Cytogenetics of two Farlowella species (Loricariidae: Loricariinae): implications on the taxonomic status of the species

Farlowella is one of the most diverse genera of the Loricariinae, restricted to South America rivers. The taxonomic and phylogenetic relationships among its species are contentious and, while genetic studies would contribute to the understanding of their relationships, the only available datum refer to the karyotype description of only one species. In the present study two Amazonian species, Farlowella cf. amazonum and F. schreitmuelleri, were analyzed using conventional and molecular cytogenetic procedures. Both species had diploid chromosome number 58, but different fundamental numbers (NF) 116 and 112, respectively, indicative of chromosomal rearrangements. C-banding is almost poor, especially in F. cf. amazonum, and occurs predominantly in the centromeric and in some telomeric regions, although genome of F. schreitmuelleri possessed a much larger heterochromatin amount then those of F. cf. amazonum. The chromosomes bearing the NOR sites were likely the same for both species, corresponding to the 1st metacentric pair in F. cf. amazonum and to the 28th acrocentric in F. schreitmuelleri. The location of the 5S rDNA was species-specific marker. This study expanded the available cytogenetic data for Farlowella species and pointed the remarkable karyotype diversity among species/populations, indicating a possible species complex within genus.(AU)

Farlowella é um dos gêneros mais diversos de Loricariinae, restrito aos rios da América do Sul. As relações taxonômicas e filogenéticas entre suas espécies são contenciosas e, enquanto os estudos genéticos contribuem para a compreensão dessas relações, o único dado disponível refere-se à descrição cariotípica de apenas uma espécie. No presente estudo, foram analizadas duas espécies amazônicas Farlowella cf. amazonum e F. schreitmuelleri, empregando procedimentos citogenéticos convencionais e moleculares. Ambas as espécies apresentaram número diploide igual a 58 cromossomos, mas com números fundamentais diferentes (NF) de 116 e 112, respectivamente, indicando rearranjos cromossômicos. Bandas C são poucas, especialmente em F. cf. amazonum, e ocorre predominantemente nas regiões centroméricas e em algumas regiões teloméricas, embora F. schreitmuelleri apresenta uma quantidade de heterocromatina muito maior que F. cf. amazonum. Os cromossomos carreadores dos sítios da NOR foram provavelmente os mesmos para ambas as espécies, correspondendo ao primeiro par metacêntrico em F. cf. amazonum e ao 28º acrocêntrico em F. schreitmuelleri. A localização do DNAr 5S foi espécie-específico. Este estudo expandiu os dados citogenéticos disponíveis para espécies de Farlowella e apontou uma remarcável diversidade cromossômica entre espécies/populações, indicando um possível complexo de espécies neste gênero.(AU)

Chromosomal location of 18S and 5S rDNA sites in Triportheus fish species (Characiformes, Characidae)

The location of 18S and 5S rDNA sites was determined in eight species and populations of the fish genus Triportheus by using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). The males and females of all species had 2n = 52 chromosomes and a ZZ/ZW sex chromosome system. A single 18S rDNA site that was roughly equivalent to an Ag-NOR was detected on the short arms of a submetacentric pair in nearly all species, and up to two additional sites were also observed in some species. In addition, another 18S rDNA cluster was identified in a distal region on the long arms of the W chromosome; this finding corroborated previous evidence that this cluster would be a shared feature amongst Triportheus species. In T. angulatus, a heterozygotic paracentric inversion involving the short arms of one homolog of a metacentric pair was associated with NORs. The 5S rDNA sites were located on the short arms of a single submetacentric chromosomal pair, close to the centromeres, except in T. auritus, which had up to ten 5S rDNA sites. The 18S and 5S rDNA sites were co-localized and adjacent on the short arms of a chromosomal pair in two populations of T. nematurus. Although all Triportheus species have a similar karyotypic macrostructure, the results of this work show that in some species ribosomal genes may serve as species-specific markers when used in conjunction with other putatively synapomorphic features.