A cross-sectional study to assess the clinicoepidemiological profile of COVID-19 deaths in a COVID Designated Hospital of Bengaluru city

Background: COVID-19 pandemic which has spread across the India has resulted in many deaths among all age groups. Many children were orphaned and left homeless. The unkind misery faced by the humanity all over the world need to be understood in the best possible way to curb and prevent its further spread so that many lives can be saved. Aims and Objectives: The present study was undertaken to assess the Clinico-epidemiological profile of COVID positive deaths in a COVID designated hospital of Bangalore City. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study done on all the COVID positive patients who died during the first and second wave in this COVID designated hospital. The study period was from June 2020 to November 2021. All those patients who were under treatment for COVID and succumbed to it was included till the desired sample size was obtained. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics and SPSS software. Results: There were total 452 deaths out of the total admissions of 3336 accounting for a case fatality rate of 13.5%. Majority of the deaths were among males (63%) followed by females (36.9%). Deaths were more common in 60� years (24.5%) of age group. Among the total 452 deaths only 15 (3.3%) in first wave had a history of contact with a COVID positive case. In the second wave only 3 deaths had a history of previous COVID infection. In the second wave, out of the total 200 deaths, 06 were completely vaccinated and 02 were partially vaccinated. Majority of the patients who died were from Bangalore. Almost 59.7% of patients were APL card holders. The most common presentation among the COVID positive deaths was breathlessness followed by other respiratory symptoms such as cough, fever, and cold and throat pain. Conclusion: In this study we found that mortality due to COVID was more among males. Majority was APL card holders and belongs to the age group of 60� years.

Clinical Profile of Indoor Covid-19 Patients at a Medical Institute In India: A Retrospective analysis

Background: COVID-19 has caused a very high burden of morbidity and mortality across the world, India being also badly affected. The disease has a wide spectrum ranging from asymptomatic to severe illness and death. Research work on the epidemiological and clinical profile of patients is scarce in India. Objectives: This study was conducted to know the clinicoepidemiological profile of indoor hospitalized Covid 19 patients. Methods: a retrospective analysis (record based) conducted at a designated COVID tertiary care center. Study period-1st August 2020 to 31st October 2020. Study Unit- Laboratory confirmed COVID 19 patients admitted in the hospital. Sample size- All the 894 patients with complete record were included in the study. Results: The mean age was 47.68± 17.62 years. Around 14.1% of the population was asymptomatic. 75.7% were classified as having a mild disease. The cure rate was 82.9% and deaths were reported in 9.4%. More than half of the population was having at-least one co-morbidity. Conclusions: Our findings were similar to findings observed in other studies. A positive significant correlation was noticed between age, duration, clinical severity and outcome of patient. The clinical severity was also found to be associated with age, duration of symptoms and outcome of patient.

Clinico-epidemiological study of safe and unsafe chronic suppurative otitis media

Introduction: Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media (CSOM) remains one of the most commonest chronic infectious diseases worldwide particularly in children and adolescents. India has been classified as the high prevalence country with national prevalence of 4%. Knowledge of differential regional prevalence of risk factors is required for adequate health education of masses and for customised preventive and control measures in respective areas. Aims: To study the clinical and sociodemographic profile of patients with CSOM. Methods: The study was carried out in the department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, AMU, Aligarh from November, 2017 to December, 2019. Patients with CSOM attending the otorhinolaryngology OPD and those admitted in IPD were included in the study. Results: A total 200 cases of chronic suppurative otitis media including both safe (mucosal) and unsafe (squamous) type were studied. The mean age of participants was 22.8 ± 15.18 years. Of the total participants, 111 (55.5%, 95% CI 48.6 to 62.2) were males, 89 (44.5%, 95% CI 37.8 to 51.4) were females and the majority (60.5%, 95% CI 53.6 to 67) of them were from rural background. Around onefourth of the patients were illiterate (23%, 95% CI 17.7 to 29.3) and the patients mostly belonged to lower side (lower middle, upper lower and lower) of the spectrum of Kuppuswamy socioeconomic classification. The distribution of age-group, gender and laterality (side of involvement) was similar (P>0.05) in both safe and unsafe type. Overall, 151(75.5%, 95% CI 69.9 to 80.9) patients were found to have conductive hearing loss, 30 (15%, 95% CI 10.7 to 20.6) with mixed and 19 (9.5%, 95% CI 6.2 to 14.4) did not have any hearing loss at presentation. The distribution of patients with regards to hearing loss was found to be similar in both safe and unsafe groups (P = 0.311). Conclusion: CSOM particularly afflicts younger age populations from rural background with poor socioeconomic status. Appropriate timely interventions in the form of health promotion, education about the risk factors and improvement in the living conditions will result in decrease in incidence and prevalence of the disease. Moreover, knowledge of symptoms and signs of the disease is likely to result in early seeking of healthcare and hence better treatment outcomes and prevention of complications.

Clinico-epidemiological Profile of Pure Neuritic Hansen's Disease in Western Odisha: a Hospital Based Retrospective Cross Sectional Study

There is a complete lack of data on clinico epidemiological profile of pure neurotic leprosy from Western Odisha region, despite the area still being endemic for leprosy. This study has been carried out to address this issue to identify the profile of pure neuritic leprosy reporting to a Tertiary Care Centre in Western Odisha. Patient's case records with clinical diagnosis of PNL who reported to this centre between October 2012 to October 2014 were studied. Demographic details, educational qualification, clinical presentation, pattern of peripheral nerve involvement, type of disabilities and complications occurring if any, were noted from the patient records and analyzed. Data collected and analysed shows that out of total 1460 of these leprosy patients 145 (9.93%) patients had been diagnosed with pure neuritic form of the disease. The mean age of PNL patients was 34.43 + 1.09 years. The various clinical presentations, that were observed and recorded, included sensory loss, tingling, pain, hypoesthesia, trophic ulcer and various grades of motor nerve disabilities. Neuropathic pain was complained by 28.3% patients. Mononeuritic presentation was observed in 79/145 (54.5%) patients with ulnar nerve being the most commonest nerve involved. Grade 2 disabilities were present in a large proportion of these PNL cases. Disabilities were more common in polyneuritic type of cases compared with mononeuritic cases. Such high disability rates in these PNL cases at our Tertiary Care Centre might be due to late self reporting of cases for treatment or diagnosis being delayed. These figures may not reflect the proportion/percentages at population level which should be verified by actual surveys after proper training of staff. As PNL demands early diagnosis to prevent progression of nerve damage and multiple nerve involvement, all patients having the above clinical presentations should be suspected of PNL in leprosy endemic areas

Clinico-Epidemiological Patterns of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Patients Attending the Anuradhapura Teaching Hospital, Sri Lanka

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by Leishmania donovani is an endemic vector-borne disease in Sri Lanka. Over 2,500 cases have been reported since 2000 and the number of CL cases has dramatically increased annually. Total 57 clinically suspected CL patients attending the dermatology clinic in Anuradhapura Teaching Hospital were recruited from January to June 2015. Slit skin smears and skin biopsies were taken from each of the subjects. Clinical and epidemiological data were obtained using interviewer administered questionnaire. Forty-three (75.4%) patients among 57 were confirmed positive for L. donovani. The majority of infected patients was males (P=0.005), and the most affected age group was 21–40 years. Soldiers in security forces, farmers, and housewives were identified as high risk groups. The presence of scrub jungles around the residence or places of occupation (P=0.003), the presence of sandflies (P=0.021), and working outsides more than 6 hr per day (P=0.001) were significantly associated with CL. The number of lesions ranged from 1–3, and the majority (76%) of the patients had a single lesion. Upper and lower extremities were the prominent places of lesions, while the wet type of lesions were more prevalent in females (P=0.022). A nodular-ulcerative type lesion was common in both sexes. The presence of sandflies, scrub jungles, and outdoor activities contributed to spread of Leishmania parasites in an endemic pattern. Implementation of vector control programs together with health education with regard to transmission and prevention of CL are necessary to control the spread of this infection.

Clinico-Epidemiological Profile of an Outbreak of Dengue Fever in Rural Area of Ambajogai Mandai, District Beed.

A c1inico-epidemiological study of fever cases was carried out in three villages of Ambajogai Mandal, Beed, Maharashtra. Out of 123 fever cases studied, most common affected age group was 21-45 years with more number of females i.e.55.28%. The patients mainly presented with fever and joint pain with no any evidence of haemorrhagic manifestation. Of the 36 blood samples tested 03 samples were found positive for IgM antibodies to dengue virus. Larval survey showed highest breeding preference in domestic water container like earthen pots. Entomological indices were found out to be higher as house index 19.76%; container index 19.02%; Breteau index 22.31%. Clinico-epidemiological, laboratory and entomological investigations indicate present episode of fever outbreak was due to dengue fever. It demands for strengthening the surveillance activity and alert reporting of peripheral health staff along with IEC activities for community participation and involvement of other departments.