Interaction of Carthamus oil, chromium picolinate and glyburide in blood glucose and its impact on liver enzymes and lipid profile in diabetes-induced rats

SUMMARY Introduction: Carthamus oil is a compound that has the potential to be used in numerous applications due to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory and neuroprotective effects. Chromium picolinate has been indicated for the control of insulin resistance. Aim: To evaluate the effect of Carthamus oil (30 mg/kg) and chromium picolinate (5 µg/kg) interaction with oral glyburide in chemically diabetes-induced Wistar rats and its influence on drug therapy. Method: Diabetes mellitus was induced with streptozotocin, and the animals were randomized into experimental groups (n= 6/group), who received gastric gavage treatments for ten days, G1: control, G2: diabetic and received glyburide, G3: diabetic and received the interaction of Carthamus oil and chromium picolinate, G4: diabetic and received the interaction ofglyburide, Carthamus oil and chromium picolinate. After the treatment period, fasting blood glucose, post-sucrose blood glucose, total cholesterol and triglyceride levels, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in blood serum were compared, in addition to urine analysis. Results: In this study, the only altered parameters were the post-sucrose blood glucose measurement with the lowest result for G4 (P <0.05) and the ALT measurement, with lower values for G4 (P <0.05) compared to G1. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the unprecedented interaction of Carthamus oil, chromium picolinate and glyburide contributed to the reduction of blood glucose and serum levels of ALT in diabetic rats and is promising for future studies in humans.

Introdução: o óleo de cártamo (Carthamus oil) tem sido utilizado em diversas aplicações devido suas ações antiinflamatória, antioxidante, imunomoduladora e neuro protetora. O picolinato de cromo tem sido indicado para o controle da resistência à insulina. Objetivo: avaliar o efeito da interação de óleo de cártamo (30 mg/kg) e picolinato de cromo (5 µg/kg) com glibenclamida em ratos com diabetes induzida. Metodologia: a indução de diabetes mellitus foi realizada com injeção intra-peritoneal de estreptozotocina e os animais foram aleatoriamente distribuidos em grupos experimentais (n= 6/grupo), que receberam os tratamentos por gavagem gástrica durante dez dias, G1: controle, G2: grupo diabético que recebeu gliben-clamida, G3: grupo diabético que recebeu óleo de cártamo e picolinato de cromo, G4: grupo diabético que recebeu glibenclamida, óleo de cártamo e picolinato de cromo. Após os dias de tratamento via oral, determinou-se o peso corpóreo, glicemia de jejum, colesterol total, triglicerideos, glicemia após uma hora de gavagem gástrica com sacarose, transaminases hepáticas e a avaliação da urina. Resultados: a análise estatistica dos dados indicou que os únicos parâmetros alterados foram a glicemia após a ingestão de sacarose, os menores valores obtidos foram em G4 (P <0.05) e a redução dos niveis séricos de ALT em G4 (P <0.05) quando comparados com G1. Conclusão: a interação inédita do óleo de cártamo, picolinato de cromo e glibencla-mida contribuiu para a redução da glicose sanguinea e dos niveis séricos de ALT em ratos diabéticos, é promissora para estudos futuros em humanos.

Introducción: el aceite de cártamo (Carthamus oil) se ha utilizado en diversas aplicaciones debido a sus propiedades antiinflamatorias, antioxidantes, inmunomodu-ladoras y neuroprotectoras. El picolinato de cromo ha sido indicado para el control de la resistencia a la insulina. Objetivo: evaluar el efecto de la interacción de aceite de cártamo (30 mg/kg) y picolinato de cromo (5 µg/kg) con glibenclamida en ratas con diabetes inducida. Metodología: la inducción de diabetes mellitus se realizó con inyección intraperitoneal de estreptozotocina y los animales se distribuyeron aleatoriamente en grupos experimentales (n= 6/grupo), los cuales recibieron tratamientos por sonda gástrica durante diez dias, G1: control, G2: grupo diabético que recibieron glibenclamida, G3: grupo diabético que recibió aceite de cártamo y picolinato de cromo, G4: grupo diabético que recibió glibenclamida, aceite de cártamo y picolinato de cromo. Después de los dias de tratamiento oral, se determinó peso corporal, glucosa en ayunas, colesterol total, triglicéridos, glucosa después de una hora de sonda gástrica con sacarosa, transaminasas hepáticas y evaluación de orina. Resultados: el análisis estadistico de los datos indicó que los únicos parámetros alterados fueron la glucosa en sangre después de la ingesta de sacarosa, los valores más bajos obtenidos fueron en G4 (P <0,05) y la reducción de los niveles séricos de ALT en G4 (P <0,05) cuando en comparación con G1. Conclusión: la interacción sin precedentes del aceite de cártamo, el picolinato de cromo y la glibenclamida contribuyó a la reducción de los niveles de glucosa en sangre y ALT sérica en ratas diabéticas, es prometedora para futuros estudios en humanos.

Safety evaluation of chromium picolinate in experimental rats

Background: Chromium, an essential trace mineral plays an important role in the metabolism of carbohydrate, fat and proteins. Chromium picolinate (Cr.Pic) is used in alternative medicine to treat chromium deficiency. Though Cr.Pic is increasingly used to treat diabetes and obesity, studies on its safety profile is limited.Methods: Acute toxicity study was conducted by oral administration of Cr.Pic (2000 mg/kg body weight). The animals were maintained another 14 days with once a day observation. For sub-chronic studies, test groups were treated with Cr.Pic 10 mg/kg/day for 90 days. Tests for hepatic and renal function were conducted. Effect of Cr.Pic on behavioural changes and motor co-ordination was done on every week. Histopathological studies were conducted on day 90 at the end of the experiment.Results: Acute toxicity study of Cr.Pic showed no signs of toxicity and mortality. Absence of any behavioural alteration or mortality during the period of 14 days indicates that Cr.Pic has no latent effect. Similar results were obtained with sub-chronic studies suggesting safety of Cr.Pic. Cr.Pic treated groups showed no changes in learning and motor co-ordination compared to the untreated group. No gross histopathological changes were seen in any group indicating safety of Cr.Pic.Conclusions: The present study conferred safety profile of Cr.Pic from normal results obtained in hepatic function, renal function, behavioural and histopathological studies, suggesting its safety.

Estudo da atividade antibacteriana do picolinato de sacarose em Escherichia coli / Study of antimicrobial activity of sucrose picolinate against Escherichia coli

Os sucroésteres são empregados como surfactantes, tensoativos, substitutos de gordura e antibióticos. Este trabalho tem como objetivo sintetizar um novo sucroéster derivado do ácido picolínico (ácido 2-piridinocarboxílico), o picolinato de sacarose, e estudar sua atividade antibacteriana in vitro sobre a bactéria Gram-negativa patogênica Escherichia coli. A síntese do picolinato de sacarose foi processada a partir da transesterificação da sacarose com picolinato de metila em condição anidra à 80º C, utilizando dimetil sulfóxido (DMSO) como solvente e K2 CO3 como catalisador. A separação dos isômeros formados foi realizada por HPLC no modo semipreparativo e cinco frações cromatográficas foram coletadas e aplicadas em testes de atividade antibacteriana, por disco-difusão em meio sólido, nas concentrações de 150; 300; 450; 600; 750 e 900 μg/mL. As frações 2, 4 e 6 foram ativas contra E.coli. e a fração 4 (900 μg/mL) foi a mais eficiente, sendo selecionada para testes em sinergia com EDTA nas concentrações de 250, 500 e 750 μg/mL, com melhor resultado quando empregado EDTA em 750 μg/mL. Neste caso, os discos apresentaram halos de inibição de crescimento igual ao da Tetraciclina (30 μg/mL) e superior aos produzidos pelos discos com Gentamicina (10 μg/mL). A fração 4 foi caracterizada por FTIR e espectrometria de massas (ESI-MS) e os resultados indicam que se trata sucroéster monossubstituído.

Sucrose esters are generally used as surfactants, fat substitutes and antibiotics. The aim of the present study was to synthesize new sucrose esters derived from picolinic acid (2-pyridine carboxylic acid) and study in vitro antimicrobial activity on the Gram-negative pathogenic bacterium Escherichia coli. The synthesis of sucrose picolinate was performed through the transesterification of sucrose with methyl picolinate under anhydrous conditions at 80 o C using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as the solvent and K2 CO 3 as the catalyst. The separation of the formed isomers was performed by HPLC in a semi-preparative chromatograph system. Five fractions were collected and applied to a disc-diffusion antibiogram in solid-medium tests at concentrations of 150, 300, 450, 600, 750 and 900 μg/mL. Fractions 2, 4 and 6 were active against E. coli. Fraction 4 (900 μg/mL) was the most efficient and was selected for the determination of antimicrobial activity in synergistic tests with EDTA at concentrations of 250, 500 and 750 μg/mL. The best result was obtained with 750 μg/mL of EDTA. Fraction 4 was characterized as a monosubstituted sucrose ester by FTIR and mass spectrometry (ESI-MS).

A meta-analysis on the effect of chromium picolinate on glucose and lipid profiles among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

BACKGROUND: The role of chromium in human nutrition was first reported in 1977 on a patient on total parenteral nutrition manifesting with neuropathy and impaired glucose tolerance attributed to chromium deficiency. After correction, nerve conduction and glucose tolerance tests normalized. Chromium is postulated to act as a cofactor for insulin action by enhancing insulin receptor phosphorylation and stimulating insulin receptor tyrosine kinase.OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect of chromium picolinate versus placebo on glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C), fasting blood sugar (FBS), 2-hours postprandial blood sugar (2HPPBS), fasting insulin (FI) and lipid profile among T2DM patients.METHODS: Literature search in Medicine, Cochrane and Herdin was made using terms such as chromium, chromium picolinate intake of >= 3 months among T2DM patients. Two reviewers independently screened abstracts and full articles. Results were plotted using Revman 4.2.RESULTS: Thirty four trials were found and six trials were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled data for 467 patients with T2DM reported lowering of HbA1c -0.34% (CI -0.45, 0.24 p0.06); FBS -16.6 mg/dl (CI -18.9, -14.41 p 0.30); 2HPPBS -17.33 mg/dL (CI -20.21, -18..81 p CONCLUSION: Chromium picolinate lowers HbA1c, FBS, 2HPPBS and FI moderately but it has no effect on lipids, However, the short duration of studies, variable quality and large heterogeneity across these data limits the strength of our conclusion, hence further studies are recommended.

EFFECT OF ORGANIC CHROMIUM ON EGG PRODUCTION AND IMMUNE RESPONSES IN HEAT STRESSED LAYERS / 营养学报

Objective: To investigate the effect of chromium picolinate on egg production, egg quality, serum biochemical indices and immune response. Methods: A total of 120 49 w old Beijing Red commercial layers were randomly allotted to one of five treatments, and fed a basal corn soybean meal diet and the basal diet supplemented with 0.4,2.0,10.0 or 20.0 mg/kg Cr as chromium picolinate under heat stress for 30 days.Results: Cr increased average egg weight(P0.20) on egg yield, feed intake and feed/egg ratio. Added Cr at 0.4 ,2.0,10.0 mg/kg enhanced (P