A comparative study on the effect of designated indoor smoking areas on the behavior and attitude of adults attending coffee shops in Bahrain toward smoking

Background: According to the world health organization, smoking causes five–six death cases annually. “Smoking areas” according to research done in La Salle University helps in reduction in exposure to second hand cigarettes. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate the attitude of all adults attending coffee shops toward designates smoking areas and compare the effect of coffee shops with designated smoking areas in Bahrain on the change of behavior on smokers and non-smokers. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional, two group comparative, and questionnaire-based study was carried out in coffee shops with and without designated smoking areas in Bahrain. A questionnaire was used to collect data which were entered and analyzed using SPSS program version 18. Results: It was shown that smoking inside a smoking areas will reduce the number of cigarettes smoked. As smokers inside smoking area, smoked 20 or more cigarettes having count 9 (10.3%) and outside the smoking area were 17 (17.7%), respectively. Furthermore, smokers who attend smoking area find it more difficult to refrain from smoking 48 (44.4%) in comparison to those who do not attend smoking area 19 (24.4%). Conclusion: Smoking inside designates smoking area may halt the amount of cigarettes smoked by smokers. Smokers within coffee shops with smoking area find it more difficult to refrain from smoking compared to smokers in coffee shops with no smoking area.

Health-related Factors and Nutritional Status in Shift-workers at Coffee Shops: Focused on Single Women in Twenties in Seoul / 대한지역사회영양학회지

This study examined the health-related factors and nutritional status of 89 single women workers in their 20's who work night and day shift at the take-out coffee shops and the 89 single women office workers. The results of the study are summarized as follows: The shift-workers showed lower rate of office tenure (p < 0.001), income (p < 0.001), job satisfaction (p < 0.05), weight (p < 0.05), and higher rate of weight change (p < 0.001) than the non shift-workers. The shift-workers showed lower rate of of exercise (p < 0.001), sleeping hours (p < 0.01), and good health condition (p < 0.01), and higher rates of smoking (p < 0.001), presence of disease (p < 0.001), gastric and intestinal illnesses (p < 0.001) than the non shift-workers. More than 88.8% of the shift workers answered that they ate alone (p < 0.001). The shift workers showed lower rate of regularity of meal (p < 0.001), balanced diet (p < 0.001), and mealtime (p < 0.001), and higher rate of skipping breakfast (p < 0.001), consumption of salty and spicy food (p < 0.001), and overeating (p < 0.01) than the non shift-workers. The shift workers consumed (p < 0.001) less frequently rice, soup and side dishes, and more frequently noodles and snack, bread than the non-shift-workers. The shift workers showed lower rate of consumption of beer (p < 0.01), and higher rate of consumption of coffee (p < 0.001), tea (p < 0.01) and soju (p < 0.001) in once a week or more intakes than the non-shift-workers. The shift workers showed higher rate of consumption of carbohydrates (p < 0.05), and calcium (p < 0.05) and lower rate of consumption of protein (p < 0.05), fiber (p < 0.05), vitamin C (p < 0.05), and folate (p < 0.05) intakes than the non-shift-workers.