showed continued positive growth, while all metal-containing treatment had a higher density and a higher rate of exponential growth. Treatment contaminated with ZnSO4 had the lowest production potential. Despite the figures, all treatments showed positive growth at the end of the test, so it is possible to assign a high potential for microalgae production in water contaminated by metals.

Influence of light intensity, temperature and CO2 concentration on growth and lipids in green algae and cyanobacteria.

Effects of the environmental variables such as light intensity (µmol photons m-2s-1), temperature (°C) and CO2 concentration (ppm) on chlorophyll, total soluble proteins and lipids were studied in selected microalgal strains from Chlorophyceae (Chlamydomonas sp., Scenedesmus sp., Chlorella sp., Kirchneriella sp.) and cyanobacteria (Nostoc sp.1, Anabaena sp., Nostoc sp. 2, Cylindrospermum sp.). Cultures were grown under controlled conditions at the National Phytotron Facility, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi. Our results showed that chlorophyll concentration enhanced with increased CO2. Chlorella exhibited the highest chlorophyll at 850 ppm CO2 and 28°C; for Chlamydomonas it was at 78 µmol photons m-2s-1 light intensity. In Cylindrospermum, total soluble proteins decreased with enhanced CO2, and were highest at 18°C. In Anabaena, a light intensity of 65 µmol photons m-2s-1 was best for maximum total soluble proteins. In Chlorella, CO2 @ 850 ppm was most suited for maximum lipid accumulation. In Kirchneriella, increase in temperature, from 18°C up to 37°C, increased total lipids; the highest was at 28°C. In Chlamydomonas, the light intensity of 78 µmol photons m-2s-1 was optimum for lipid accumulation and the maximum total lipids was 30.8 (% dry wt.).

Seasonal variations in phytoplankton diversity in the Bui dam area of the Black Volta in Ghana during the pre- and post-impoundment periods / Variaciones estacionales en la diversidad del fitoplancton en la zona de la represa Bui del Volta Negro, Ghana, durante los períodos pre y post-embalse

Phytoplankton constitutes the primary producers of aquatic ecosystems and represents the food chain base that supports the commercial fisheries of most water bodies. Nowadays, there is lack of information on phytoplankton assemblages of most reservoirs in Africa. To contribute with this knowledge, this study was carried out to determine the density and diversity of seasonal variations of phytoplankton species in the Bui dam area of the Black Volta, during the pre- (2011) and post-impoundment (2012) periods. For this, a three-level stratified random sampling approach was adopted for 22 months. Phytoplankton samples were obtained by towing a 0.5m diameter phytoplankton net (35μm mesh size and 0.25m² mouth surface area) from a non-motorized canoe through a distance of about 100m against the current from downstream to upstream of the river. In 2011, 35 species of phytoplankton belonging to four classes, Bacillariophyceae (7.6%), Chlorophyceae (43%), Cyanophyceae (48.6%) and Euglenophyceae (0.8%) were identified. In the 2012 sampling, 18 species belonging to three classes, Bacillariophyceae (2.2%), Chlorophyceae (26.1%) and Cyanophyceae (71.7%) were observed. A total of 17 species of phytoplankton, including Gyrosigma sp., Surirella sp., Carteria sp., Chlosterium sp., Chlorogonium sp., Coelastrum sp., Cosmarium sp., Volvox sp., Chroococcus sp., Coelosphaerium sp., Rivularia sp. and Spirulina sp., were absent during the late post-impoundment period. Mean monthly total phytoplankton abundance decreased from June (7 384 cells/m³) to August (106cells/m³) in 2011. In 2012 however, mean total phytoplankton decreased from February (1 237cells/m³) to August (4cells/m³). The results also showed that variations occurred between seasons among some phytoplankton groups. The dry and pre-wet seasons had significantly (p<0.05) higher mean phytoplankton abundance than the wet season during the 22 months of sampling period. The biotic indices of Shannon-Wiener (H¹) were homogenously distributed in the four hydrological seasons of the two years. The phytoplankton groups, Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Euglenophyceae and total phytoplankton differed significantly (p<0.05) between the pre- and post-impoundment periods. The total phytoplankton was also significantly (p<0.05) higher in the upstream station than the downstream station indicating the impact of the impoundment on the downstream ecology. Hence, river management strategies should be implemented by hydro-biologist to lessen the impact of the dam on the downstream ecology. Rev. Biol. Trop. 63 (1): 13-22. Epub 2015 March 01.

El fitoplancton constituye uno de los productos primarios de los ecosistemas acuáticos y representa la base de la cadena alimentaria que mantiene las pesquerías comerciales de la mayoría de los cuerpos de agua. Hoy en día, hay una falta de información sobre el fitoplancton de la mayoría de los embalses en África. Este estudio se llevó a cabo para determinar la densidad y diversidad de las variaciones estacionales de las especies de fitoplancton en la zona de la represa Bui del Volta Negro, durante los periodos pre (2011) y post embalse (2012). Para ello, se adoptó un método de muestreo aleatorio estratificado de tres niveles para 22 meses. Las muestras de fitoplancton fueron obtenidas desde una canoa sin motor a través de 100m de distancia frente a la corriente de aguas abajo a aguas arriba del río, con una red de 0.5m de diámetro (35μm tamaño de malla y 0.25m² superficie de boca). En 2011, se identificaron 35 especies de fitoplancton pertenecientes a cuatro clases: Bacillariophyceae (7.6%), Chlorophyceae (43%), Cyanophyceae (48.6%) y Euglenophyceae (0.8%). En el muestreo de 2012 se observaron 18 especies pertenecientes a tres clases: Bacillariophyceae (2.2%), Chlorophyceae (26.1%) y Cyanophyceae (71.7%). Un total de 17 especies de fitoplancton, incluidas Gyrosigma sp., Surirella sp., Carteria sp., Chlosterium sp., Chlorogonium sp., Coelastrum sp., Cosmarium sp., Volvox sp., Chroococcus sp., Coelosphaerium sp., Rivularia sp. y Spirulina sp., estuvieron ausentes durante el periodo post embalse. La media mensual de la abundancia total de fitoplancton disminuyó de junio (7 384 células/m³) hasta agosto (106 células/m³) 2011. Sin embargo en 2012, la media del fitoplancton total disminuyó desde febrero (1 237cells/m³) a agosto (4cells/m³). Los resultados también mostraron que las variaciones se produjeron entre las temporadas entre algunos grupos de fitoplancton. Las estaciones secas y húmedas tuvieron significativamente (p<0.05) mayor abundancia media de fitoplancton en la temporada de lluvias durante los 22 meses del periodo de muestreo. Los índices bióticos de Shannon-Wiener (H¹) se distribuyeron de forma homogénea en las cuatro estaciones hidrológicas de los dos años. Los grupos de fitoplancton, Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Euglenophyceae y fitoplancton total difirieron significativamente (p<0.05) entre los períodos pre y post-embalse. El fitoplancton total también fue significativamente (p<0.05) mayor en la estación aguas arriba que en la estación aguas abajo indicando el impacto del embalse sobre la ecología de aguas abajo. Por lo tanto, las estrategias de gestión de los ríos, debe ser ejecutada por un hidro-biólogo para disminuir el impacto de la represa en la ecología aguas abajo.

Phytoplankton assemblages in lateral lagoons of a large tropical reservoir / Assembleias fitoplanctônicas em lagoas laterais de um reservatório tropical de grande porte

This study aimed to analyse the composition and ecological attributes of the phytoplankton assemblages in four lateral lagoons and in the main channel of Rosana Reservoir (Paranapanema River, SE Brazil). Fieldwork was carried out in September and November/2004 and January, March, May and August/2005. A total of 283 taxa was identified. Zygnemaphyta was the most specious group, followed by Chlorophyta and Bacillariophyta. Higher richness, abundance and biomass were observed in the lagoons when compared with the river-reservoir sampling point, especially during the rainy period. Cryptophyceae and Bacillariophyceae dominated numerically. Cryptomonas brasiliensis Castro, Bicudo and Bicudo was the main species of the phytoplankton in terms of abundance and frequency of occurrence. The dynamics of the most important taxa are discussed and the results showed that the phytoplankton assemblages are mainly influenced by meteorological factors and nutrient availability (the main driving forces). Correlation analyses indicated that the assemblage abundance was limited by nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus). The phytoplankton abundance influenced positively the zooplankton abundance, what indicates the prevalence of bottom-up control routes in the lateral lagoons system. The results validate the hypotheses that lateral lagoons have a prominent ecological role on the phytoplankton diversity, as already previously demonstrated for fish and zooplankton. Therefore, the incorporation of the lateral lagoons in environmental programmes should be a target strategy for the conservation of the regional aquatic biota, minimising the negative impact of the dam.

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a composição e os atributos ecológicos das assembleias fitoplanctônicas de quatro lagoas marginais e canal principal do Reservatório de Rosana (SE, Brasil). Os trabalhos de campo foram realizados em setembro e novembro de 2004, e janeiro, março, maio e agosto de 2005. O número total de táxons identificados foi de 283. Zygnemaphyta foi o grupo com maior número de espécies, seguido por Chlorophyta e Bacillariophyta. Maior riqueza, abundância e biomassa foram observadas nas lagoas, quando comparadas ao canal do rio-reservatório, especialmente durante o período chuvoso. Cryptophyceae e Bacillariophyceae dominaram numericamente as assembleias. Cryptomonas brasiliensis Castro, Bicudo e Bicudo foi a principal espécie do fitoplâncton, em termos de abundância e frequência de ocorrência. Os resultados mostraram que as assembleias fitoplanctônicas são influenciadas principalmente pelos fatores meteorológicos e nutrientes (funções de força). Análises de correlação mostraram que a abundância do fitoplâncton foi limitada por nutrientes (nitrogênio e fósforo). Por sua vez, a abundância fitoplanctônica influenciou positivamente a abundância do zooplâncton, o que indica a predominância de mecanismos de controle ascendente no sistema de lagoas laterais. Os resultados validaram a hipótese, assim como já havia sido demonstrado para peixes e zooplâncton, de que as lagoas laterais têm um proeminente papel na diversidade do fitoplâncton. A incorporação das lagoas laterais em programas ambientais seria uma boa estratégia para a conservação da biota aquática regional, minimizando o impacto negativo do represamento.

Phytoplankton assemblages in a reservoir cascade of a large tropical - subtropical river (SE, Brazil)

The phytoplankton assemblages from eight reservoirs of the Paranapanema River were studied during two consecutive years. Chlorophyceae and Bacillaryophyceae dominated in richness. The observed high number of taxa, 234, reflects the extensive sampling programme and evidences the necessity of considering the whole hydrograph basin to assess the biodiversity status of inland water ecosystems. The dams had a negative effect on phytoplankton richness, with higher number of taxa associate to riverine (non-regulated) stretches. The tributary rivers also exhibited high species richness, showing the importance of considering the lateral dimension, in addition to the longitudinal one, for aquatic biota inventories in large river basins/reservoirs. Richness and diversity were also positively influenced by the connectivity with lateral wetlands (macrophyte-dominated lakes) due to the periphyton influence. The phytoplankton abundance/biomass was not influenced by higher water retention time. Higher values occurred in the middle basin stretches (river-passage reservoirs) due to the increase in the trophic conditions. There was a positive correlation with phosphorus. Poorer light conditions in the cascade do not limit the phytoplankton biomass, with assemblages dominated by species tolerant to turbulent conditions and high mineral turbidity. Bacillariophyceae and Cryptophyceae dominated numerically. The first group (unicellular forms) was prominent in the large and oligotrophic upstream reservoirs. The second was highly abundant in the river-passage (low retention time), and more eutrophic, reservoirs. Cyanophyceae growth is probably controlled by advection processes (wash-out effect). The zooplankton does not control the phytoplankton biomass and the diversity of both groups is positively associated in the cascade. The structure of the phytoplankton assemblages showed to be a good indicator of the operationally distinct reservoirs of the Paranapanema cascade and also reflected the changes in the trophic conditions along the basin.

As assembleias fitoplanctônicas de oito reservatórios do rio Paranapanema foram estudadas durante dois anos consecutivos. Chlorophyceae e Bacillaryophyceae foram os grupos dominantes em riqueza. O elevado número de táxons observado, 234, reflete o extensivo programa de amostragem e evidencia a necessidade de se considerar a bacia hidrográfica como um todo em programas de avaliação da biodiversidade de ecossistemas aquáticos interiores. As barragens tiveram um efeito negativo sobre a riqueza do fitoplâncton, sendo o maior número de táxons associado aos trechos fluviais (não regulados). Os rios tributários também exibiram um elevado número de espécies, mostrando a importância de se considerar a dimensão lateral, além do gradiente longitudinal, para os inventários da biota aquática em reservatórios e bacias hidrográficas de grande porte. A riqueza e a diversidade também foram positivamente influenciadas pela conectividade com áreas laterais inundáveis - várzeas dominadas pela presença de macrófitas aquáticas, devido à contribuição do perifíton. A abundância e biomassa do fitoplâncton não foram influenciadas pelo tempo de retenção da água nos reservatórios. Valores mais elevados foram observados no médio Paranapanema (reservatórios fio d'água) devido ao aumento nas condições de trofia. Houve uma correlação positiva com a concentração de fósforo. Condições de menor transparência não limitaram a biomassa fitoplanctônica, sendo as assembleias dominadas por espécies tolerantes a condições de elevada turbulência e turbidez mineral. Bacillariophyceae e Cryptophyceae foram as algas numericamente dominantes. O primeiro grupo (formas unicelulares) predominou nos grandes reservatórios oligotróficos do alto Paranapanema. O segundo grupo foi muito abundante em reservatórios do tipo fio d'água (baixo tempo de retenção) e também mais eutróficos. Provavelmente o crescimento das Cyanophyceae é controlado por processos de transporte advectivo. O zooplâncton não exerce um controle sobre a biomassa fitoplanctônica e a diversidade de ambos os grupos esteve positivamente associada na cascata. A estrutura das assembleias fitoplanctônicas pode ser considerada um bom indicador das distintas condições de operação dos reservatórios em cascata do rio Paranapanema e também reflete as mudanças nas condições oligotróficas ao longo da bacia.

Nutritional status response of Daphania laevis and Moina micura from a tropical reservoir to different algal diets: Scenedesmus quadricauda and Ankistrodesmus gracilis

The accumulation of lipid reserves was investigated in two common cladoceran species typical of neotropical freshwaters. Experiments were performed in order to measure differential accumulation of lipid reserves in response to two algal diets, S. quadricauda and A. gracilis. The larger D. laevis fed with the Ankistrodesmus diet accumulated a higher amount of total lipids. The average lipid content for both diets was 11.1% and 22.1% dry weight for Scenedesmus and Ankistrodemsus, respectively. This difference was found to be highly significant. The superior nutritional quality of A. gracilis was confirmed by the experiments using the smaller Moina micrura. This cladoceran accumulated 11.4% and 19.9% of the average dry weight of lipids from Scenedesmus and Ankistrodesmus, respectively. The study also found that most lipid reserves are concentrated as triacylglycerols in both cladocerans. The relative contribution of this class of lipids also varied according to the diet. For Daphnia, for instance, the average triacylglycerol levels varied from 6.2 to 11.0 with the Scenedesmus and Ankistrodesmus diets, respectively.

O presente estudo investigou o acúmulo de reservas de lipídeo em duas espécies comuns de cladóceros neotropicais, típicas de água doce. Foram desenvolvidos experimentos para medir o acúmulo diferenciado de reservas lipídicas em resposta a duas dietas algais, S. quadricauda e A. gracilis. O cladócero maior, D. laevis, alimentado com a dieta Ankistrodesmus acumulou uma quantidade maior de lipídeo total. As médias de lipídeo total para ambas as dietas foram 11,1% e 22,1% de peso seco para Scenedesmus e Ankistrodesmus, respectivamente. Essa diferença encontrada foi altamente significativa. A qualidade nutricional mais elevada de A. gracilis foi confirmada pelos experimentos em que foi utilizada uma espécie menor de cladócero, Moina micrura. Esse cladócero acumulou valores médios de lipídeo total de 11,4% e 19,9% de peso seco para Scenedesmus e Ankistrodesmus, respecitvamente. Este estudo também revelou que a maior parte dos lipídeos estocados em ambos os cladóceros refere-se a triglicérides. A contribuição relativa dessa classe de lipídeo também variou de acordo com a dieta. Para Daphnia, por exemplo, os teores médios de triglicérides variaram de 6,2% a 11,0% de peso seco total com as dietas de Scenedesmus e Ankistrodesmus, respectivamente.

Qualidade nutricional de três espécies de clorofícias cultivadas em laboratório

Three species of Chlorophyceae algae Scenedesmus quadricauda (Brèbisson, 1835), Ankistrodesmus gracilis (Korsikov, 1953) and Pediastrum duplex (Meyen, 1829), were cultivated in the laboratory, using as a culture medium chemical fertilizer N:P:K in the proportions 20:5:20, respectively. Total chlorophyll-a and organic carbon content were used to evaluate the nutritional values of the three algae. All presented good nutritive values, however, the percentage of carbon versus dry weight was higher in Scenedesmus quadricauda (21%) compared with the other species analysed. The three species were considered to be suitable food for zooplankton.

Três espécies de algas clorofíceas, Scenedesmus quadricauda (Brèbisson, 1835), Ankistrodesmus gracilis (Korsikov, 1953) e Pediastrum duplex (Meyen, 1829), foram cultivadas no laboratório, usando como meio de cultura adubo químico N:P:K na proporção 20:5:20, respectivamente. O valor nutricional das algas foi avaliado pela concentração de clorofila-a e pelo carbono orgânico. As três espécies algais apresentaram alto valor nutricional, particularmente Scenedesmus quadricauda, que apresentou a maior percentagem de carbono em relação ao peso seco (21%), sendo considerada como alimento adequado para os organismos filtradores.