O consumo de farinha de taro (Colocasia esculenta) favorece a integridade óssea em ratos machos / Taro (Colocasia esculenta) flour intake enable bone integrity in male rats

Objetivo: A proposta deste estudo foi investigar a composição óssea em ratos tratados com dieta suplementada com farinha de taro (Colocasia esculenta) até eles completarem 90 dias de idade. Métodos: No momento do desmame, os ratos foram divididos em grupo controle (C, n = 11) e experimental (T, n = 12) ­ composto por animais tratados com farinha de taro até os 90 dias de idade. Ingestão alimentar, massa e comprimento corporal foram avaliados semanalmente ao longo de todo o período experimental. Dimensões ósseas, bem como a densidade mineral óssea (DMO), conteúdo mineral ósseo (CMO), área óssea total e propriedades biomecânicas foram determinadas no final de 90 dias. Resultados: Grupo T apresentou elevados valores (P<0.05) para massa e comprimento corporal; DMO, CMO e área óssea da coluna vertebral; DMO na quarta vértebra lombar; massa femoral, distância entre as epífises, largura do ponto médio da diáfise, DMO, força máxima e concentrações séricas de osteocalcina, quando comparado ao grupo controle. Conclusões: A ingestão da farinha de taro apresentou efeito positivo na saúde óssea. (AU)

Objective: This study aimed to investigate bone composition in male rats treated with diet supplemented with taro (Colocasia esculenta) flour until their 90 days. Methods: Weanling male rats were divided into control (C, n=11) and experimental group (T, n=12); the latter comprised animals treated with taro flour until their 90 days. Food intake, body mass and length were evaluated on a weekly basis throughout the experimental period. Spine bone dimension, as well as bone mineral density (BMD), mineral content (BMC), total area and biomechanical properties were determined after 90 days. Results: T group recorded higher values for (P<0.05) body mass and length; BMD, BMC and total spinal area; BMD of the fourth lumbar vertebra; femoral mass, distance between epiphysis, medial point of diaphysis width, BMD, maximum strength and osteocalcin concentrations than the control. Conclusion: Taro flour intake had positive effect on bone health. (AU)

Technical feasibility of conventional and nonconventional vegetables' intercropping under organic fertilization / Viabilidade técnica do cultivo consorciado de hortaliças convencionais e não convencionais sob fertilização orgânica

This work aimed to evaluate the technical feasibility of lettuce, Indian spinach and taro intercropping under organic fertilizer. The experiment was performed at Água Limpa Farm, belonging to the University of Brasília, located in Brasília - DF, from October 2014 to June 2015. A completely randomized block design with seven treatments and four replications was used. Each experimental plot had 18 m2 (4.5 m x 4.0 m), totaling 28 plots. The following treatments were assessed: lettuce monoculture, Indian spinach monoculture, taro monoculture, lettuce/Indian spinach intercropping, lettuce/taro intercropping, Indian spinach/taro intercropping, and lettuce/Indian spinach/taro intercropping. In all treatments, the following spacings were used: 0.25 x 0.25 m (lettuce), 1.0 x 0.6 m (Indian spinach), and 1.0 x 0.3 m (taro). Crop production was evaluated from sample plants taken from the central part of each plot. Two harvests of lettuce, two of Indian spinach and one of taro were carried out during intercropping. In the first cycle, lettuce highest mean yield values were observed in the lettuce monoculture (3.5 kg m-2) and lettuce/Indian spinach intercropping (3.4 kg m-2). The crop reached the commercial size in both production cycles, except when intercropped with Indian spinach in the second cycle. The highest Indian spinach mean fresh mass was recorded in the lettuce/Indian spinach intercropping (974.7 g plant-1; first harvest) and monoculture (327.5 g plant-1; second harvest). The yield of taro rhizomes was significantly higher when intercropped with lettuce, showing a mean value of 16.8 kg m-2. The intercropping arrangements with lettuce increased yield of nonconventional vegetables. The conventional and nonconventional vegetables' intercropping technique increased species diversity in the area without interfering in the agronomic performance and quality of the crops.

Proximate, Phytochemicals and Reducing Power of Leaf Extracts of Colocasia esculenta and Ipomoea batatas

Background:Reports has shown that edible leaves of vegetable plants serve both nutritional and medicinal purposes, yet are poorly utilized due to inadequate enlightenment of the major populace on their compositions. Aims:The aim of this study was to determine the proximate, phytochemicals and reducing power of leaf extracts of Colocasia esculenta and Ipomoea batatas.Methodology:Washed and air dried leaf samples were milled and subjected to proximate and phytochemical analysis.Determination of calcium, iron and sodium content was by Atomic absorption spectroscopy. Reducing power was determined by the Potassium ferricyanide reducing power method. Results:Ipomoea batatasleaves was found to be higher in moisture (14.05%) and carbohydrate (29.33%) while Colocasia esculentaleaves was higher in ash (10.00%), Crude fiber (16.27%), Fat (10.17%) and protein (29.41%).A better antioxidant activity and higher levels of all phytochemicals and minerals were observed in leaves of Colocasia esculentacompared to leaves of Ipomoea batatas.Conclusion:This study suggests that both leaves are of importance to human nutrition considering the observed levels of nutrients, phytochemicals and antioxidant activity. While C. esculentaleaves should be preferred for its nutrient and antioxidant advantages, both leaves can contribute immensely to the daily nutrient requirements.

Potential increase in photosynthetic response of taro (Colocasia esculenta L.) to photon flux density and elevated CO2

Aim: The present study was undertaken to study the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (gs) and intercellular CO2 (Ci) in five eddoe and four dasheen type taro genotypes under ambient and elevated CO2 , and subjected to different photon flux densities. Methodology: The critical evaluation of Pn was assessed at different photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFDs) viz., 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000, 1200 and 1500 µmol m-2 hr-1 under ambient CO2 (400 ppm) and at saturation PPFD (1500 µmol m-2 hr-1) at short-term (ten min) exposure of leaves to elevated CO2 (eCO2; 600, 800 and 1000 ppm) at 30oC using portable photosynthesis system LI-6400, LICOR, USA in a controlled-climate cuvette system. Results: The Pn in the leaves of nine taro genotypes persistently augmented upon short-term (10 min) exposure to eCO2 concentrations which ranged between 400 ppm and 1000 ppm. Taro genotypes exhibited 61.80 – 113.3% hike in Pn at eCO2 (1000 ppm) as compared to ambient CO2 (400 ppm). However, the per cent increase in Pn at eCO2 for every 200 ppm between 400 to1000 ppm significantly declined (4.4-18.4%) at 1000 ppm CO2. The differences in gs were statistically significant across taro genotypes (P>0.001) and CO2 concentrations (P>0.001). Further, the Ci was also found to increase constantly at eCO2 concentrations (400 ppm to 1000 ppm). However, there was significant reduction (16.2 - 31.3%) in Ci for every 200 ppm between 400-1000 ppm. Interpretation: Results of the study revealed that the genotypes Muktakeshi, Sree Pallavi and Telia are promising in the context of climate change as they significantly responded to eCO2 concentrations. Response mechanism to eCO2 need to be elucidated.

Synthesis of silver nanoparticle with Colocasia esculenta (L.) stem and its larvicidal activity against Culex quinquefasciatus and Chironomus sp

Objective: To synthesize silver nanoparticles with Colocasia esculenta as a reducing agent and to evaluate their effect against Culex quinquefasciatus and Chironomus sp. Methods: The aqueous extract of Colocasia esculenta stem was used for nanosynthesis. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Vis spectrophotometry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and Zeta potential studies. The toxicity of Colocasia esculenta stem extract and the synthesized silver nanoparticles was evaluated against the larval stages of target human filarial vector Culex quinquefasciatus and non-target Chironomus sp. Results: Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy studies revealed almost spherical shape of the synthesized silver nanoparticles with size ranging from 13-50 nm. After 24 hours of exposure, the LC

Synthesis of silver nanoparticle with Colocasia esculenta (L.) stem and its larvicidal activity against Culex quinquefasciatus and Chironomus sp

Objective: To synthesize silver nanoparticles with Colocasia esculenta as a reducing agent and to evaluate their effect against Culex quinquefasciatus and Chironomus sp. Methods: The aqueous extract of Colocasia esculenta stem was used for nanosynthesis. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Vis spectrophotometry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and Zeta potential studies. The toxicity of Colocasia esculenta stem extract and the synthesized silver nanoparticles was evaluated against the larval stages of target human filarial vector Culex quinquefasciatus and non-target Chironomus sp. Results: Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy studies revealed almost spherical shape of the synthesized silver nanoparticles with size ranging from 13-50 nm. After 24 hours of exposure, the LC50 and LC90 of the plant extract against 4th instars larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus were 745.56 mg/L and 1258.28 mg/L, respectively, which were higher than those of synthesized silver nanoparticles (5.17 mg/L and 17.32 mg/L after 24 h; 1.58 mg/L and 13.01 mg/L after 48 h). In addition, the LC50 and LC90 of silver nanoparticles against Chironomus sp. were 9.71 mg/L and 23.15 mg/L after 24 h as well as 2.38 mg/L and 19.49 mg/ L after 48 h, respectively. Conclusions: The aqueous stem extract of Colocasia esculenta is a good agent for synthesis of silver nanoparticles, which are almost spherical with size less than 30 nm. The synthesized nanoparticles show good larvicidal activity without any harmful effect on non-target species.

Estimation of optimum experimental plot size for taro culture / Estimativa de tamanho ótimo de parcela experimental para a cultura do taro

ABSTRACT: Taro is a tropical tuberous vegetable that produces cormels of high nutritional and energetic value. In recent years, its cultivation has expanded, creating the need for more research. However, the experimental plot size interferes directly with the precision of the experiment.Literature describes several methods for establishing the optimum experimental plot size. The objective of the current research was to estimate the optimal experimental plot size for taro culture, utilizing the Modified Maximum Curvature Method. The field experiment was conducted in the vegetable garden of the Departamentode Fitotecnia of Universidade Federal de Viçosa, from September 2011 to June 2012, with Japanese taro. Twenty-two rows with 20 plants each were planted, at 1.0×0.3 m spacing, considering the 20 central rows with 18 plants each as useful area, totaling 360 plants. Each plant corresponded to a basic unit (BU). Once the possible clusters were made, 23 different plot sizes were formed. At harvest, the fresh mass characteristics of large, medium, and marketable cormels were evaluated. The optimum plot sizes were: 8.77 BU for marketable cormels; 14.75 BU for large cormels, and 13.37 BU for medium cormels. Among the plot sizes estimated in this study, the aim was to improve precision of experiments performed with taro, plots formed by 15 BU that corresponded to a 4.5 m2 area are recommended.

RESUMO: O taro é uma hortaliça tuberosa tropical que produz cormelos de elevado valor nutritivo e energético. Nos últimos anos seu cultivo tem-se expandido gerando a necessidade de mais informações da pesquisa. Todavia, na pesquisa científica, o tamanho da parcela experimental interfere diretamente na precisão do experimento. Para determinação do tamanho ótimo de parcela, vários métodos têm sido relatados na literatura. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar o tamanho ótimo de parcela experimental para a cultura do taro utilizando o Método da Máxima Curvatura Modificado. O experimento foi conduzido a campo, na horta do Departamento de Fitotecnia da Universidade Federal de Viçosa, no período de setembro/2011 a junho/2012, com taro 'Japonês'. Foram plantadas 22 fileiras com 20 plantas cada, no espaçamento de 1,0 x 0,3 m, considerando-se como área útil as 20 fileiras centrais com 18 plantas cada, totalizando 360 plantas. Cada planta correspondeu a Unidade Básica (UB). Feito os possíveis agrupamentos, formaram-se 23 diferentes tamanhos de parcelas. Na colheita avaliaram-se as características massa fresca dos cormelos grande, médio e comerciáveis. Os tamanhos ótimos de parcelas encontrados foram de: 8,77 UB para os cormelos comerciáveis; 14,75 UB para os cormelos grandes e de 13,37 UB para cormelos médios. Dentre os tamanhos das parcelas estimados neste trabalho, de forma a aumentar a precisão experimental em experimentos realizados com taro, sugere-se adotar parcelas formadas por 15 UB, o que corresponde a uma área de 4,5 m2.

Evaluation of metal contamination and phytoremediation potential of aquatic macrophytes of East Kolkata Wetlands, India

OBJECTIVES: The present study analyzes metal contamination in sediment of the East Kolkata Wetlands, a Ramsar site, which is receiving a huge amount of domestic and industrial wastewater from surrounding areas. The subsequent uptake and accumulation of metals in different macrophytes are also examined in regard to their phytoremediation potential. METHODS: Metals like cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and lead (Pb) were estimated in sediment, water and different parts of the macrophytes Colocasia esculenta and Scirpus articulatus. RESULTS: The concentration of metals in sediment were, from highest to lowest, Mn (205.0±65.5 mg/kg)>Cu (29.9±10.2 mg/kg)>Pb (22.7±10.3 mg/kg)>Cd (3.7±2.2 mg/kg). The phytoaccumulation tendency of these metals showed similar trends in both native aquatic macrophyte species. The rate of accumulation of metals in roots was higher than in shoots. There were strong positive correlations (p<0.001) between soil organic carbon (OC) percentage and Mn (r =0.771), and sediment OC percentage and Pb (r=0.832). Cation exchange capacity (CEC) also showed a positive correlation (p<0.001) with Cu (r=0.721), Mn (r=0.713), and Pb (r=0.788), while correlations between sediment OC percentage and Cu (r=0.628), sediment OC percentage and Cd (r=0.559), and CEC and Cd (r=0.625) were significant at the p<0.05 level. CONCLUSIONS: Bioaccumulation factor and translocation factors of these two plants revealed that S. articulatus was comparatively more efficient for phytoremediation, whereas phytostabilization potential was higher in C. esculenta.

Purification of Colocasia esculenta lectin and determination of its anti-insect potential towards Bactrocera cucurbitae.

The present study reports the purification of a lectin from Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott corms and evaluation of its anti-insect potential towards Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquilett). The lectin was found to be specific towards N-acetyl-D-lactosamine (LacNac), a disaccharide and asialofetuin, a desialylated serum glycoprotein in hemagglutination inhibition assay. Asialofetuin was used as a ligand to purify Colocasia esculenta agglutinin (CEA) by affinity chromatography. The purity of CEA was ascertained by the presence of a single band in reducing SDS-PAGE at pH 8.3. The affinity purified CEA was employed in artificial diet bioassay of second instar larvae (64-72 hr old) of the B. cucurbitae at concentrations ranging between 10-160 µg ml-1. The lectin significantly (p<0.01) decreased the percent pupation and emergence with respect to control. Effect on various enzymes was studied by employing LC50 (51.6 µg ml-1) CEA in the artificial diet bioassay of second instar larvae. All the enzymes tested namely esterases, phosphatases (acid and alkaline), superoxide dismutases, catalase and glutathione-S-transferase showed a significant (p<0.01, p<0.05) increase in their enzyme and specific activities. These results showed that CEA affected normal growth and development and presented stress to the larvae, activating their detoxification and anti-oxidant systems. Thus, the lectin seems to be a useful candidate for the control measures of B. cucurbitae under the integrated pest management (IPM) system.

AMIDO NATIVO E MODIFICADO DE TARO (Colocasia esculenta L. Schott): CARACTERIZAÇÃO QUÍMICA, MORFOLÓGICA E PROPRIEDADES DE PASTA / NATIVE AND MODIFIED STARCH OF TARO (Colocasia esculenta L. Schott): CHEMICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND PASTE PROPERTIES

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi comparar as propriedades do amido nativo de taro (Colocasia esculenta L. Schott), clone Macaquinho, com o seu amido modificado por oxidação para utilização pela indústria alimentícia. As amostras foram avaliadas com base nas alterações referentes à sua morfologia e propriedades funcionais. Os percentuais de grupos carboxila e carbonila obtidos após modificação classificou o tratamento empregado como brando, o qual é determinante para a caracterização funcional desse amido. A microscopia revelou grânulos com formatos circulares e poliédricos, aglomerados, tendo o amido oxidado apresentado grânulos um pouco mais volumosos. O amido oxidado mostrou maior poder de intumescimento e solubilidade na temperatura prevista para gelatinização (75ºC), embora tenha sido superado pelo homólogo nativo em temperatura próxima a 80ºC, com valores máximos para ambos os amidos a 95ºC. O amido oxidado também apresentou maior capacidade de absorção de água e óleo, transparência e propriedades de pasta em relação ao amido nativo. A modificação conduzida evidenciou excelentes vantagens para a indústria alimentícia que necessita de produtos com propriedades específicas em temperaturas mais baixas em virtude da rapidez desejada no preparo de sopas, molhos e sobremesas, entre outros alimentos instantâneos.

The objective of this study was to compare the properties of native starch from taro (Colocasia esculenta L. Schott), clone "Macaquinho" with its starch modified by oxidation to be utilized in the food industry. The samples were evaluated based on the alterations of morphology and functional properties. The percentage of carbonyl and carboxyl groups obtained after modifi cation, classify the applied treatment as mild, and that is a determiningfactor for the functional characterization of starch. Microscopy revealed beads with circular and polyhedral, clusters, where the oxidized starch granules showed a little more bulky. The oxidized starch obtained the highest swelling power and solubility due to gelatinization temperature (75°C), although it has been overcome by the native starch at a temperature close to 80°C, with maximum values for both starches at 95°C. The oxidized starch presented better capability of absorbing water and oils, transparency and paste properties in comparison with native starch. The performed modifi cation presents great advantages for the food industry that needs more products with specifi c properties at lower temperatures, due to the speed required to prepare products such as soups, sauces, desserts, and other instant foods.

Reguladores vegetais e teores endógenos de poliaminas durante o desenvolvimento de taro cultivado in vitro / Plant growth regulators in polyamines endogenous levels during the development of taro cultivated in vitro

Neste trabalho foi investigada a assepsia para obtenção de explantes oriundos de tubérculos e a ação das poliaminas espermidina e espermina exógenas associadas aos reguladores vegetais AIA e BA no desenvolvimento, na tuberização in vitro e nos níveis endógenos de putrescina (Put), espermidina (Spd) e espermina (Spm) de taro (Colocasia esculenta). Plantas crescidas em meio contendo espermidina e espermina mostraram tuberização e a associação dessas poliaminas com AIA e BA induziu aumento do número de brotações. Para o estímulo da rizogênese, não foi necessário o uso de reguladores vegetais. Altos teores de putrescina foram encontrados durante a emissão de brotações, enquanto que altos teores de espermidina foram observados durante a formação de rizomas in vitro.

The present research investigated the asepsis for attainment of explants deriving of tubers and the polyamines espermidine and espermine exogenous effects associated with the plant growth regulators NAA and BA on the development and tuberization in vitro and the endogenous levels of putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm) of taro (Colocasia esculenta). Plants grown in the medium with spermidine and spermine showed tuberization and the association of these polyamines with NAA and BA increases number of shoots. Plant growth regulators were not necessary for root initiation. High levels of endogenous Put were found during the shoot emission, while high levels Spd were observed during in vitro root formation.

Produção e renda de taro Macaquinho, solteiro e consorciado comalface 'Salad Bowl', em solo com cobertura de cama-de-frango semidecomposta / 'Macaquinho' taro in monocrop system and intercropped with 'SaladBowl' lettuce in soil with chicken manure mulching

Este trabalho teve como objetivos estudar a produtividade e a renda do taro ‘Macaquinho, em cultivo solteiro e consorciado com a alface mimosa ‘Salad Bowl’, em solo sem (SCF) ou com (CCF) cobertura com cama-defrango (10 t ha-1). A colheita da alface foi feita aos 64 dias após a semeadura e a do taro aos 199 dias após o plantio. Na alface obtiveram-se baixos valores para plantas com “cabeças” comerciais (média de 15.830 “cabeças” ha-1) e altos para as não comerciais (média de 89.160 “cabeças” ha-1). No taro, as maiores produções de folhas (4,89 t ha-1), rizomas-mãe (6,46 t ha-1), rizomas-filho comerciais (15,33 t ha-1) e não-comerciais (9,73 t ha-1) foram obtidas nas plantas sob cultivo solteiro e cultivadas em solo CCF. A razão de área equivalente (RAE) para o consórcio taro-alface, em solo CCF foi de 1,47 e a do consórcio em solo SCF foi de 1,82. As rendas bruta e líquida mostraram que no taro foi melhor o cultivo solteiro em solo CCF (R$ 18.936,00 e R$ 17.596,00, respectivamente). Para alface, foi melhor o consórcio com taro, em solo CCF (R$ 18.024,00 e R$ 17.224,00, respectivamente). A maior RAE não induziu as maiores rendas bruta e líquida.

This work had as aim to study yield and income of ‘Macaquinho’ taro in monocrop system and intercropped with ‘Salad Bowl’ mimosa lettuce in soil without (SCF) or with (CCF) mulching with chicken manure (10 t ha-1). Lettuce harvest was done on 64 days after sowing and taro harvest on 199 days after planting. For lettuce it was obtained low values for plants with commercial heads (average of 15,830heads ha-1) and high values for non-commercial heads (average of 89,160 heads ha-1). For taro, the highest yields of leaves (4.89 t ha-1), corms (6.46 t ha-1), commercial (15.33 t ha-1) and non-commercial (9.73 t ha-1) cormels were obtained in plants under monocrop system and that were cultivated in CCF soil. Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) for taro/lettuce intercropping, in CCF soil, was 1.47 and of intercropping in SCF soil was 1.82. Gross and net income showed that for taro it was better to use of monocrop system in CCF soil (R$ 18,936.00 and R$ 17,596.00, respectively). For lettuce, it was better to use intercrop system with taro in CCF soil (R$ 18,024.00 and 17,224.00, respectively). The highest LER did not induce the highest gross and net income.

Produção do taro 'Chinês', em cultivo solteiro e consorciado com chicória / Yield of 'Chinês' taro in monocrop system and intercropped with chicory

Objetiva-se com este trabalho avaliar a produtividade e a renda bruta do taro 'Chinês', conduzido em cultivo solteiro ou consorciado com chicória 'Escarola Lisa', nas condições ambientes de Dourados-MS. Os tratamentos foram arranjados no delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com cinco repetições. A colheita da chicória foi aos 97 dias após a semeadura e a do taro aos 203 dias. O consórcio foi avaliado pela razão de área equivalente (RAE) e sua validação pela renda bruta. As plantas de taro e de chicória foram influenciadas significativamente pela consorciação, exceto para altura das plantas de chicória que foram semelhantes. O cultivo solteiro proporcionou maiores produções de taro (9,90; 3,96; 10,42 e 9,03 t ha-1 de folhas, rizomas-mãe, rizomas-filho comerciais e rizomas-filho não comerciais, respectivamente) e diâmetro (19,22 cm) e número (50,69 mil ha-1) de cabeças comerciais de chicória. A RAE para o consórcio taro-chicória foi de 0,92 e, por isso, o consórcio foi considerado como não efetivo.

The present work had the aim of evaluating the yield and gross income of 'Chinês' taro that was carried out in monocrop and intercropped system with 'Escarola Lisa' chicory in environment conditions in Dourados-MS. Treatments were arranged in a randomized experimental block design with five replications. Chicory harvest was done at 97 days after sowing and taro harvest at 203 days. Intercropping was evaluated by Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) and its validation was done determining gross income. Plants of taro and chicory were significantly influenced by means of cultivation, except to height of chicory plants that were similar. Monocrop system induced the highest yields of taro (9.90; 3.96; 10.42 and 9.03 t ha-1 of leaves, corms, commercial and non-commercial cormels, respectively) and greatest diameter (19.22 cm) and number (50.69 thousand ha-1) of commercial heads of chicory. LER for taro/chicory intercrop was 0.92 and, because of that, it was considered as non-effective.

Produção e composição nutritiva de taro em função do propágulo, em solo hidromórfico do Pantanal Sul-Mato-Grossense / Yield and nutritive components of taro as a function of propagule type in a hydromorfic soil of South Mato grosso Pantanal

O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar a produtividade e a composição nutritiva dos rizonas de taro, em condições de solo hidromórfico do pantanal sul-mato-grossense. Foram avaliados os taros Chinês e Macaquinho, propagados por rizomas das classes grande e pequena, como tipos inteiros e cortados no meio, arranjados em esquema fatorial 2x2x2, no delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. A população final, altura das plantas e massa fresca das folhas e dos rizomas-mãe do taro Chinês foi significativamente superior à do macaquinho. Quanto ás classes de propágulos utilizados para a propagação, foi melhor o uso de rizomas grandes. O uso de rizomas inteiros foi significativamente melhor que dos rizomas cortados quanto à população final e produção de massa fresca dos rizomas mãe (RM) e semelhantes para altura das plantas e produções de massa fresca de folhas e dos rizomas-filho (RF). Em relação à composição nutritiva dos rizomas, os RM e os RF tiveram teores caracterísitcos do clone. Os RM e RF dos dois clones apresentaram maiores teores de resíduo mineral fixo, proteínas e carboidratos e menores teores de lipídeos e de fibras, assim como de valor calórico total-VCT, que os domilho. Os RM e RF dos dois clones tiveram menores teores de lipídeos, carboidratos e VCT em relação à farinha de trigo

The objective of this work was to determine yield and nutritive components of taro rhizomes inhydromorfic soil conditions of South Mato Grosso Pantanal. Chinês and Macaquinho taroswere evaluated. They were propagated by rhizomes of big and small classes, as whole and halftypes, arranged as 2 x 2 x 2 factorial scheme in randomized block experimental design, with four replications. Final population, plant height and fresh mass of leaves and of corms of Chinêstaro were significantly superior than 'Macaquinho'. Regarding to propagule classes used forpropagation, big rhizome was the best. The use of whole rhizomes was significantly better thancut rhizomes regarding to final population and yield of fresh mass of corms (RM) and it wassimilar for plant height and yield of fresh mass of leaves and of cormels (RF). In relation tonutritive compound of rhizomes, RM and RF had contents which were characteristics of theclone. RM and RF of both two clones showed higher contents of fix mineral residue, proteinsand carbohydrates and they have smaller contents of lipids and of fibers, as well of total caloricvalue, than of corn. RM and RF of both two clones had smaller contents of lipids, carbohydratesand TCV in relation to wheat flour

Características físicas y nutricionales de extrudidos de plátano verde (Musa spp), ocumo chino (Colocasia esculenta) y maíz (Zea mays L) / Physical and nutritional characteristics of green plantain (Musa spp), taro (Colocasia esculenta) and corn (Zea mays L) extrudates

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar las propiedades físicas y nutricionales de las harinas extrudidas de plátano verde, ocumo chino o taro y sus mezclas con maíz, para diversificar la producción y el uso potencial en la agroindustria. El plan de investigación se realizó con un extrusor de laboratorio, tipo monotornillo a una temperatura de alimentación 75 ºC, temperatura del barril y de la matriz 180 ºC, velocidad del tornillo 120 rpm y 16 por ciento en el contenido de humedad de las harinas. Bajo estas condiciones, se obtuvo a partir de la harina de plátano verde un extrudido de alta densidad y bajo índice de expansión, mientras que con las mezclas por separado de la harina de ocumo chino y de plátano verde con un 80 por ciento de la harina de maíz blanco, resultaron extrudidos con baja densidad y alto índice de expansión, encontrándose diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p< 0,05) en las medidas del color (“L”). Con relación a la composición nutricional, se determino que todos los extrudidos presentaron un alto contenido de almidón resistente (22 por ciento) y variaciones en el contenido de fibra dietética en el intervalo de 8,4 por ciento a 2,88 por ciento. En conclusión los extrudidos de plátano verde por su aporte en almidón resistente, fibra dietética y una digestión lenta del almidón, se podrían recomendar en alimentos precocidos para regimenes especiales de alimentación. La obtención de extrudidos de ocumo chino permitiría diversificar el uso potencial de este rubro en la industria de alimentos.

The object of the present study, was to evaluate the physical and nutritional properties of the extruded flours ofgreen plantain, taro, and their mixture with corn, to diversify the production and the potential use in the agro industry The researching plan was made with a laboratory extruder single screwed type; to a feeding temperature of 75 ºC, barrel and matrix temperature of 180 ºC, screw speed of 120 rpm, and an humidity content of 16 percent in the flours. Under these conditions, it was obtained an green plantain flour based extrusion, of high density and low ratio of expansion; in the meantime, the separated mixtures of taro and green plantain with an 80 percent white corn flour, gave as results extrudates with low density and high level of expansion, and statistically significant differences were found (p< 0,05) in the color measure (“L”). In relation with the nutritional composition, it was determined that all the extrudates presented a high content of resistant starch (22 percent), and variations in the content of dietary fiber in the interval from 8,4 percent to 2,88 percent. Finally, the green plantain extrudates, for their contribution in resistant starch, dietary fiber and slow digestion of starch; could be recommended in precooked foods for special nutrition regimes. The obtention of taro extrudates, would allow to diversify the potential use of this product in the food industry.