Diabetes, hemoglobin A1c, and cognitive performance in older adults: is there any impact of frailty? Evidence from the ELSI-Brazil study

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between diabetes and cognitive performance in a nationally representative study in Brazil. We also aimed to investigate the interaction between frailty and diabetes on cognitive performance. A cross-sectional analysis of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil) baseline data that included adults aged 50 years and older was conducted. Linear regression models were used to study the association between diabetes and cognitive performance. A total of 8,149 participants were included, and a subgroup analysis was performed in 1,768 with hemoglobin A1c data. Diabetes and hemoglobin A1c levels were not associated with cognitive performance. Interaction of hemoglobin A1c levels with frailty status was found on global cognitive z-score (P-value for interaction=0.038). These results suggested an association between higher hemoglobin A1c levels and lower cognitive performance only in non-frail participants. Additionally, undiagnosed diabetes with higher hemoglobin A1c levels was associated with both poor global cognitive (β=-0.36; 95%CI: -0.62; -0.10, P=0.008) and semantic verbal fluency performance (β=-0.47; 95%CI: -0.73; -0.21, P=0.001). In conclusion, higher hemoglobin A1c levels were associated with lower cognitive performance among non-frail participants. Higher hemoglobin A1c levels without a previous diagnosis of diabetes were also related to poor cognitive performance. Future longitudinal analyses of the ELSI-Brazil study will provide further information on the role of frailty in the association of diabetes and glycemic control with cognitive decline.

Serum autophagy-related gene 5 level in stroke patients: correlation with CD4+ T cells and cognition impairment during a 3-year follow-up

Abstract Autophagy-related gene (ATG) 5 regulates blood lipids, chronic inflammation, CD4+ T-cell differentiation, and neuronal death and is involved in post-stroke cognitive impairment. This study aimed to explore the correlation of serum ATG5 with CD4+ T cells and cognition impairment in stroke patients. Peripheral blood was collected from 180 stroke patients for serum ATG5 and T helper (Th) 1, Th2, Th17, and regulatory T (Treg) cell detection via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and flow cytometry. The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scale was completed at enrollment, year (Y)1, Y2, and Y3 in stroke patients. Serum ATG5 was also measured in 50 healthy controls (HCs). Serum ATG5 was elevated in stroke patients compared to HCs (P<0.001) and was positively correlated to Th2 cells (P=0.022), Th17 cells (P<0.001), and Th17/Treg ratio (P<0.001) in stroke patients but not correlated with Th1 cells, Th1/Th2 ratio, or Treg cells (all P>0.050). Serum ATG5 (P=0.037), Th1 cells (P=0.022), Th17 cells (P=0.002), and Th17/Treg ratio (P=0.018) were elevated in stroke patients with MMSE score-identified cognition impairment vs those without cognition impairment, whereas Th2 cells, Th1/Th2 ratio, and Treg cells were not different between them (all P>0.050). Importantly, serum ATG5 was negatively linked with MMSE score at enrollment (P=0.004), Y1 (P=0.002), Y2 (P=0.014), and Y3 (P=0.001); moreover, it was positively related to 2-year (P=0.024) and 3-year (P=0.012) MMSE score decline in stroke patients. Serum ATG5 was positively correlated with Th2 and Th17 cells and estimated cognitive function decline in stroke patients.

Ayuno intermitente y restricción calórica como tratamiento coadyuvante en enfermedad de Alzheimer y esclerosis múltiple / Intermittent Fasting and Caloric Restriction as an Adjunctive Treatment in Alzheimer's Disease and Multiple Sclerosis

Las enfermedades de Alzheimer y esclerosis múltiple son neurodegenerativas, con tratamientos complejos y de costos elevados, orientados a disminuir la progresión de la sintomatología. Sin embargo, a causa de la falta de terapias adecuadas y de los posibles efectos adversos ocasionados por tratamientos de primera línea, es necesario implementar mejores abordajes terapéuticos complementarios que no produzcan mayores efectos secundarios y mejoren la sintomatología de dichas patologías. La restricción calórica y el ayuno intermitente han demostrado ser estrategias novedosas y beneficiosas en enfermedades neurodegenerativas, a través de mecanismos inmunitarios, metabólicos y fisiológicos. Con el objetivo de determinar el uso del ayuno intermitente y la restricción calórica como tratamiento coadyuvante en esclerosis múltiple y enfermedad de Alzheimer, se realizó una revisión narrativa de artículos originales en revistas científicas, en idiomas inglés y español, de 2018 a 2022. El uso de la restricción calórica y ayuno intermitente han generado cambios positivos produciendo disminución de estados proinflamatorios, estrés oxidativo y envejecimiento. Se consideran abordajes que modulan la progresión de la enfermedad y mejoran la función cognitiva por vías de señalización de monofosfato de adenosina cinasa, factor de crecimiento similar a la insulina y la enzima sirtuina, generando un efecto neuroprotector.

Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis are neurodegenerative disorders with expensive and complex treatments aimed at reducing the progression of symptoms. However, due to the lack of adequate therapies and the possible adverse effects caused by first-line treatments, it's necessary to implement better complementary therapeutic approaches that do not produce major side effects and improve symptoms. Caloric restriction and intermittent fasting have been shown to be novel and beneficial strategies in neurodegenerative diseases, through immune, metabolic, and physiological mechanisms. To determine the use of intermittent fasting and caloric restriction as a new treatment in multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease, a narrative review of original articles in both national and international scientific journals, in English and Spanish languages with no greater obsolescence than five years. The use of caloric restriction and intermittent fasting have generated positive changes, producing a decrease in pro-inflammatory states, oxidative stress, and aging. Approaches that modulate disease progression and improve cognitive function of adenosine monophosphate kinase, insulin-like growth factor, and sirtuin enzyme pathways are considered, generating a neuroprotective effect.

Prevalence and influencing factors analysis of the polycystic ovary syndrome among female college students in Fuzhou City， Jiangxi Province / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveTo investigate the prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome （PCOS） among female college students at a university in Fuzhou City， Jiangxi Province， and to facilitate early detection and intervention of PCOS. MethodsUsing a stratified sampling method， a total of 450 female freshmen were randomly selected for PCOS screening. A self-designed questionnaire was used for data collection， covering menstrual status， high androgen signs， lifestyle， dietary habits， and awareness of PCOS. Sample t test and χ2 test were used to compare the basic information and dietary habits between PCOS and non-PCOS cases. The correlation between various indicators and the prevalence of PCOS was analyzed by a logistic regression model. ResultsA total of 12 PCOS cases were identified， with a prevalence rate of 2.99%. PCOS cases exhibited statistically significant differences compared to non-PCOS cases in terms of waist-to-hip ratio， waist circumference， abdominal obesity， the proportion of overweight or obese individuals， and a preference for sweet food （all P<0.05）. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed a significant correlation between preference for sweet food and the occurrence of PCOS （OR=4.858， 95%CI=1.199‒19.675，P=0.027）， as well as a significant correlation with PCOS accompanied by abdominal obesity （OR=7.083， 95%CI=0.773‒64.937， P=0.048）. Among the female college students surveyed， 37.90% had never heard of PCOS， 51.62% were only familiar with the name of the disease， and 10.47% had attempted to search for PCOS-related information. ConclusionThe prevalence of PCOS among female college students should not be overlooked and unhealthy dietary habits may be a crucial factor contributing to the occurrence of PCOS during this period. Early screening for PCOS during puberty is crucial.

Progress in researches for perampanel in the treatment of comorbidities of epilepsy / 中国临床药理学与治疗学

Sleep disorder, migraine, cognitive and behavioral disorders, anxiety and depression are common comorbidities of epilepsy. The comorbidity rate of epilepsy patients is eight times that of the general population, which affects the prognosis and quality of life of epilepsy patients. Perampanel (PER), as a third-generation antiseizure medication, has shown promising clinical research and application in the treatment of comorbidities in epilepsy. PER can improve the total sleep time, sleep latency and sleep efficiency of patients with epilepsy comorbid sleep disorder. PER also shows good efficacy in reducing seizure and migraine attacks of patients with epilepsy comorbid migraine. Meanwhile, the impact of PER on overall cognitive characteristics is neutral, with no systematic cognitive deterioration or improvement, but behavioral changes are one of the most common adverse events related to PER. For patients with comorbid anxiety and depression, PER does not exacerbate the anxiety and depression of epilepsy patients, and the severity of anxiety and depression in some patients will improve. This article will review the mechanism of action and clinical treatment research progress of PER on comorbidities of epilepsy.

Effect of galvanic vestibular stimulation on stroke patients with lateropulsion / 中国康复理论与实践

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of galvanic vestibular stimulation on stroke patients with lateropulsion. MethodsFrom February to October, 2023, 30 stroke patients with lateropulsion in the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University were divided into control group (n = 15) and experimental group (n = 15) randomly. The control group received routine rehabilitation and sham galvanic vestibular stimulation, and the experimental group received routine rehabilitation and true galvanic vestibular stimulation, for two weeks. They were assessed with Scale for Contraversive Pushing (SCP), subjective visual vertical (SVV), Line Cancellation Test (LCT), Star Cancellation Test (SCT), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Holden Functional Ambulation Category (FAC) and Barthel Index (BI) before and after treatment. ResultsAll the indexes improved in both groups after intervention (|t| > 2.461, Z > 3.000, P < 0.05), except the SVV orientation, SVV certainty and SCT in the control group; while the SCP, SVV certainty, LCT and FAC were better in the experimental group than in the control group (|t| > 2.189, Z = -2.862, P < 0.05), and the differences before and after intervention were better in the experimental group than in the control group (|t| > 2.382, P < 0.05), except LCT. SCP was correlated with SVV orientation, SVV certainty, SCT, BBS, BI and FAC (|r| > 0.381, P < 0.05). ConclusionGalvanic vestibular stimulation can improve the lateropulsion, balance, walking function and activities of daily living in stroke patients, which may be related to improvement for spatial cognitive function, especially vertical perception.

Impact of subjective vertical perception impairment on function in stroke patients: a retrospective study / 中国康复理论与实践

ObjectiveTo explore the impact of subjective vertical perception impairment after stroke on visuospatial cognition, balance, walking and activities of daily living, to investigate the mediating role of visuospatial cognition and lateropulsion. MethodsFrom February to December, 2023, 96 stroke patients were selected from the Rehabilitation Medicine Center of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University. They were divided into vertical perception impairment group (n = 53) and non-vertical perception impairment group (n = 43). They were assessed with National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), the Scale for Contraversive Pushing (SCP), Burke Lateropulsion Scale (BLS), Line Bisection Test (LBT), Line Cancellation Test (LCT), Star Cancellation Test (SCT), Subjective Visual Vertical (SVV), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Holden Functional Ambulation Categories (FAC) and Barthel Index (BI). ResultsScores of SVV orientation, SVV uncertainty, NIHSS, SCT, SCP, BLS, BBS, FAC and BI were worse in the vertical perception impairment group than in the non-vertical perception impairment group (|t| > 2.414, Z = -3.481, P < 0.05). Scores of SVV were correlated with SCT, BLS and BBS (|r| ≥ 0.273, P < 0.05). After controlling for age and gender, SVV orientation score did not directly impact BBS score (β = -0.011, P = 0.920). However, it exerted a partial mediating effect through BLS (effect = -0.173, 95%CI -0.278 to -0.076) and a chain-mediated effect through SCT and BLS (effect = -0.073, 95%CI -0.137 to -0.027), impacting BBS score. ConclusionSubjective vertical perception impairment results in poorer visuospatial cognition, balance, walking and activities of daily living in stroke patients. This influence on balance function is mediated through the mediating effects of visuospatial cognition and lateropulsion.

Effect and Mechanism of Epigallocatechin-3-gallate on Learning and Memory Abilities of Epileptic Rats / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate （EGCG） on learning and memory abilities of amygdala electrical kindling-induced epilepsy in rats and its mechanism. MethodMale SD rats were randomly divided into the normal group， model group， intervention group （model+25 mg·kg-1 EGCG）， and EGCG group （25 mg·kg-1 EGCG）. Rats in the EGCG group were only given EGCG intraperitoneal injection， those in the normal group were only given electrode implantation， and those in the other experimental groups were given amygdala electrical kindling stimulation to establish a chronic kindling epilepsy model. EGCG was injected intraperitoneally daily before electrical stimulation. Twenty-four hours after the last electrical stimulation， the escape latency and percentage of target quadrant were recorded by the Morris water maze. Twenty-four hours after the behavioral test， rats in each group were sacrificed by decapitation. The number of hippocampal neurons was observed by Nissl staining. The thickness of postsynaptic density in the hippocampus， synaptic cleft， length of active zone and the curvature of synaptic interface were observed by transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. The expressions of synapse-related proteins synaptotagmin （Syt）， postsynaptic density-95 （PSD-95） and Kalirin-7 in the hippocampus were examined by Western blot. ResultCompared with those in the normal group， the escape latency was significantly prolonged （P<0.05， P<0.01） and the target quadrant ratio was significantly decreased in the model group （P<0.05）. The number of hippocampus neurons decreased significantly （P<0.01）. The synaptic cleft of the hippocampus was widened significantly， and the length of active zone and the thickness of postsynaptic density were significantly decreased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The expressions of synapse-related proteins Syt， PSD-95 and Kalirin-7 in the hippocampus were significantly decreased （P<0.05，P<0.01）. Compared with those in the model group， the escape latency was significantly shortened and the percentage of target quadrant was significantly increased in the intervention group （P<0.05， P<0，01）. The number of hippocampal neurons significantly increased （P<0.01）. The synaptic cleft of the hippocampus was significantly shortened， and the length of active zone and postsynaptic density were significantly increased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The expressions of synaptic related proteins Syt， PSD-95 and Kalirin-7 were significantly increased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionEGCG can effectively improve cognitive dysfunction after epilepsy. Its protective effect may be achieved by protecting the ultrastructure of hippocampal synapses and regulating the expressions of synapse-related proteins Syt， PSD-95 and Kalirin-7.

Study of discrepancy in subjective and objective cognitive function in patients with depressive disorder / 四川精神卫生

BackgroundThere exist differences in the subjective and objective cognitive functions of patients with depressive disorder， ane there are limited research on influencing factors of such phenomenon currently. ObjectiveTo explore the differences in subjective and objective cognitive function in patients with depressive disorder as well as influencing factors， and to provide references for further understanding of cognitive impairment in patients with depressive disorder. MethodsA total of 77 patients with depressive disorder who received outpatient or inpatient treatment in the Fourth People's Hospital of Chengdu from January 13， 2022 to December 11， 2023 were selected for the study. These patients also met the diagnostic criteria of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders， fifth edition（DSM-5）. Various tools were employed to assess patients in this study： Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale （MADRS） for the depressive symptoms， Perceived Deficits Questionnaire for Depression （PDQ-D） and Chinese Version of Brief Neurocognitive Test Battery （C-BCT） for the subjective and objective cognitive function， Sheehan Disability Scale （SDS） for the social function， and Clinical Global Impression-Severity of Illness（CGI-SI） for the severity of patient's condition. Pearson correlation analysis was used to examine the correlation of subjective and objective cognitive function and their differences with age， years of education， MADRS total score， SDS total score， and CGI-SI score. Multiple linear regression was used to explore the influencing factors of the differences between subjective and objective cognitive function. ResultsThere was a statistically significant difference in the total PDQ-D scores and the difference of subjective and objective cognitive function （D value） between depressive patients with and without medication （t=-4.228， -2.392， P<0.05 or 0.01）. There was no statistically significant correlation in subjective and objective cognitive function in patients with depressive disorder （r=-0.148， P>0.05）. Negative correlations can be observed between the PDQ-D total score and age or years of education （r=-0.333， -0.369， P<0.01）. The PDQ-D total score was positively correlated with MADRS total score， SDS total score and CGI-SI score （r=0.487， 0.637， 0.434， P<0.01）. D value was negatively correlated with age and years of education （r=-0.411， -0.362， P<0.01）， while positively correlated with MADRS total score， SDS total score and CGI-SI score （r=0.259， 0.468， 0.299， P<0.05 or 0.01）. Age （β=-0.328， P<0.01） and SDS total score （β=0.409， P<0.01） were two predictive factors for D value. ConclusionThe difference between subjective and objective cognitive function among patients with depressive disorder is related to several factors including age， years of education， severity of symptoms and impairment of social function. ［Funded by Surface Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China （number， 62173069）； Technological Innovation 2030-Major Project of "Brain Science and Brain-Like Research" （number， 2022ZD0211700）； Key R&D Support Program and Major Application Demonstration Project of Chengdu Science and Technology Bureau （number， 2022-YF09-00023-SN）］

Funções neuropsicológicas de escolares na reabertura das escolas brasileiras na pandemia da Covid-19 / The neuropsychological functions of schoolchildren after the reopening of brazilian schools during the Covid-19 pandemic

RESUMO Objetivo O objetivo desse estudo foi analisar as funções neuropsicológicas de estudantes de uma escola pública do Distrito Federal (Brasil), matriculadas 1º e 2º ano de Ensino Fundamental na reabertura das escolas públicas na pandemia da COVID-19 e a influência dos fatores familiares e contextuais sobre o desempenho dessas habilidades. Métodos Participaram 117 estudantes, bem como seus responsáveis. As crianças foram avaliadas presencialmente por meio do Instrumento de Avaliação Neuropsicológica Breve Infantil (NEUPSILIN-Inf). Os pais/responsáveis responderam remotamente ao Inventário de Recursos do Ambiente Familiar e as questões para classificação socioeconômica e de escolaridade materna. Resultado Os dados apontam alta prevalência de crianças em fase de alfabetização que apresentam alerta ou déficit das funções de orientação, memória, linguagem, habilidades visuoespaciais, habilidades aritméticas e fluência verbal. Ainda, as atividades previsíveis que sinalizam algum grau de estabilidade na vida familiar são preditoras do desempenho das crianças na habilidade de orientação e os recursos que promovem processos proximais refletem significativamente no desempenho em linguagem. Os resultados sugerem que crianças inseridas em família com estimativas da renda domiciliar abaixo de um salário mínimo apresentam piores desempenhos do controle inibitório. Conclusão Foram apresentados e discutidos os impactos das alterações das habilidades neuropsicológicas para o aprendizado das crianças, destacando a necessidade de intervenções imediatas e direcionadas para essas funções. Foram considerados os fatores contextuais que apresentaram influência sobre o desempenho das habilidades neuropsicológicas.

ABSTRACT Purpose The objective of this study was analyzed the neuropsychological functions of students from a public school in Brazil, enrolled in the 1st and 2nd year of Elementary School at the time of the reopening of schools during the COVID-19 pandemic and to access the influence of family and contextual information on the performance of these skills. Methods 117 students participated in the study, as well as their parents or guardians. The children were evaluated in person using the Brief Child Neuropsychological Assessment Instrument (NEUPSILIN-Inf). The parents/guardians answered remotely the Inventory of Resources of the Family Environment and questions about socioeconomic classification and maternal education. Results The data showed a high prevalence of children who had problems or deficits in the functions of orientation, memory, language, visuospatial skills, arithmetic skills and verbal fluency. Furthermore, predictable activities that signal some degree of stability in family life are predictors of children's performance in orientation skills and resources that promote proximal processes significantly reflect on language performance. The results suggest that children included in families with a household income below one Brazilian minimum monthly salary presented poorer inhibitory control performances. Conclusion The impact of changes in neuropsychological skills in children's learning were presented and discussed, highlighting the need for immediate and targeted intervention of these functions. Contextual factors that influenced the performance of neuropsychological skills were also considered.

Higher purpose in life and education were associated with better cognition among older adults / Maior propósito de vida e escolaridade se associaram a melhor cognição entre pessoas idosas

Abstract Background With aging, some cognitive abilities change because of neurobiological processes. Cognition may also be influenced by psychosocial aspects. Objective To describe the relationship between a measure of neuroticism, depression symptoms, purpose in life, and cognitive performance in community-dwelling older adults. Methods This was a cross-sectional analysis based on the data from the second wave of the Frailty in Brazilian Older Adults (FIBRA) study, carried out between 2016 and 2017. The sample consisted of 419 older people (≥ 72 years old) cognitively unimpaired and mostly with low education. The variables of interest were sociodemographic, Neuroticism domain from the NEO-PI-R, Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Purpose in Life (PiL) scale, and a cognitive composite score which included the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and the scores for the sub-items of the Mini-Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination (M-ACE), namely, Verbal Fluency (VF) - Animal, Clock Drawing Test (CDT), Episodic Memory (name and address). Results There was a greater number of women (70%), with older age (median = 80 years, IQR = 77-82), and low education (median = 4 years, IQR = 2-5). In the bivariate correlations, years of education (ρ = 0.415; p < 0.001) and PiL (ρ = 0.220; p < 0.001) were positively associated with cognition. Neuroticism (ρ = -0.175; p < 0.001) and depression symptoms (ρ = -0.185; p < 0.001) were negatively associated with cognition. In the logistic regression, after including confounding variables, the associations between cognition and PiL (OR = 2.04; p = 0.007) and education (OR = 1.32; p < 0.001) remained significant. Conclusion Low PiL and low education levels were associated with worse cognition among older adults. Such results may be of relevance in programs that aim to improve cognition among older adults.

Resumo Antecedentes Com o envelhecimento, algumas habilidades cognitivas mudam devido a processos neurobiológicos. A cognição também pode ser influenciada por aspectos psicossociais. Objetivo Descrever as relações entre uma medida de neuroticismo, sintomas depressivos, propósito de vida e o desempenho cognitivo em pessoas idosas residentes na comunidade. Métodos Trata-se de uma análise transversal com base nos dados da segunda onda do estudo de Fragilidade em Idosos Brasileiros (FIBRA), realizado entre 2016 e 2017. A amostra foi composta por 419 pessoas idosas (≥ 72 anos) cognitivamente saudáveis e em maior parte com baixa escolaridade. As variáveis de interesse foram as sociodemográficas, domínio Neuroticismo do NEO-PI-R, Escala de Depressão Geriátrica (EDG) e Escala de Propósito de Vida (PV) e um escore cognitivo composto que incluiu o Miniexame de Estado Mental (MEEM) e as pontuações dos subitens do Miniexame Cognitivo de Addenbrooke (M-ACE), a saber, Fluência Verbal (FV) Animal, Teste do Desenho do Relógio (TDR) e Memória Episódica (nome e endereço). Resultados Houve um maior número de mulheres (70%), com idade elevada (mediana = 80 anos, IIQ = 77-82) e baixa escolaridade (mediana = 4 anos, IIQ = 2-5). Nas correlações bivariadas, anos de escolaridade (ρ = 0,415; p < 0,001) e PV (ρ = 0,220; p < 0,001) foram positivamente associadas à cognição. Neuroticismo (ρ = -0,175; p < 0,001) e sintomas depressivos (ρ = -0,185; p < 0,001) foram negativamente associados à cognição. Na regressão logística, após a inclusão de variáveis de confusão, as associações entre cognição e PV (OR = 2,04; p = 0,007) e escolaridade (OR = 1,32; p < 0,001) permaneceram significativas. Conclusão Baixo PV e baixa escolaridade foram associados à pior cognição em idosos. Tais resultados podem ser relevantes em programas que visam a melhorar a cognição entre pessoas idosas.

Processamento auditivo central e questionário de autopercepção pós-treinamento auditivo acusticamente controlado em indivíduos com traumatismo cranioencefálico leve / Central auditory processing and self-perception questionnaire after acoustically controlled auditory training in individuals with mild traumatic brain injury

RESUMO Objetivo Correlacionar os resultados da avaliação comportamental do processamento auditivo central e do questionário de autopercepção após o treinamento auditivo acusticamente controlado. Método Foram avaliados dez indivíduos com média de idade de 44,5 anos, que sofreram traumatismo cranioencefálico de grau leve. Os indivíduos foram submetidos a avaliação comportamental do processamento auditivo central e também responderam ao questionário de autopercepção "Treinamento Auditivo Formal" após a intervenção terapêutica. O questionário foi composto por questões referentes a percepção auditiva, compreensão de ordens, solicitação de repetição de enunciados, ocorrência mal-entendidos, tempo de atenção, desempenho auditivo em ambiente ruidoso, comunicação ao telefone e autoestima e os pacientes foram solicitados a assinalar a frequência de ocorrência dos comportamentos listados. Resultados As habilidades auditivas de figura-fundo e memória para sons em sequência e processamento temporal correlacionaram-se com melhora para seguir instruções, diminuição das solicitações de repetições e aumento do tempo de atenção e melhora da comunicação e da compreensão ao telefone e para assistir TV. Conclusão Observou-se adequação das habilidades auditivas de fechamento auditivo, figura fundo, e processamento temporal na avaliação pós-treinamento auditivo acusticamente controlado, além de redução das queixas quanto ao comportamento auditivo.

ABSTRACT Purpose To correlate behavioral assessment results of central auditory processing and the self-perception questionnaire after acoustically controlled auditory training. Methods The study assessed 10 individuals with a mean age of 44.5 years who had suffered mild traumatic brain injury. They underwent behavioral assessment of central auditory processing and answered the Formal Auditory Training self-perception questionnaire after the therapeutic intervention - whose questions address auditory perception, understanding orders, request to repeat statements, occurrence of misunderstandings, attention span, auditory performance in noisy environments, telephone communication, and self-esteem. Patients were asked to indicate the frequency with which the listed behaviors occurred. Results Figure-ground, sequential memory for sounds, and temporal processing correlated with improvement in following instructions, fewer requests to repeat statements, increased attention span, improved communication, and understanding on the phone and when watching TV. Conclusion Auditory closure, figure-ground, and temporal processing had improved in the assessment after the acoustically controlled auditory training, and there were fewer auditory behavior complaints.

Idosos com perda auditiva e declínio cognitivo: desempenho da percepção de fala no ruído / Elderly people with hearing loss and cognitive decline: speech perception performance in noise

RESUMO Objetivo Verificar a influência das habilidades intelectuais-cognitivas verbais na percepção de fala no ruído, em idosos com perda auditiva sensorioneural, considerando a escolaridade, a idade e o grau da perda auditiva. Método Participaram 36 idosos entre 60 e 89 anos com perda auditiva sensorioneural bilateral, que após avaliação psicológica por meio do Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Adults (WAIS III), foram divididos em (GI) 24 idosos sem alteração cognitiva e (GII) 12 idosos com risco de alteração cognitiva. Foram submetidos à avaliação otorrinolaringológica, entrevista audiológica, audiometria tonal liminar e a avaliação da percepção de fala no ruído por meio do Hearing in Noise Test (HINT-Brasil). O teste estatístico U de Mann-Whitney comparou os resultados entre os grupos, e a correlação de Spearman verificou as variáveis idade, grau da perda auditiva e nível de escolaridade. Resultados Não houve diferença entre os grupos na habilidade de percepção de fala no ruído, exceto na condição ruído à esquerda, no qual o GII apresentou melhor desempenho no HINT-Brasil. O grau da perda auditiva e o nível de escolaridade influenciaram na percepção de fala no ruído. O nível de escolaridade teve correlação com os resultados do WAIS III. Conclusão O declínio das habilidades intelectuais-cognitivas verbais não interferiu na percepção de fala no ruído nos idosos com perda auditiva. O grau da perda auditiva e o nível de escolaridade influenciaram no desempenho dos idosos no teste de percepção de fala no ruído. O desempenho nas habilidades cognitivas verbais variou com o nível de escolaridade.

ABSTRACT Purpose To verify the influence of verbal intellectual-cognitive skills on speech perception in noise, in elderly with sensorineural hearing loss, considering education, age, and degree of hearing loss. Methods 36 elderly between 60 and 89 years old with bilateral sensorineural hearing loss participated in the study. After psychological assessment using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Adults (WAIS-III), they were grouped into (GI) 24 elderly without cognitive alteration and (GII) 12 elderly with risk of cognitive alteration. They underwent otorhinolaryngological assessment, audiological interview, pure tone audiometry, and assessment of speech perception in noise using the Hearing in Noise Test (HINT-Brazil). The Mann-Whitney U statistical test compared the results between the groups, and the Spearman correlation verified the variable's age, degree of hearing loss, and level of education. Results There was no difference between the groups in the ability to perceive speech in noise, except in the noise on the left condition, in which GII showed better performance in HINT-Brazil. The degree of hearing loss and level of education influenced the perception of speech in noise. The level of education was correlated with the WAIS-III results. Conclusion The decline in verbal intellectual-cognitive skills did not affect speech perception of noise in the elderly with hearing loss. The degree of hearing loss and level of education influenced the performance of the elderly in the speech perception test in noise. Performance in verbal cognitive skills varied according to the level of education.

Desempenho de deglutição de idosos e seus fatores sociodemográficos, cognitivos e de linguagem / Swallowing performance of elderly people and sociodemographic, cognitive and language factors

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar a correlação entre o desempenho de deglutição, linguagem e cognição e descrever os dados sociodemográficos de idosos sem alterações neurológicas prévias. Método Estudo transversal analítico, com amostra não-probabilística por conveniência e coleta de dados por telechamada. Foi aplicado o teste de triagem de broncoaspiração (Yale Swallow Protocol) para identificação e exclusão dos idosos com risco de broncoaspiração. Em seguida, realizou-se coleta de dados sociodemográficos e aplicação dos instrumentos de: atividade de vida diária (AIVDs), risco de disfagia (EAT-10), rastreio cognitivo (Mini Exame do Estado Mental - MEEM) e linguagem (Bateria Montreal-Toulouse de Linguagem - MTL-Brasil). Resultados A amostra foi composta por 32 idosos do Distrito Federal, com média de idade de 69,00±7,73 anos e de escolaridade de 10,00±5,60 anos. Os escores nos instrumentos EAT-10, MEEM e Bateria MTL apresentaram-se alterados em quatro, 22 e 26 idosos, respectivamente, indicando, nesse caso, risco de disfagia, sugestão de alteração cognitiva e alteração da linguagem. Sobre a alimentação, do total da amostra, 13 idosos (40%) apresentaram queixa de necessidade de comida modificada, bem como 10 desses também obtiveram escore no MEEM sugestivo de alteração cognitiva. Ao comparar os grupos com e sem queixa e/ou risco de disfagia, não houve diferença estatisticamente significante em relação às variáveis sociodemográficas, cognitivas e de linguagem. Os modelos de regressão logística binária também evidenciaram resultados sem significância estatística. Conclusão O presente estudo, ao correlacionar os achados de deglutição, linguagem e cognição, não obteve resultados estatisticamente significantes. Observou-se que os idosos com queixa de deglutição também apresentaram resultados sugestivos de alteração cognitiva e de linguagem nos testes realizados, mas não houve diferença estatisticamente significante em relação aos idosos sem queixa ou alteração de deglutição.

ABSTRACT Purpose To analyze the correlation between swallowing, language and cognition performance and describe the sociodemographic data of elderly people without previous neurological disorders. Methods Analytical cross-sectional study, with non-probabilistic sample for convenience and data collection by telecall. The aspiration screening test (Yale Swallow Protocol) was used to identify and exclude elderly people at risk of aspiration. Then, sociodemographic data were collected, and instruments were applied: activity of daily living (IADLs), risk of dysphagia (EAT-10), cognitive screening (Mini Mental State Examination - MMSE) and language (Montreal-Toulouse Language Battery - MTL-Brazil). Results The sample consisted of 32 elderly people from the Federal District, with a mean age of 69.00±7.73 years and schooling of 10.00±5.60 years. The scores on the EAT-10, MMSE and MTL Battery instruments were altered in four, 22 and 26 elderly, respectively, indicating, in this case, risk of dysphagia, suggestion of cognitive alteration and language alteration. Regarding food, of the total sample, 13 seniors (40%) complained of needing modified food, as well as 10 of these also obtained MMSE scores suggestive of cognitive alteration. When comparing the groups with and without complaints and/or risk of dysphagia, there was no statistically significant difference in relation to sociodemographic, cognitive and language variables. Binary logistic regression models also showed no statistically significant results. Conclusion The present study, when correlating the swallowing, language and cognition findings, did not obtain statistically significant results. It was observed that the elderly with swallowing complaints also showed results suggestive of cognitive and language changes in the tests performed, but there was no statistically significant difference in relation to the elderly without complaints or swallowing changes.

Unmasking the hidden aftermath: postintensive care unit sequelae, discharge preparedness, and long-term follow-up / Desmascarando as consequências ocultas: sequelas pós-unidade de terapia intensiva, planejamento da alta e acompanhamento a longo prazo

ABSTRACT A significant portion of individuals who have experienced critical illness encounter new or exacerbated impairments in their physical, cognitive, or mental health, commonly referred to as postintensive care syndrome. Moreover, those who survive critical illness often face an increased risk of adverse consequences, including infections, major cardiovascular events, readmissions, and elevated mortality rates, during the months following hospitalization. These findings emphasize the critical necessity for effective prevention and management of long-term health deterioration in the critical care environment. Although conclusive evidence from well-designed randomized clinical trials is somewhat limited, potential interventions include strategies such as limiting sedation, early mobilization, maintaining family presence during the intensive care unit stay, implementing multicomponent transition programs (from intensive care unit to ward and from hospital to home), and offering specialized posthospital discharge follow-up. This review seeks to provide a concise summary of recent medical literature concerning long-term outcomes following critical illness and highlight potential approaches for preventing and addressing health decline in critical care survivors.

RESUMO Parcela significativa de indivíduos que enfrentaram doença crítica sofre de síndrome pós-cuidados intensivos, caracterizada por comprometimento novo ou exacerbado da função física, cognitiva ou de saúde mental. Além disso, os sobreviventes geralmente apresentam maior risco de consequências adversas, como infecção, eventos cardiovasculares maiores, reinternação e taxas de mortalidade elevadas, durante os meses após a hospitalização. Esses achados reforçam a necessidade urgente de prevenção e manejo eficazes da deterioração da saúde a longo prazo no ambiente de cuidados intensivos. Embora haja poucas evidências conclusivas de ensaios clínicos randomizados bem desenhados, potenciais intervenções incluem estratégias como limitação da sedação, mobilização precoce, presença da família durante a internação na unidade de terapia intensiva, implementação de programas de transição multidisciplinares (da unidade de terapia intensiva para a enfermaria e do hospital para o domicílio) e acompanhamento especializado após a alta hospitalar. Esta revisão objetiva fornecer um resumo conciso da literatura médica recente sobre os desfechos a longo prazo após doenças críticas e destacar potenciais abordagens para prevenir e abordar a deterioração da saúde de sobreviventes de cuidados intensivos.

Factors associated with above-average cognitive performance in long-lived older adults / Fatores associados ao desempenho cognitivo acima da média em idosos longevos

Abstract Objective To investigate the factors associated with performance equal to or higher than the 95th percentile in the Mini Mental State Examination of elderly people aged 80 years and over. Method This is a cross-sectional, descriptive, and quantitative research conducted with a convenience sample composed of 101 cognitively healthy older adults residing in Brazil's Federal District, assessed by scales that measure mood, social support, functional performance, and health. Results Bivariate statistical analyses indicated that older individuals with better cognitive performance in the Mini Mental State Examination, when compared to participants with performance below the 95th percentile, showed better self-perceived health, greater satisfaction with the ability to perform daily tasks, and a more positive evaluation of general social support and in the domain of having someone to talk to when feeling lonely. Conclusion High global cognitive performance in old age is associated with perceived health, satisfaction with functional performance, and social support.

Resumo Objetivo Investigar os fatores associados ao desempenho igual ou superior ao percentil 95 no Miniexame de Estado Mental de pessoas idosas com 80 anos e mais. Método Trata-se de uma pesquisa transversal, descritiva e quantitativa, conduzida com uma amostra de conveniência composta por 101 idosos cognitivamente saudáveis, residentes no Distrito Federal e avaliados por escalas de humor, suporte social, desempenho funcional e saúde. Resultados Análises estatísticas bivariadas indicaram que os longevos com melhor desempenho cognitivo no Miniexame de Estado Mental, quando comparados aos participantes com desempenho abaixo ao percentil 95, apresentaram melhor autopercepção de saúde, maior satisfação com a capacidade de resolução de tarefas cotidianas, avaliação mais positiva do suporte social geral e relacionado ao domínio de ter com quem conversar quando se sente sozinho. Conclusão O elevado desempenho cognitivo global na velhice se associa à saúde percebida, à satisfação em relação ao desempenho funcional e ao suporte social.

Mobility in preschool age children with and without Down syndrome: an exploratory cross-sectional study / Movilidad en preescolares con y sin síndrome de Down: un estudio transversal exploratorio / Mobilidade em pré-escolares com e sem síndrome de Down: um estudo transversal exploratório

ABSTRACT - Few studies have investigated the mobility of preschool age children with Down syndrome (DS). This study aimed to compare the mobility of preschool age children with and without DS and to verify if cognitive function and gait acquisition age may explain mobility outcomes. This was an exploratory cross-sectional study involving 38 children: 19 in the DS group and 19 in the typical development (TD) group. The 10-meter walk test and the modified Timed Up and Go (mTUG) test were used to evaluate mobility. The explanatory factors were the cognitive function screening test score and the age of gait acquisition. Stepwise multiple linear regression models were used. The children in the DS group had slower gait speed (p=0.0001) and took longer to complete the mTUG test (p=0.0001). The cognitive function screening test score and age of gait acquisition explained the variability in gait speed (R 2 =0.52; p=0.0001) and the variability in the time to complete the mTUG test (R 2 =0.68; p=0.0001). Children with DS showed a poorer mobility when compared to the children in the TD group. The outcomes of mobility in this age group were partially explained by the age of gait acquisition and the cognitive function screening test score.

RESUMEN - Son pocos estudios que han investigado la movilidad de preescolares con síndrome de Down (SD). En este contexto, los objetivos de este estudio fueron comparar la movilidad de los preescolares con y sin SD, así como comprobar si la función cognitiva y la edad de adquisición de la marcha pueden explicar los resultados de la movilidad. Se trata de un estudio transversal exploratorio con 38 niños: 19 del grupo con SD y 19 del grupo con desarrollo típico (DT). Para evaluar la movilidad se utilizaron la prueba de marcha de 10 metros y la prueba de levantarse y andar cronometrada modificada (mTUG). Los factores exploratorios fueron la puntuación del cribado de la función cognitiva y la edad de adquisición de la marcha. Se utilizaron modelos de regresión lineal múltiple por pasos. Los niños del grupo con SD tenían una velocidad de marcha inferior (p=0,0001) y necesitaban más tiempo para completar la mTUG (p=0,0001). La puntuación del cribado de la función cognitiva y la edad de adquisición de la marcha explicaron la variabilidad en la velocidad de la marcha (R2=0,52; p=0,0001) y el tiempo para completar la prueba (R2=0,68; p=0,0001). Los niños con SD tuvieron peor movilidad en comparación con los niños con DT. Los resultados de la movilidad en este grupo de edad se deben parcialmente a la edad de adquisición de la marcha y a la puntuación del cribado de la función cognitiva.

RESUMO - Poucos estudos investigaram a mobilidade de pré-escolares com síndrome de Down (SD). Dessa forma, os objetivos desta pesquisa foram comparar a mobilidade de pré-escolares com e sem SD, bem como verificar se a função cognitiva e a idade de aquisição da marcha podem explicar os desfechos de mobilidade. Estudo transversal exploratório com 38 crianças: 19 do grupo SD e 19 do grupo desenvolvimento típico (DT). O teste de caminhada de 10 metros e o timed up and go modificado (mTUG) foram utilizados para avaliar a mobilidade. Os fatores exploratórios foram: a pontuação da triagem da função cognitiva e a idade de aquisição da marcha. Foram usados modelos de regressão linear múltipla stepwise . As crianças do grupo SD apresentaram menor velocidade de marcha (p=0,0001) e necessitaram de mais tempo para completar o mTUG (p=0,0001). A pontuação da triagem da função cognitiva e a idade de aquisição da marcha explicaram a variabilidade na velocidade da marcha (R 2 =0,52; p=0,0001) e o tempo para completar o teste mTUG (R 2 =0,68; p=0,0001). Crianças com SD apresentaram pior capacidade de mobilidade quando comparadas às com DT. Os desfechos de mobilidade nessa faixa etária foram parcialmente explicados pela idade de aquisição da marcha e pelo escore da triagem da função cognitiva.

Efeitos dos modelos pedagógicos do esporte sobre desfechos cognitivos e de habilidades motoras: uma revisão sistemática / Effects of model-based sport teaching on students' cognitive and motor skills outcomes: a systematic review

RESUMO A presente revisão sistemática tem por objetivo identificar e sumarizar estudos que analisaram os efeitos de intervenções que utilizaram modelos de ensino do esporte (MEE) em aulas de educação física sobre desfechos cognitivos e habilidades motoras. Foram definidas seis bases como fontes de dados: (a) SportDiscus; (b) Scielo; (c) Web of Science; (d) Scopus; (e) ERIC e (f) PsycInfo. A pesquisa inicial foi realizada com os seguintes termos: "Pedagogical Model" OR, "Education Model" OR, "Teaching Games" AND, "Sports" AND, "Physical Education". Os 24 artigos analisados atenderam aos seguintes critérios: (a) estudos de intervenção com análise quantitativa ou mista; (b) realizados durante aulas de educação física; e, (c) com objetivo de verificar os efeitos dos modelos sobre os desfechos cognitivos ou de habilidades motoras. A análise de viés/qualidade dos estudos foi realizada a partir da escala PEDro. Foram encontradas intervenções com o Sport Education Model (SEM - 41,7%), Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU - 33,3%), Tactical Games (TG - 4,2%) e Modelos Híbridos (MH - 20,8%). Os resultados indicam efeitos positivos dos três modelos (SEM, TGfU/TG e MH) sobre a performance no jogo e tomada de decisão. O SEM ainda apresentou efeito positivo sobre envolvimento no jogo, conhecimento e execução de habilidades, sendo o MEE com mais desfechos com resultados positivos. Futuras investigações devem ter em conta os seguintes fatores intervenientes: sexo, nível de habilidade, grupos de ensino, experiência docente, tempo e conteúdo da unidade.

ABSTRACT This systematic review aims to identify and summarize studies that analyzed the effects of interventions that used sports teaching models (STM) in physical education classes on cognitive and motor skills outcomes. Six bases were defined as data sources: (a) SportDiscus; (b) Scielo; (c) Web of Science; (d) Scopus; (e) ERIC and (f) PsycInfo. The initial search was carried out with the following terms: "Pedagogical Model" OR, "Education Model", OR, "Teaching Games" AND, "Sports" AND, "Physical Education". The 24 articles analyzed met the following criteria: (a) intervention studies with quantitative or mixed analysis; (b) performed during physical education classes; and, (c) aim to verify the effects of STM on cognitive or motor skills outcomes. The analysis of bias/quality of the studies was performed based on the PEDro scale. Interventions were found with the Sport Education Model (SEM - 41.7%), Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU - 33.3%), Tactical Games (TG - 4.2%) and Hybrid Models (HM - 20.8%). The results indicate positive effects of the three models (SEM, TGfU/TG and HM) on game performance and decision-making. SEM still had a positive effect on game involvement, knowledge and skill execution, with STM with more outcomes with positive results. Future investigations should consider intervening factors such as sex, skill level, teaching groups, teacher experience, time and unit content.

El estudio de la cognición: hacia una perspectiva corporizada / O estudo da cognição: em direção a uma perspectiva incorporada / The study of cognition: towards an embodied perspective / L'étude de la cognition: vers une perspective incarnée

Resumen El campo de la cognición ha tenido una larga historia en la que los modelos formales, el cuerpo y la interacción con el mundo físico y social han tenido significados y papeles variados. En los últimos años, las propuestas han intentado reintroducir el cuerpo y la variabilidad cognitiva resultante de la sensibilidad a contextos ricos e impredecibles. Este artículo presenta el enactivismo autopoiético, una de las versiones esenciales de las teorías encarnadas dentro de las ciencias cognitivas, señalando algunas limitaciones de las teorías clásicas de procesamiento de la información y sus nociones de representación. En este distanciamiento, las ciencias cognitivas han recuperado el cuerpo, la sensibilidad y flexibilidad de los procesos cognitivos, la naturaleza dinámica de la experiencia y el valor de los sistemas culturales que sustentan la actividad cognitiva.

Resumo O campo da cognição tem uma longa história na qual modelos formais, o corpo, e a interação com o mundo físico e social tiveram significados e papéis variados. Nos últimos anos, as propostas tentaram reintroduzir o corpo e a variabilidade cognitiva resultante da sensibilidade a contextos ricos e imprevisíveis. Este artigo apresenta o enativismo autopoiético, uma das versões essenciais das teorias corporizadas dentro das ciências cognitivas, apontando algumas limitações das teorias clássicas de processamento de informação e as suas noções de representação. Nesse distanciamento, as ciências cognitivas recuperaram o corpo, a sensibilidade e flexibilidade dos processos cognitivos, a natureza dinâmica da experiência e o valor dos sistemas culturais que sustentam a atividade cognitiva.

Abstract The field of cognition has had a long history where formal models, the body, and interaction with the physical and social world have had varied meanings and roles. In recent years, proposals have tried to reintroduce the body and the cognitive variability resulting from sensitivity to rich and unpredictable contexts. This article presents the autopoietic enactivism, one of the essential versions of embodied theories within the cognitive sciences, pointing out some limitations of classical information processing theories and their notions of representation. In this distancing, cognitive sciences have recovered the body, the sensitivity and flexibility of cognitive processes, the dynamic nature of experience, and the value of the cultural systems that support cognitive activity.

Résumé Le domaine de la cognition a connu une longue histoire dans laquelle les modèles formels, le corps et l'interaction avec le monde physique et social ont eu des significations et des rôles variés. Ces dernières années, des propositions ont tenté de réintroduire le corps et la variabilité cognitive résultant de la sensibilité à des contextes riches et imprévisibles. Cet article présente l'enactivisme autopoïétique, l'une des versions essentielles des théories incarnées au sein des sciences cognitives, en soulignant certaines limites des théories classiques du traitement de l'information et de leurs notions de représentation. Avec cet écartement, les sciences cognitives ont récupéré le corps, la sensibilité et la flexibilité des processus cognitifs, la nature dynamique de l'expérience et la valeur des systèmes culturels qui soutiennent l'activité cognitive.

Psychosocial characteristics and cognitive function in community-dwelling adults over 50 years old from the Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS)

Aging is an inevitable process that can be associated with cognitive impairment. Evidence about the simultaneous evaluation of psychosocial variables that could be associated with cognitive function is crucial. We aimed to determine the association between psychosocial characteristics and cognition in adults over 50 years in Mexico. The fifth round of the Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS) (2018) provides the basis for this paper. The study is part of a longitudinal analysis, for which wave pasting 2012, 2015, and 2018 were performed. The final sample comprised 6,709 individuals. Ten psychosocial variables were measured through scales or specific questions. Cognition was assessed with the Cross-Cultural Cognitive Examination (CCCE). Confounders included sociodemographics, multimorbidity, and functionality. The analysis was performed by adjusting the regression model. Of the total sample, 2,761 (41.1%) were men; 3,948 (58.8%) were women. The mean age was 68.2 years (SD = 8.1). Cognition is significantly affected in people with higher age (ß=-1.30, Cl 95% -1.54, -.1.06 p= 0.000), less schooling (ß=.559, CI 95% .498, .621 p<0.001), depressive symptoms (ß=-.066, CI 95% -.115, -.018 p=0.007), those who do not perform any volunteer service (ß=-.057, CI 95% -.102, -.102 p=0.013), or do not participate in decision making (ß=-.242, CI 95% -.295, -.189 p<0.001), low internal locus of control (ß=-.012., CI 95% -.023, -.001 p=0.023), and poor economic perception (ß=-.070., CI 95% -.115, -.024 p=0.002). When analyzing the cognitive function of older people, it is vital to consider the possible related psychosocial variables.

El envejecimiento es un proceso inevitable que puede asociarse al deterioro cognitivo. La evidencia sobre la evaluación simultánea de variables psicosociales que pudieran estar asociadas con la función cognitiva es crucial. Nuestro objetivo fue determinar la asociación entre las características psicosociales y la cognición en adultos mayores de 50 años en México. La quinta ronda del Estudio Mexicano de Salud y Envejecimiento (ENASEM) (2018) proporciona la base para este trabajo. El estudio forma parte de un análisis longitudinal, para el que se recabaron datos en 2012, 2015 y 2018. La muestra final estuvo compuesta por 6,709 individuos. Se midieron diez variables psicosociales a través de escalas o preguntas específicas. La cognición se evaluó con el Cross-Cultural Cognitive Examination (CCCE). Entre los factores de confusión se incluyeron los sociodemográficos, la multimorbilidad y la funcionalidad. El análisis se realizó ajustando un modelo de regresión. De la muestra total, 2.761 (41,1%) eran hombres; 3.948 (58,8%) eran mujeres. La edad media era de 68,2 años (DE = 8,1). La cognición se ve significativamente afectada en las personas con mayor edad (ß=-1,30, Cl 95% -1,54, -.1.06 p<0.001), menor escolaridad (ß=-.559, IC 95% .498, .621 p<0.001), síntomas depresivos (ß=-.066, IC 95% -.115, -.018 p=0.007), quienes no realizan ningún servicio voluntario (ß=-.057, IC 95% -.102, -.102 p=0. 013), o no participan en la toma de decisiones (ß=-.242, CI 95% -.295, -.189 p<0.001), presentan bajo locus de control interno (ß=-.012., CI 95% -.023, -.001 p=0.023), y pobre percepción económica (ß=-.070., CI 95% -.115, -.024 p=0.002). Al analizar la función cognitiva de las personas mayores, es vital considerar las posibles variables psicosociales relacionadas.

O envelhecimento é um processo inevitável que pode estar associado a défices cognitivos. A evidência sobre a avaliação simultânea de variáveis psicossociais que podem estar associadas à função cognitiva é crucial. O nosso objetivo foi determinar a associação entre as características psicossociais e a cognição em adultos com mais de 50 anos no México. A quinta rodada do Estudo Mexicano de Saúde e Envelhecimento (MHAS) (2018) fornece a base para este artigo. O estudo faz parte de uma análise longitudinal, para a qual foram realizadas colagens de ondas 2012, 2015 e 2018. A amostra final foi composta por 6.709 indivíduos. Dez variáveis psicossociais foram medidas por meio de escalas ou perguntas específicas. A cognição foi avaliada com o Cross-Cultural Cognitive Examination (CCCE). Os factores de confusão incluíram dados sociodemográficos, multimorbilidade e funcionalidade. A análise foi efectuada através do ajuste do modelo de regressão. Da amostra total, 2.761 (41,1%) eram homens; 3.948 (58,8%) eram mulheres. A idade média foi de 68,2 anos (DP = 8,1). A cognição é significativamente afetada nas pessoas com mais idade (ß=-1,30, Cl 95% -1,54, -.1.06 p= 0.000), menor escolaridade (ß=.559, IC 95% .498, .621 p<0.001), sintomas depressivos (ß=-.066, IC 95% -.115, -.018 p=0.007), aqueles que não realizam nenhum serviço voluntário (ß=-.057, IC 95% -.102, -.102 p=0. 013), ou não participam na tomada de decisões (ß=-.242, IC 95% -.295, -.189 p<0.001), baixo locus de controlo interno (ß=-.012., IC 95% -.023, -.001 p=0.023), e fraca perceção económica (ß=-.070., IC 95% -.115, -.024 p=0.002). Ao analisar a função cognitiva dos idosos, é vital considerar as possíveis variáveis psicossociais relacionadas.