Purification and component identification of total proanthocyanidins in Choerospondias axillaris pericarp / 中国中药杂志

The present study determined the quantitative markers of total proanthocyanidins in the purification of the industrial waste Choerospondias axillaris pericarp based on the comparison results of high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) and mass spectrometry(MS) and optimized the purification process with two stable procyanidins as markers. The adsorption and desorption of five different macroporous adsorption resins, the static adsorption kinetics curve of NKA-Ⅱ resin, the maximum sample load, and the gradient elution were investigated. The UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS was employed for qualitative analysis of the newly-prepared total proanthocyanidins of C. axillaris pericarp. As revealed by the results, NKA-Ⅱ resin displayed strong adsorption and desorption toward total proanthocyanidins. The sample solution(50 mg·mL~(-1)) was prepared from 70% ethanol crude extract of C. axillaris pericarp dissolved in water and 7-fold BV of the sample solution was loaded, followed by static adsorption for 12 h. After 8-fold BV of distilled water and 6-fold BV of 10% ethanol were employed to remove impurities, the solution was eluted with 8-fold BV of 50% ethanol, concentrated, and dried under reduced pressure, and purified total proanthocyanidin powder was therefore obtained. Measured by vanillin-hydrochloric acid method, the purity and transfer rate of total proanthocyanidins were 47.67% and 59.92%, respectively, indicating the feasibi-lity of the optimized process. UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS qualitative analysis identified 16 procyanidins in C. axillaris total proanthocyanidins. The optimized purification process is simple in operation and accurate in component identification, and it can be applied to the process investigation of a class of components that are difficult to be separated and purified. It can also provide technical support and research ideas for the comprehensive utilization of industrial waste.

Comparative of functional components, antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibition activities between Choerospondias axillaris fruit peel vinegar and apple vinegar / 中国中药杂志

Based on the idea of plant metabolomics, ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) was used to compare the chemical composition between 6 batches of fruit vinegar brewed from Choerospondias axillaris fruit peel and 6 batches of apple vinegar purchased from 3 companies. Antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibition activities were also tested in vitro. A total of 43 compounds were identified by reference substance, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS) fragmentation information or literature data. A total of 40 compounds were identified in the C. axillaris fruit peel vinegar. A total of 16 compounds were identified in apple vinegar. There were 13 common ingredients including organic acids and esters such as citric acid, 2-isopropyl malic acid, and triethyl citrate. The results of partial leastsquares-discriminant analysis(PLS-DA) indicated that they had 33 significantly different compounds such as proanthocyanidin oligomer, quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside and heptadecanoic acid. The proanthocyanidins and flavonoid glycosides in C. axillaris peel vinegar were more abundant than apple vinegar, so it had better health function than ordinary fruit vinegar. The results showed that C. axillaris fruit peel vinegar had stronger antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibition activities in vitro. The vinegar brewed from waste C. axillaris fruit peel had more chemical ingredients than the apple vinegar. C. axillaris fruit peel vinegar had better biological activity and health function, so it had good development prospect. This study provided the scientific evidence for exploiting the C. axillaris fruit peel into high value-added products. It also provided ideas for the comprehensive development and utilization of similar Chinese medicine waste.

Study on Protective Effect of Total Flavonoids from the Leaves of Mongolian Medicine Choerospondias axillaris on Myocar- dial Ischemia Reperfusion Injury Model Rats / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE： To investigate the protective effect of total flavonoids from the leaves of Choerospondias axillaris （TFLC） on myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury （MIRI） model rats. METHODS： Male SD rats were randomly divided into sham operation group， model group， positive control group （verapamil， 0.02 g/kg）， TFLC low-dose and high-dose groups （0.1， 0.4 g/kg）， with 10 rats in each group. Administration groups were intragastrically given relevant medicine （2 mL/100 g）； sham operation group and model group were given constant volume of normal saline intragastrically， once a day， for consecutive 7 d. After last medication， MIRI model was induced by modified ligation method. The times and duration of ventricular tachycardia （VT） and ventricular fibrillation （VF） in rats were recorded with biological function experiment system during reperfusion period.The activity of CK and contents of TNF-α， IL-6， NF-κB and NO in serum were determined by ELISA double antibody clip art assay. The morphological characteristics of myocardial tissue was observed by HE staining. The myocardial infarction scope （i.e. the ratio of myocardial tissue mass to ventricular mass） was measured by TTC method. RESULTS： Compared with sham operation group， the times and duration of VT and VF were increased or prolonged significantly in model group； CK activity， serum contents of TNF-α， IL-6 and NF-κB were enhanced or increased significantly， while NO content was decreased significantly （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. Obvious myocardial infarction focus， serious cell structure damage， disorderly muscle fibers arrangement， cell nucleus pyknosis and accompanied inflammatory cell infiltration were all observed in cardiac tissue； the mass of infarcted myocardial tissue and ventricular as well as the scope of myocardial infarction increased significantly （P＜0.01）. Compared with model group， the times and duration of VT and VF were decreased or shortened significantly in administration groups； CK activity， serum contents of TNF-α， IL-6， NF-κB were decreased significantly， while NO content was increased significantly （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. The above symptoms of myocardial injury were improved；the mass of infarcted myocardial tissue and ventricular as well as the scope of myocardial infarction was significantly reduced （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. CONCLUSIONS： TFLC can relieve MIRI-induced ischemic arrhythmia and myocardial damage， reduce the release of inflammatory factors， promote the recovery of myocardial and endothelial cell function， reduce the scope of myocardial infarction and has a certain protective effect.

Immunological Effects of Total Flavones from Leaves of Choerospondias axillaris on Mice / 中草药·英文版

Objective: To investigate the effect of total flavones from the leaves of Choerospondias axillaris (TFLCA) on the immune function of normal mice and to provide the experimental basis for the reasonable application of C. axillaris. Methods: The carbon clearance method, cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity reaction method, serum hemolysin method, and index of immune organs were used to study the effect of TFLCA on the immune function of mice. Results: TFLCA could enhance the phagocytic function of mononuclear macrophage and the cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity reaction of mice, and increase the content of hemolysin antibody and the thymus index in mice. Conclusion: TFLCA could improve the celiac macrophage activity and specific immunity of mice, and TFLCA, consisting with the total flavones of Choerospondiatis Fructus (TFCF), has the effect on the immune function of mice. So both TFLCA and TFCF have the regulatory effects on the immune function of mice. © 2013 Tianjin Press of Chinese Herbal Medicines.

Effect of Choerospondias axillaris on the urinary calculus in mice / 中成药

AIM:To study the effects of water extraction of Choerospondias axillaris on inhibiting renal calculus. METHODS:The mice were fed 1% ethylene alcohol and 1?(OH)VitD3 to cause renal calculus. The concentrations of calcium and oxalate acid in urine and kidney were determined in mice to evaluate the effects of Choerospondias axillaris. RESULTS:The urinary oxalate of model group (1% ethylene glycol and 1?(OH) VitD3) increased significantly(P

EFFECTS OF FLAVONES OF CHOEROSPONDIAS AXILLARIS FRUCTUS ON IMMUNOLOGICAL FUNCTION IN MICE / 中国药理学通报

Total flavones were isolated from the fructus of choerospon-dias axillaris(Roxb. )Burrt et Hill ( TFC ) . TFC (40.32 and 20.16 nig/kg?d-1 , ip~5d) strengthened markedly functions of cellulae immunity and humoral immunity in normal mice as well as in immunodepressed mice induced by cyclophsphamide ( 25mg/kg?d-l, ih~2d). TFC caused a significant increase of the weights of spleen and thy-mus, and the production of serum hymolysin in normal and immunodepressed mice.TFC elevated normal titer of antibody induced by secondary antigen stimulation, and increased ANAE ( + ) cell percentage of lymphocyte and phagocytic activity of macrophages of abdominal cavity in normal and immunodepressed mice. TFC increaced the production of serum lysozyme in normal mice.