Infección por virus del papiloma humano en mujeres del Cantón Cañar, Ecuador / Human papillomavirus infection among women from Cañar Canton in Ecuador

Introducción: Existen pocos estudios sobre la circulación del virus del papiloma humano en mujeres ecuatorianas, particularmente residentes en el Cantón Cañar. Objetivo: Determinar la circulación del virus del papiloma humano, las alteraciones en la citología cérvico-vaginal de mujeres cañaríes y el comportamiento de algunas variables sociodemográficas y clínico-epidemiológicas. Métodos: Estudio analítico de corte transversal desde julio 2017-septiembre 2018. Se colectaron células cervicouterinas de 100 mujeres entre 15 y 55 años de edad para determinar la infección viral y alteraciones citológicas. Se investigó la asociación entre variables sociodemográficas y clínico-epidemiológicas con la infección viral. Resultados: El 51 por ciento (51/100) de las mujeres examinadas resultó positivo al virus, con predominio de los genotipos oncogénicos. El genotipo 31 fue el más frecuente (56,9 por ciento; 29/51), seguido por el genotipo 58 (43,1 por ciento; 22/51). Las mujeres mayores de 50 años, tenían una probabilidad menor de estar infectadas (3,9 por ciento; 2/51). La probabilidad de infección fue mayor en mujeres solteras, con antecedentes de infecciones de transmisión sexual, que padecían procesos cervicales inflamatorios, y en las fumadoras. La infección con genotipo 66 estuvo asociada al uso de anticonceptivos hormonales (53,3 por ciento; 8/15); p= 0,045, RP= 3,08 IC95 por ciento (1,00-9,46). Se obtuvo el 97 por ciento de citologías negativas para malignidad; no se diagnosticaron casos con lesiones de alto grado. Conclusiones: La elevada prevalencia de infección con genotipos oncogénicos en contraste con la baja frecuencia de citologías positivas, indica la necesidad de implementar programas eficientes para la detección precoz del cáncer cervicouterino en la población del Cañar y divulgar campañas de educación sexual y reproductiva(AU)

Introduction: Few studies are available about the circulation of human papillomavirus among Ecuadorian women, particularly those from Cañar Canton. Objectives: Determine the circulation of human papillomavirus, alterations in the cervical-vaginal cytology of women from Cañar Canton, and the behavior of some sociodemographic and clinical-epidemiological variables. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted from July 2017 to September 2018. Cervical cells were collected from 100 women aged 15-55 years to determine viral infection and cytological alterations. An analysis was performed of the relationship of sociodemographic and clinical-epidemiological variables to viral infection. Results: Of the women examined, 51 percent; (51/100) tested positive for the virus, with a predominance of oncogenic genotypes. Genotype 31 was the most common (56.9 percent;; 29/51), followed by genotype 58 (43.1 percent; 22/51). Women aged over 50 years had a lesser probability of being infected (3.9 percent;; 2/51). Infection probability was greater among single women, with a history of sexually transmitted infections, who suffered from inflammatory cervical processes, and smokers. Infection by genotype 66 was associated to the use of hormonal contraceptives (53.3 percent;; 8/15); p= 0.045, PR= 3.08 CI95 percent; (1.00-9.46). Of the sample cytologies, 97 percent; were negative for malignancy; no case was diagnosed of high-grade lesions. Conclusions: The high prevalence of infection by oncogenic genotypes, as opposed to the low frequency of positive cytologies, points to the need to implement efficient programs aimed at early detection of cervical cancer in the population of Cañar Canton, as well as sexual and reproductive education campaigns(AU)

Factors associated with abnormalities of the cytopathological uterine cervix test in South of Brazil / Fatores associados a alterações do exame citopatológico cérvico-uterino no Sul do Brasil

Abstract Objectives: to identify factors associated with abnormal cytopathological test uterine cervix. Methods: it is a analytical study with the participation of 390 women who presented abnormal cytopathological from a city in the state of Paraná in 2012. They were randomly selected through sampling plan. Sociodemographic information such as age, marital status, education level and ethnicity were considered independent variables while the high or low-grade cytological lesions as dependent variable. We analyzed the data statistically by Yates Corrected test, Fisher exact test and measures of association by odds ratio. For all analyzes was considered significance level of 5% and 95% confidence interval. Results: the mean age was 38.8 years, 72.9% were married or common-law marriage, 49.7% with low education level and 87.4% race/color white. HPV contamination was detected in 49.7% of women and high-grade cytological lesions in 18.2%. The low educa-tional level (95%OR=4.07) and non-white ethnicity (95%OR=2.22) were strongly associated with the development to cervical lesions (p<0.05). Conclusions: sociodemoghaphic characteristics were crucial to high-risk lesions and development of cervical cancer, especially in women with low educational level and race/color black or brown. These results confirm the persistence of diseases related to preventable and avoidable causes in the country.

Resumo Objetivos: identificar os fatores associados com alterações do exame citopatológico cérvico-uterino. Métodos: trata-se de um estudo analítico com participação de 390 mulheres que apresen-taram alterações citopatológicas em município do Estado do Paraná no período de 2012. Elas foram selecionadas aleatoriamente através de plano amostral. Informações sociode-mográficas como idade, estado civil, grau de escolaridade e etnia foram consideradas variáveis independentes enquanto que o alto ou baixo grau de lesão citológica como variável dependente. Analisaram-se os dados estatisticamente pelos Testes de Yates corrigido e Fisher e medidas de associação pela odds ratio. Para todas as análises considerou nível de significância de 5% e intervalo de confiança 95%. Resultados: a idade média foi de 38,8 anos sendo a maioria casada ou união estável (72,8%) e com baixa escolaridade (42,8%) e raça/cor branca (87,4%). A contaminação pelo HPV foi detectada em 49,7% das mulheres e lesões citológicas de alto grau em 18,2%. A baixa escolaridade (OR95%=4,07) e etnia não branca (OR95%=2,22) estiveram fortemente associadas ao desenvolvimento às lesões de colo uterino (p<0,05). Conclusão: características sociodemográficas foram determinantes para lesões de alto risco e desenvolvimento de câncer de colo uterino, especialmente nas mulheres de baixa escolaridade e raça/cor negra ou parda. Estes resultados confirmam a persistência de doenças por causas evitáveis e reduzíveis no país.

Correlación citohistológica de ASC-H en el Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen durante el período enero 2013 a julio 2015 / Cyto-histological correlation of ASC-H at Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, January 2013 - July 2015

En nuestro país, el cáncer de cuello uterino es aún la neoplasia maligna más frecuente en mujeres. Como prueba de tamizaje se utiliza el examen de Papanicolaou o citología cérvico-vaginal, el cual es informado utilizando el Sistema de Bethesda. En dicho sistema, la categoría ASC-H (atypícal squamous cells - cannot exclude HSIL-high grade squamous epithelial lesions, por sus siglas en inglés) designa los casos con presencia de células escamosas atípicas en las cuales los cambios son sugestivos de una lesión intraepitelial escamosa de alto grado pero insuficientes para una interpretación citopatológica definitiva, por lo que es importante determinar la correlación citohistológica de esta categoría. Objetivo. Correlacionar los resultados citopatológicos informados como ASC-H con los diagnósticos histopatológicos. Diseño. Estudio de tipo descriptivo, transversal y retrospectivo. Material. Citología cérvico-vaginal e histopatología. Métodos. Se revisó los casos con estudio citopatológico realizado entre enero de 2013 y julio de 2015, y con estudio histopatológico hasta un año después. Mediante la base de datos se determinó la cantidad poblacional y los diagnósticos. Se consideró como prueba de oro el diagnóstico histopatológico. Principales medidas de resultados. Correlación cito-histológica en casos de ASC-H. Resultados. Durante el período de estudio se realizaron 53 716 estudios de citología cérvico-vaginal convencional; de estos, 119 fueron catalogados como ASC-H; finalmente, 43 casos (0,07%) cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. El rango de edad de las pacientes fue de 22 a 70 años, siendo la media 43,8 años. El 42% de casos de ASC-H tuvo el diagnóstico de NIC2 y NIC3 en el estudio histopatológico. Conclusión. Se encontró una correlación entre los resultados de ASC-H y las lesiones intraepiteliales de alto grado (NIC II y NIC III), que concuerda con la encontrada en la bibliografía.

Cervical cancer is the most prevalent neoplasm in women in our country. The Papanicolaou test is used as a screening test, and is reported using the Bethesda System. In this system, the ASC-H (atypical squamous cells - cannot exclude HSIL-high grade squamous epithelial lesions) category designates cases with atypical squamous cells, where the changes are suggestive of a high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion but insufficient for a definitive cytopathologic interpretation. It becomes important to determine the cyto-histological correlation in this group. Objective: To correlate cytopathologic results reported as ASC-H with histopathological diagnoses. Designs: Descriptive, cross sectional retrospective study. Material: Cervicovaginal cytology and histology. Method: We reviewed the cases with a cytologicalpathological study between January 2013 and July 2015 and with a histopathological study until a year later. The population and diagnoses were determined using the database. Histopathological diagnosis was considered as the gold standard. Main outcome measures: Cyto-histological correlation in ASC-H cases. Results: Out of the total of 53 716 cervical cytology studies performed during the study period, 119 were classified as ASC-H; 43 (0.07%) cases met the inclusion criteria. The age ranged between 22 and 70 years, with an average of 43.8 years; 42% of ASC-H cases were diagnosed as presenting CIN2 and CIN3 in the histopathological study. Conclusion: This study showed correlation between ASC-H results and high-grade intraepithelial lesions (CIN2 and CIN3), in line with findings in the literature.

Aplicação da citopatologia em meio líquido no diagnóstico diferencial das leveduras cervico/vaginais / Citopathology application in liquid medium in differential diagnosis of cervical/vaginal yeast

Objetivos: Analisar em preparados em base líquida a percentagem de diagnósticos de Candida sp., diferenciar e analisar a prevalência das espécies em relação à faixa etária das pacientes e verificar se há relação entre elas. Método: Foi realizado um estudo longitudinal retrospectivo de 174 amostras com diagnóstico de Candida sp. em material de citologia cérvico-vaginal colhidas em base líquida. Foi analisada a eficácia na detecção de Candida sp. através do método de citologia, dentre 5543 amostras realizadas. Resultados: Houve na amostra 176 (3,2%) diagnósticos de Candida sp., das 174 amostras 159 (91,4%) corresponderam a Candida albicans, 8 (4,6%) o Geotrichum candidum e 7 (4%) a Candida glabrata. Conclusão: A citologia detectou 3,2% de Candida sp, foi possível diagnosticar as espécies de Cândida em todos os casos estudados observando-se predomínio da Candida albicans (91,4%). Não houve relação entre a espécie de Candida sp. e a faixa etária das pacientes

Objectives: Annalise how prevalent each Candida sp. species is in different age groups and if there is any relation between age group and Candida sp. species. Methods: Retrospective longitudinal analysis of 174 liquid base exams with diagnosis of Candida sp. At the same time, the efficiency of liquid base method was evaluated, considering 5543 exams. Results: 176 (3,2%) cases of the total were diagnosed as Candida sp. It was possible to recognize Candida sp. species in Papanicolaou. In this study, a total of 174 liquid based smears were evaluated, 159 (91,4%) of this total were Candida albicans, 8 (4,6%) were diagnosed as Geotrichum candidum and 7 (4%) were Candida glabrata. Conclusion: The cytology detected 3,2% of Candida sp., it was also possible to differ Candida sp. species in all cases, observing a prevalence of Candida albicans (91,4%). It was not possible to relate Candida sp. species to patients' age group

Social representations of gynecologic cancer screening assessment a qualitative research on Ecuadorian women / Representações sociais acerca dos Programas de Tamisação de Câncer Ginecológico em mulheres equatorianas: um estudo qualitativo desde a percepção das usuárias dos Serviços de Atenção Primária de Saúde / Un estudio cualitativo desde la percepción de las usuarias de servicios de atención primaria de salud

The purpose of this work was to explore: knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs regarding gynecologic cancer screening on Ecuadorian women users of primary care facilities, to identify the social representations that users of health services make about these programs and their influence on the decision to undergo a screening. An exploratory and qualitative research design was held using focus groups and in-depth interviews for data collection. A narrative content analysis of the results was conducted. Women’s knowledge on gynecological cancer screening was confusing. Most frequent misconceptions related to the pap smear were: the belief that it could be useful for detecting pregnancy, ovarian cysts or infections. Most of the participants stated that the pap smear procedure is a traumatic and painful experience. Regarding to mammography women said it was used for sick woman and this procedure by itself may cause cancer.

O propósito desta investigação foi explorar os conhecimentos e crenças respeito aos programas de detecção do câncer ginecológico, entre usuárias de centros de atenção primaria de saúde, para identificar as representações sociais que as usuárias dos centros de saúde elaboram acerca de estes programas e dos diferentes procedimentos que compreendem. O desenho da investigação foi exploratório e qualitativo, mediante grupos focais e entrevistas a profundidade, com a respectiva análise narrativa e interpretativa do conteúdo. Encontrou-se conhecimento confuso acerca dos programas de tamisação de câncer ginecológico e dificuldades associadas à realização dos procedimentos. Os significados mais frequentes acerca dos programas foram o uso da citologia cérvico-vaginal para detectar gravidez, quistos ováricos ou infecções. A maioria das participantes associava este procedimento com una experiência dolorosa e traumática. Respeito ao autoexame de mamas, o identificaram como uma massagem preventiva-terapêutica e à mamografia, como perigosa porque poderia desenvolver câncer.

El propósito de esta investigación fue explorar los conocimientos, actitudes y creencias respecto a los programas de detección del cáncer ginecológico entre usuarias de centros de atención primaria de salud para identificar las representaciones sociales que las usuarias de los servicios de salud elaboran acerca de estos programas y de los diferentes procedimientos que comprenden. El diseño de la investigación fue exploratorio y cualitativo, mediante grupos focales y entrevistas a profundidad, con el respectivo análisis narrativo e interpretativo del contenido. Se encontró conocimiento confuso acerca de los programas de tamizaje de cáncer ginecológico y dificultades asociadas a la realización de los procedimientos. Los significados más frecuentes acerca de los programas fueron: el uso de la citología cérvico-vaginal para detectar embarazo, quistes ováricos o infecciones. La mayoría de los participantes asociaba este procedimiento con una experiencia dolorosa y traumática. Respecto al autoexamen de mamas, lo calificaron como un masaje preventivo-terapéutico y a la mamografía como peligrosa porque podría desarrollar cáncer.

Aplicação da citopatologia em meio líquido no diagnóstico diferencial das leveduras cervico/vaginais / Citopathology application in liquid medium in differential diagnosis of cervical/vaginal yeast

Objetivos: Analisar em preparados em base líquida a percentagem de diagnósticos de Candida sp., diferenciar e analisar a prevalência das espécies em relação à faixa etária das pacientes e verificar se há relação entre elas. Método: Foi realizado um estudo longitudinal retrospectivo de 174 amostras com diagnóstico de Candida sp. em material de citologia cérvico-vaginal colhidas em base líquida. Foi analisada a eficácia na detecção de Candida sp. através do método de citologia, dentre 5543 amostras realizadas. Resultados: Houve na amostra 176 (3,2%) diagnósticos de Candida sp., das 174 amostras 159 (91,4%) corresponderam a Candida albicans, 8 (4,6%) o Geotrichum candidum e 7 (4%) a Candida glabrata. Conclusão: A citologia detectou 3,2% de Candida sp, foi possível diagnosticar as espécies de Cândida em todos os casos estudados observando-se predomínio da Candida albicans (91,4%). Não houve relação entre a espécie de Candida sp. e a faixa etária das pacientes

Objectives: Annalise how prevalent each Candida sp. species is in different age groups and if there is any relation between age group and Candida sp. species. Methods: Retrospective longitudinal analysis of 174 liquid base exams with diagnosis of Candida sp. At the same time, the efficiency of liquid base method was evaluated, considering 5543 exams. Results: 176 (3,2%) cases of the total were diagnosed as Candida sp. It was possible to recognize Candida sp. species in Papanicolaou. In this study, a total of 174 liquid based smears were evaluated, 159 (91,4%) of this total were Candida albicans, 8 (4,6%) were diagnosed as Geotrichum candidum and 7 (4%) were Candida glabrata. Conclusion: The cytology detected 3,2% of Candida sp., it was also possible to differ Candida sp. species in all cases, observing a prevalence of Candida albicans (91,4%). It was not possible to relate Candida sp. species to patients' age group

Knowledge and attitudes as predictors of cervical cancer screening among women in a Venezuelan urban area / Conocimientos y actitudes como predictores en la pesquisa del cuello uterino en mujeres en un área urbana venezolana

The purpose of this research was to investigate how the knowledge and attitudes have influence in Cervical Cancer (CC) screening among Venezuelan women, by realizing a cross-sectional descriptive study based on a structured non disguised questionnaire with closed ended questions: yes/no questions and multiple choices. The survey was performed on 691 volunteers, of which 595 were analyzed. Each patient was asked to fill in the questionnaire. Four hundred ninety three of 522 (94.4%) answered that they knew that Pap smear is for screening CC. Knowledge of Pap smear was statistically significant when it was compared to high educational level (p<0.0001) although 185 (76%) of 244 low educational level interviewees answered that they had the knowledge that the Pap smear is used for screening of CC. Four hundred four of 504 (84.7%; p<0.001) mentioned that they had a Pap smear at least once. One hundred ninety two (38.1%) of 504 women were adherent to an annual Pap smear test and more than half of the women (n=337, 67%) had the last Pap smear in the last 1-3 years. Women with a high educational level showed higher adherence to the annual Pap smear screening (68.2%). Two hundred fifty seven (87.4%) of 294 said that they remembered when they got the information about Pap smear. The conclusions of this investigation were that our women were aware about Pap smear, had a good attitude to have a Pap smear and to be adherent to a regularly performed screening.

El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar como el conocimiento y las actitudes que poseen las mujeres venezolanas son elementos que influencian la pesquisa del Cáncer del Cuello Uterino (CCU). La investigación consistió en un estudio descriptivo transversal basado en un cuestionario estructurado no disfrazado con preguntas cerradas, usando respuestas si/no y múltiple escogencia. Se entrevistaron 691 mujeres; 595 fueron analizadas. Cada paciente llenó el cuestionario. Cuatrocientos noventa y tres de 522 (94,4%) respondieron que sabía que la citología cervico-vaginal (CCV) es para la pesquisa del CCU. El conocimiento sobre la utilidad de la CCV fue estadísticamente significativo cuando se comparó el nivel educacional de las entrevistadas (p<0,0001), sin embargo, 185 (76%) de 244 mujeres con bajo nivel educacional respondieron que ellas tenían el conocimiento sobre la utilidad de la CCV en la pesquisa del CCU. Cuatrocientos cuatro de 595 (84,7%; p<0,001) mencionaron que ellas se había realizado al menos una CCV. Ciento noventa y dos de 504 entrevistadas (38,1%) se realizaban una CCV anual y más de la mitad (n=337, 67%) de ellas se practicaban la CCV entre 1-3 años. Las mujeres con un nivel educacional elevado fueron más inclinadas a realizarse su CCV anual (68,2%). Doscientos cincuenta y siete (87,4%) de 294 entrevistadas mencionaron que ellas recordaban cuando se enteraron de la utilidad de la CCV. Las conclusiones de esta investigación fueron que nuestras mujeres están concientes de la utilidad de la CCV, tienen una buena actitud a realizársela, así mismo de practicársela regularmente.

Aspectos epidemiológicos en citologías con resultados anormales en el hospital boliviano "El Torno" / Epidemiological aspects in cytologies with abnormal results in "El Torno" Bolivian hospital

Se efectuó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo y transversal de 886 mujeres con resultados citológicos positivos, atendidas en la consulta de Ginecología del hospital "El Torno" de Bolivia, desde enero hasta diciembre del 2009, a fin de caracterizar aspectos epidemiológicos en citologías con resultados anormales. La información se obtuvo de la historia clínica individual de cada paciente y una encuesta elaborada al efecto. El procesamiento de los datos se realizó de forma computarizada, a través del sistema Epi Info 6. Se emplearon la prueba estadística Ji al cuadrado y el porcentaje como medida de resumen. En la casuística predominaron el grupo etario de 20-39 años y el diagnóstico de reacciones inflamatorias inespecíficas del cuello uterino. La positividad de los exámenes de papanicolaou mostró una tendencia descendente en relación con años anteriores. Se evidenció que las féminas iniciaron sus relaciones sexuales precozmente y la mayoría tuvo más de una pareja sexual.

An observational, descriptive, retrospective and cross-sectional study of 886 women with positive cytological results, assisted in the Gynecology Department from "El Torno" hospital in Bolivia, was carried out from January to December, 2009, in order to characterize epidemiological aspects in cytologies with abnormal results. The information was obtained from the individual medical record of each patient and a survey elaborated to the effect. The processing of data was carried out in a computerized way, through the system Epi Info 6. Chi square test and the percentage as summary measure were used as statistical tests. The age group 20-39 years and the diagnosis of inespecific inflammatory reactions of the cervix prevailed in the case material. The positivity of the Pap smears showed a descending tendency in relation to previous years. It was evidenced that the patients began their sexual relations in an early stage and most of them had more than one sexual couple.

Citologías cervico-vaginales no satisfactorias en el hospital “Manuel Noriega Trigo” de Maracaibo / Unsatisfactory cervico-pap tests at the hospital

Objetivo: Determinar el porcentaje de citologías cervico-vaginales no satisfactorias en el Hospital “Manuel Noriega Trigo”. Métodos: Se revisaron retrospectivamente las citologías cervico-vaginales estudiadas en el Servicio de Anatomía-Patológica del período comprendido entre noviembre 2008 a diciembre de 2009. Resultados: Se revisaron 1 566 citologías cervico-vaginales reportándose 126 como insatisfactorias (8.%). Las causas más frecuente de citologías cervico-vaginales no satisfactoria fue la falta de identificación del paciente (n=53, 36,8 %), la abundancia de leucocitos (n=31, 21,5 %) y la presencia de abundantes hematíes (n=26, 18,1 %). Diez y siete citologías cervico-vaginales (14,3 %) presentaron varias causas para ser catalogadas como insatisfactorias. Ochenta (63,5 %) de 126 citologías cervico-vaginales reportadas insatisfactorias fueron reportadas como negativas para malignidad. Cuarenta (31,7 %) de las (126 citologías cervico-vaginales) insatisfactorias fueron consideradas como imposibles de ser analizadas o estudiadas por el citotecnólogo o patólogo, representaron el 2,6 % del total de las estudiadas. En 33 citologías cervico-vaginales (2,1 %), no se encontraron células endocervicales. Los centros asistenciales que presentaron un mayor número de citologías cervico-vaginales no satisfactorias fueron el Hospital “Manuel Noriega Trigo” con 63 (50 %), Ambulatorio El Silencio con 31 (24,6 %) y el Ambulatorio El Caujaro con 17 (13,5 %), sin embargo, en proporción, fueron los Ambulatorios El Silencio (31 de 133 citologías cervico-vaginales, 23,3 %) y El Caujaro (17 de 115 citologías cervico-vaginales, 14,8 %) los que tuvieron mayor número de citologías cervico-vaginales insatisfactorias. Conclusiones: El porcentaje de citologías cervico-vaginales insatisfactorias fue aceptable cuando se analizaron las causas propias de la toma, procesamiento y lecturas de las citologías cervico-vaginales. Asimismo, el porcentaje de ausencia de células ...

Objective: To determinate the percentage of unsatisfactory Pap smears at Manuel Noriega Trigo Hospital. Methods: Pap smears studied by the Service of Pathology were reviewed retrospectively between November 2008 and December 2009. Results: One hundred twenty six (8 %) of 1 566 Pap smears were reported unsatisfactory. The most common cause of unsatisfactory vaginal cytology was the lack of patient´s identification (n=53, 36.8 %), obscuring smear inflammation (n=31, 21.5 %) and blood (n=26, 18.1 %). Seventeen Pap smear (14.3 %) had several causes to be considered non satisfactory. Eighty (63.5 %) of 126 Pap smear unsatisfactory were negatives to malignancy. Forty (31.7 %) of 126 Pap smear unsatisfactory could not be analyzed neither the cytotechnogist nor the pathologist; they represented 2.6 % of the 1566 Pap smear. Thirty three Pap smear (2.1 %) did not have endocervical cells. Hospital “Manuel Noriega Trigo” (n=63.50 %), El Silencio (n=31, 24.6 %) and El Caujaro (n=17, 13.5 %) have higher number of unsatisfactory vaginal cytologies, however, proportionally El Silencio (31 of 133 Pap smear, 23.3 %) and El Caujaro (17 of 115 Pap smear, 14.8 %) had higher unsatisfactory Pap smears. Conclusion: The percentage of unsatisfactory Pap smears was acceptable when we analyzed causes such as the technique of collection of the Pap smear, the staining technique, and the study of the slide. The number of endocervical cells was low even though the endocervical collection sample was taken with a cotton swab, maybe because Pap smear were taken by medical doctors.

Factores asociados a displasia en mujeres con atipias de células escamosas de significado indeterminado / Dysplasia associated factors in women with squamous cell atypias of undetermined significance

Objetivo: identificar los factores asociados a displasia en mujeres que asisten al Hospital Central de la Policía Nacional o a diferentes dispensarios, cuya citología cérvicovaginal presentaba atipias de células escamosas de significado indeterminado (ASC-US).Materiales y métodos: estudio de prevalencia en el cual se identificaron los factores asociados a displasia de cuello uterino por medio de la correlación de las diferentes variables, por el servicio de Patología del Hospital Central de la Policía Nacional. Las diferentes variables fueron extraídas de las historias clínicas. Se realizó un reporte descriptivo de las prevalencias y se calcularon OR por medio de regresión logística para establecer la asociación entre las variables.Resultados: se encontraron porcentajes de distribución de displasia así: Sin displasia: 8.6%; Displasia leve: 80.2%; Displasia moderada: 8.2%; Displasia severa: 3.0%. La edad en la población tuvo una mediana de 47. 8 7 años. La población sin displasia fue de 8.6% y con displasia 91.4%. La asociación entre ciclos y displasia fue de 0.008 y entre antecedente personal de cáncer y displasia fue de 0.005. En la regresión logís-tica, la edad mostró asociación con una p<0.05.Conclusiones: la importancia de la toma de la citología cérvicovaginal cobra un papel cada vez más relevante en nuestra población, dado el aumento de la preva-lencia de displasia. Las principales recomendaciones son: adecuada toma de la citología y tener en cuenta la edad como factor importante para la asociación de displasia cérvicovaginal sobre los ASC-US, ya que en muchas ocasiones se pueden pasar por alto en la consulta diaria. Palabras clave: citología cérvicovaginal, asc-us, displasia

Objective: to identify factors associated with dysplasia in women attending the Central Hospital of the National Police or different clinics whose cervico-vaginal cyto-logy presented atypia squamous cell of undetermined significance (ASC-US).Materials and methods: prevalence study of what is intended to identify the factors associated with dysplasia of the cervix through the correlation of different variables, for the service of Pathology of the Central Hospital of the National Police. The variables were obtained through to medical records. It performs a report describing the prevalence's were calculated OR through logistic regression was used to establish the association between the variables.Results: the percentage of the distribution of dysplasia: Without dysplasia: 8.6%; Mild dysplasia: 80.2%; Moderate dysplasia: 8.2%; Severe dysplasia: 3.0%. The population has an average of 47 years. The percen-tage of people without dysplasia was 8.6% and 91.4% dysplasia. The analysis showed that divariado. The partnership between cycles and dysplasia was between 0,008 and personal history of cancer and dysplasia was 0005. For Multivariate logistic regression analysis age showed partnership with p <0.05.Conclusions: the importance of making the cervico-vaginal cytology charged an increasingly important role in our population, given the increased prevalence in dysplasia. Our main recommendation is, in addition to adequate and accurate making cytology, keep in mind that age is an important factor for the association cervico-vaginal dysplasia. And the ASC-US, as many times can be overlooked in the daily consultations. Key words: cervico-vaginal cytology, ASC-US dysplasia

Human papillomavirus false positive cytological diagnosis in low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion

The purpose of this study was to investigate the number of Human Papillomavirus false positive cytological diagnosis in low grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL). Three hundred and two women who assisted to an Out-Patient Gynecologic Clinic in Maracaibo, Venezuela, were recruited for this study. Each patient had the Pap smear and a cervical swab for Hybrid Capture 2 (HC2). Three cytotechnologists reviewed the Pap smears and two pathologists rescreened all of them. The cytotechnologists reported 161 (53.3 percent) Pap smears negatives for intraepithelial lesion (IL) or malignancy, and 141 cases (46.7 percent) with epithelial abnormalities. They reported 46 percent of 302 patients with HPV infection in Pap smear slides. The pathologists found that 241 (79.8 percent) Pap smears were negatives for IL or malignancy and 61 (20.2 percent), with abnormal Pap smears. They found 14.6 percent HPV infection in all Pap smears (p<0.0001; 46 percent vs 14.6 percent). The HC2 study showed that 47 samples (15.6 percent) were positive for HPV. The study found that 114 Pap smears (False Positive: 85 percent) of 134 reported by the cytotechnologists and 24 (False Positive: 43 percent) of 56 cytologies reported by the pathologists as LSIL, were negative for HPV infection determined by HC2 (p<0.00003). The present study suggests that the cytotechnologists overdiagnosed cellular changes associated with HPV infection in the Pap smear, increasing the FP cytological diagnosis of LSIL.

El presente trabajo tuvo por objeto el investigar el número de falsos positivos reportados en la citología cervicovaginal (CCV) de la presencia del Virus del Papiloma Humano (VPH) con diagnóstico de Lesión Intraepitelial Escamosa de bajo grado (LIE-BG). Se estudiaron 302 mujeres que asistieron a la Consulta de Patología de Cuello Uterino del Hospital Manuel Noriega Trigo, en Maracaibo, Venezuela. A cada paciente se le practicaron una CCV y muestra para la captura de híbridos 2 (CH2). Tres citotecnólogos y 2 patólogos estudiaron las CCV. Los citotecnólogos reportaron 161(53,3 por ciento) de CCV negativas para lesión intraepitelial o malignidad y 141 casos (46,7 por ciento) con anomalías epiteliales. Éstos encontraron 46 por ciento de presencia de VPH en las 302 CCV. Los patólogos reportaron 241 CCV (79,8 por ciento) negativas y 61 CCV (20,2 por ciento) anormales. Estos encontraron en 14,6 por ciento de las CCV, la presencia de VPH (p < 0, 0001; 46 por ciento vs 14,6 por ciento). La CH2 mostró que 47 muestras (15, 6 por ciento) fueron positivas a VPH. Esta investigación mostró que 112 CCV de 134 (Falso Positivo: 85 por ciento) reportados por los citotecnólogos y 24 de 56 CCV (Falso Positivo: 43 por ciento) reportados por los patólogos como LIE-BG, fueron negativos a la infección del VPH determinados por la CH2 (p < 0,00003). La investigación sugiere un sobrediagnóstico de la presencia de cambios celulares debidos al VPH en la CCV, por parte de los citotecnólogos, incrementando los falsos positivos de la presencia del VPH en CCV con diagnóstico de LIE-BG.

Morfometria e quantificação de estruturas nucleares por meio de análise computadorizada de imagens para diagnóstico de malignidade / Morfometric and quantification of nuclear structures through computerized analysis of images for malignidad diagnosis

Nos estudos de carcinomas cervicais uterinos, pode-se utilizar além das técnicas citológicas convencionis para sua classifcação, métodos hitoquímicos na identificação da atividade celular. Um destes métodos é a técnica de AfNOR que consiste na coloração das regiões organizadoras de nucléolo (NOR) pelo nitrato de prata, a qual evidencia a atividade proliferativa das neoplasias mostrando uma tendência progressiva ou regressiva das lesões. O problema dos métodos citilógicos é a subjetividade inerente das avaliações microscópicas. Com a evolução da informática foi possível captar imagens microscópicas, no entanto, para avalições mais precisas é necessário análise morfométrica das estruturas celulares. Objetivo: Desenvolver um programa para morfometria e quantificação dos pontos de NOR's em células escamosas da cérvice uterina coradas pela prata para diagnótico de malignidade. Métodos e resultados: Foram captadas 2500 imagens provenientes de amostras de raspado cervical de pacientes com suspeita de lesão e coradas pelo método de AgNOR. O programa foi idealizado a partir do sistema Scion Image e desenvolvido para determinar o númro e área dos pontos NOR's em imagens digitais, estabelecendo exatamente o número e a área ocupada em cada núcleo celular analisado, demonstrando claramente uma correlação positiva para o grau de agressividade das lesões cervicais. Finalmente, esta assocação da informática com técnicas citológicas poderá se tornar uma ferramenta valiosa para os casos de difícil conclusão pelos métodos de classificação citológica convencionais.

Validez de criterio y reproductividad de la lectura guiada en la citología cérvico-vaginal / Utility of a guided reading technique for cervical cancer screening

Contexto: La lectura de la citología cérvico-vaginal sigue un patrón que puede omitir sectores donde haya nidos de células anormales. Se ha diseñado una estrategia de guía de la lectura de bajo costo. Objetivo: Establecer la validez de criterio y la reproductividad de la lectura guiada sobre la capacidad de discriminar la citología cérvico-vaginal. Metodología: En 300 mujeres sin historia de cáncer de cuello uterino se tomaron dos láminas de citología cérvico-vaginal; ambas se leyeron con el método regular para posterior reevaluación oculta con técnica guiada. Se calcularon los indicadores diagnósticos de las lecturas regular y guiada de cada lámina (patrón de oro: lectura por patólogo). Resultados: Hubo 65 (21.7%) mujeres con citología positiva en la lectura regular, mientras que 64 (21.3%) lo fueron en la lectura guiada. La concordancia de la lectura regular (Kappa 0.354; IC 95% 0.250-0.457) mejoró con la lectura guiada (Kappa 0.395; IC 95% 0.285-0.505). De las placas 24.3% fueron positivas en la lectura por patólogo (2.7% con lesión de alto grado de malignidad). La lectura guiada mejoró los indicadores de validez de criterio. Conclusión: La lectura guiada mejora los indicadores de desempeño, y corrige parcialmente las fallas humanas en la lectura. Sin embargo, esto se debe verificar en estudios poblacionales.

Background: Reading of Papanicolaou test slides follows a pattern that could omit sectors with abnormal cell nests. A low-cost guided reading strategy has been designed. Aim: To establish criteria validity and reproducibility of guided reading strategy in cervical uterine Pap smear. Methodology: To each of 300 women without cervical cancer history in order to apply Papanicolaou test, two slides were taken; both slides were read by regular method, and then reevaluated in blinded conditions with a guided technique. Diagnosis accuracy of regular and guided techniques was determined using pathologist’s reading as a gold standard. Results: When regular readings were used 65 (21.7%) of women had abnormal cytology, and 64 (21.3%) had also abnormal readings with the guided technique. Concordance of the regular reading (Kappa 0.354; 95% CI 0.250-0.457) improved with the guided technique (Kappa 0.395; 95% CI 0.285-0.505), while 24.3% slides were found abnormal in gold standard (2.7% with a high degree of malignancy). The guided reading improves all criteria validity indicators. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the guided reading improves criteria validity indicators, correcting some technician mistakes; however, a populational study is necessary to confirm these results.