Technological potential of under-utilized starches from eight varieties of legumes grown in Cameroon / Potencial tecnológico de amidos subutilizados de oito variedades de leguminosas cultivadas nos Camarões

Abstract Starch samples from eight legumes cultivars instar of one variety of Vigna unguiculata L. (Cowpea), one variety of Vigna subterrenea V. (Bambara groundnut) and six varieties of Phaseolus vulgaris L. (Common bean), grown in Cameroon were isolated, and their physicochemical and pasting properties were evaluated. The objectives of the study were to investigate the starch properties and processing characteristics of different bean varieties, and to establish the basic foundation of improving the functionality of beans and their starch grown in the region. The result revealed significant differences amongst the properties of the starches. The swelling power of the legume starch isolates put them in the category of highly restricted-swelling starch. This characteristic is desirable for the manufacture of value-added products such as noodles and composite blends with cereals. The pasting properties were determined using a rapid visco analyzer, and various legumes bean starches exhibited different pasting profiles. The high breakdown viscosity (BV) was founded for Cowpea and Bambara groundnut and confirmed their low. ability to resist heat and shear stress when compared to Common bean varieties studies. The factors which influence the pasting characteristics resulting to decrease in peak viscosity (PV), trough viscosity (TV) and final viscosity (FV) of starch are attributed to the interaction of starch with the protein, fat, etc. which depended to their variety.

Resumo Foram isoladas amostras de amido de oito cultivares de leguminosas ínstar de uma variedade de Vigna unguiculata L. (feijão caupi), uma variedade de Vigna subterrenea V. (amendoim Bambara) e seis variedades de Phaseolus vulgaris L. (feijão comum), cultivadas nos Camarões, e suas propriedades físico-químicas e de pasta foram avaliadas. Os objetivos do estudo foram investigar as propriedades do amido e as características de processamento de diferentes variedades de feijão e estabelecer as bases básicas para melhorar a funcionalidade do feijão e do amido cultivado na região. O resultado revelou diferenças significativas entre as propriedades dos amidos. O poder de inchamento dos isolados de amido de leguminosas os coloca na categoria de amido com inchamento altamente restrito. Esta característica é desejável para o fabrico de produtos de valor acrescentado, tais como macarrão e misturas compósitas com cereais. As propriedades de pasta foram determinadas usando um analisador rápido de visco, e vários amidos de feijão leguminosos exibiram diferentes perfis de pasta. A alta BV foi fundada para o amendoim Cowpea e Bambara e confirmou sua baixa. capacidade de resistir ao calor e tensão de cisalhamento quando comparado com estudos de variedades de feijão. Os fatores que influenciam as características colantes resultantes da diminuição do pico de viscosidade (PV), da viscosidade mínima (TV) e da viscosidade final (FV) do amido são atribuídos à interação do amido com a proteína, gordura, etc., que dependem da sua variedade.

Multiple Effect of Different Plant Growth Promoting Microorganisms on Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. ) Crop

Abstract We evaluated the effect of combined Rhizobium tropici, Trichoderma asperellum and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in beans crop. The hypothesis that strains of T. asperullum, R. tropici and PGPR combined could improve growth, biomass accumulation and beans yield was tested under greenhouse and field conditions. The treatments consisted of control, mineral nitrogen application and inoculation, isolated and associated with the following microorganisms: Rhizobium tropici, Bacillus subtilis, Trichoderma asperellum and Burkholderia sp. 10N6. Results were evaluated by shoot dry weight (SDW) and root dry weight (RDW), number of nodules and yield components. In greenhouse environment all the microorganisms behaved similarly, and the treatments inoculated with Burkholderia sp. 10N6 (IBu) and R. tropici (IR) stood out regarding the production components. In field conditions the treatments IR and IRTBa presented the highest values of SDW and RDW. Our results suggest that inoculation with R. tropici, T. asperellum and PGPR may promote beans growth and bring benefits to shoot and root accumulation, increase the number of nodules as well as improve yield components, contributing to a sustainable agriculture.

Extraction of protein concentrate from red bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.): antioxidant activity and inhibition of lipid peroxidation

Red Bean Protein Concentrate (RBPC) and their hydrolysates were used to evaluate the antioxidant capacity. TheRBPC protein content was in the range of 57.38%–72.68% of the total sample content. RBPC protein profile showeda range of 15–100 kDa. Phaseolin protein was identified with bands of 45 and 50 kDa. Phaseolin protein was foundin all the RBPC samples at the different pHs assayed. In the gastric digestion phase, bands from 60 to 100 kDa weretotally hydrolyzed with pepsin. Phaseolin protein (45 and 50 kDa) presented resistance to gastric hydrolysis. All theRBPCs and gastrointestinal digest presented antioxidant activity using ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP),2,2-azinobis (3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), andthiobarbituric acid reactive substances using the in vitro and in vivo methods. RBPC at pH 7.0 presented a value of95.80 µmoL TE/g of RBPC (FRAP); 257.12 µmoL TE/g of RBPC (ABTS), and 1960 µmoL TE/g of RBPC (ORAC).Duodenal digest of RBPC presented high antioxidant activity with 225.77 µmoL TE/g of digest (FRAP); 345.21 µmoLTE/g of digest (ABTS); and 3256 µmoL TE/g of digest (ORAC). Gastric and duodenal digest of RBPC were usedto inhibit lipid peroxidation using the in vitro method presenting a value of 87.95% and 93.0%, respectively. Whenthe in vivo method in zebrafish larvae was used, values were 79.03% and 86.76%, respectively. RBPCs showed noreactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibition. However, RBPCs with gastric and gastrointestinal digests, presented ROSinhibition, 75.30% for gastric digests and 66.40% for gastrointestinal digests.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) var. Brunca

Common bean is a crop recalcitrant to in vitro regeneration and therefore it lacks an efficient transformation protocol that can be reproduced using A. tumefaciens. The main goal of this study was to establish a protocol for A. tumefaciens mediated transformation of Phaseolus vulgaris var. Brunca by marker genes (gusA and nptII) together with the gene for trehalose-6-phosphate synthase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (TPS1) used in other species to increase tolerance to abiotic stress. The β-glucuronidase activity was detected in 45 % of the LBA4404 ElectroMAX® pCAMBIA1301 infected explants. Transformed explants regenerated new shoots after four to five months period in a kanamycin rich media. Surviving plants were evaluated by PCR and presented an 0.5 % efficiency of transformation. The established protocol for genetic transformation of common bean has two additional advantages with respect to previous reports: (1) it allows for obtaining transformed regenerants and (2) the genetic transformation was stable for the selective gene.

El frijol común en un cultivo recalcitrante a la regeneración in vitro y se carece de un protocolo eficiente y reproducible de transformación genética usando A. tumefaciens. Desarrollamos un protocolo de transformación genética mediada por A. tumefaciens de frijol común variedad Brunca utilizando genes marcadores (gusA y nptII) junto con el gen de la trehalosa-6-fosfato sintasa de levadura (TPS1) utilizado para incrementar tolerancia a estrés abiótico. La actividad de la β-glucoronidasa fue detectada en 45 % de los explantes infectados con la cepa LBA4404 de A. tumefaciens transformada con pCAMBIA1301. Después de 4 o 5 meses se regeneraron tallos en un medio adicionado con kanamicina. Los explantes supervivientes se evaluaron mediante PCR y presentaron una eficiencia de transformación de 0.5 %. El protocolo de transformación genética de frijol común establecido tiene dos ventajas adicionales con respecto a los reportes previos: (1) permite la obtención de regenerares transformados y (2) la transformación genética fue estable para el gen selectivo.

Phaseolus vulgaris genome possesses CAMTA genes, and phavuCAMTA1 contributes to the drought tolerance

Calmodulin-binding transcription activators (CAMTAs) are a family of transcription factors that play an important role in plants’ response to the various biotic and abiotic stresses. The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is one of the most important crops in the world and plays a pivotal role in sustainable agriculture. To date, the composition of CAMTA genes in genomes of Phaseolus species and their role in resistance to drought stress are not known. In this study, five PhavuCAMTA genes were characterized in common bean genome through bioinformatics analysis, the morphological and biochemical response of 23 Ph.vulgaris genotypes to different levels of drought stress were evaluated and the expression patterns of PhCAMTA1 in the leaf tissues of sensitive and tolerant genotypes were analysed. Gene structure, protein domain organization and phylogenetic analyses showed that the CAMTAs of Phaseolus were structurally similar and clustered into three groups as other plant CAMTAs. Genotypes showeda differential response to drought stress. Thus, the plant height, number of nodes and flower, total chlorophyll and total protein content, and activity of antioxidant enzymes (ascorbate peroxidase and catalase) in plants significantly influenced by genotype and drought stress interaction. Moreover, the resistant and susceptible genotypes were identified according to three-dimensional plots and the expression patterns of PhavuCAMTA1 gene were studied using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The results of the present study serve as the basis for future functional studies on the Phaseolus CAMTA family.

Respuesta del simbiosistema frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) y Rhizobium tropici CIAT899 ante el efecto alelopático de Ipomoea purpurea L. Roth / Responses of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and Rhizobium tropici CIAT899 symbiosystem to induced allelopathy by Ipomoea purpurea L. Roth

La alelopatía es un fenómeno que involucra la producción de metabolitos secundarios que influyen en el crecimiento de las plantas, pero este potencial alelopático ha sido poco estudiado en la simbiosis rizobio-leguminosa. Esta investigación tuvo los siguientes objetivos: 1) evaluar el potencial alelopático de lixiviados acuosos de Ipomoea purpurea L. Roth en la germinación de semillas y en el crecimiento radical de plántulas de frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris L.); 2) determinar el efecto de estos lixiviados en el crecimiento in vitro de Rhizobium tropici CIAT899, y 3) evaluar el potencial alelopático de I. purpurea en el crecimiento, la fisiología y la nodulación de frijol en simbiosis con R. tropici. Tanto el lixiviado acuoso de raíz como el de la parte aérea de I. purpurea estimularon la germinación de semillas de frijol y la elongación radical. El crecimiento in vitro de R. tropici fue inhibido al aplicar los 2 tipos de lixiviado. La presencia de I. purpurea tuvo un efecto negativo en el crecimiento y en las respuestas fisiológicas de las plantas de frijol, que fue atenuado cuando las plantas fueron inoculadas con Rhizobium tropici; no obstante, la nodulación asociada a esta bacteria fue afectada en presencia de la planta alelopática. Los resultados indican que la simbiosis de rizobios en las raíces de frijol es un elemento importante en la atenuación de los danos producidos por la planta alelopática I. purpurea.

Allelopathy is a phenomenon that involves the production of secondary metabolites that influence the growth of plants and microorganisms; however, this alellopathic effect has been scarcely studied on the rhizobia-legume symbiosis. The aims of this research were 1) to assess the allelopathic potential of aqueous extracts of Ipomoea purpurea L. Roth on seed germination and root length of common bean seedlings (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), 2) to determine its effects on the in vitro growth of Rhizobium tropici CIAT899, and 3) to evaluate the allelopathic potential of I. purpurea on the growth, nodulation and physiology of common bean plants inoculated with R. tropici. After 48 h, 15% of the aqueous root extract of I. purpurea stimulated seed germination, whereas 4% of the aqueous shoot extracts stimulated such germination. Both the root or shoot extracts stimulated seed germination and e root length. In vitro growth of R. tropici was inhibited as a result of the application of both aqueous extracts. The presence of I. purpurea negatively affected both the growth and physiological responses of common bean plants, and this effect was attenuated after the inoculation of R. tropici; nevertheless, this allelopathic plant affected root nodulation. Our results suggest that the symbiosis of rhizobia and roots of common bean plants is an important element for attenuating the negative effects caused by the allelopathic plant.

Production of Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under Organo-mineral Fertilization in Humid Forest Agro-Ecological Zone with Bimodal Rainfall Pattern in Cameroon

Bean is an annual legume, consumed by more than 500 million people worldwide. It is a base in their daily diet because of its high protein content (25-30%). In Cameroon, its culture has many problems, including the significant decline in fertility and soil acidity. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of organo-mineral fertilization on the bean production. The experimental design was a complete randomized block with two factors [varieties (NITU and DOR 701) and treatments (T0: control, T1: poultry manure and T2: NPK)] and three replications. The study was carried out at the second cropping season from August to November 2015 in Eloumden in the Mefou and Akono Division, Centre Region (Cameroon). The organo-mineral fertilization of two new varieties of beans was tested. The collar diameter, the number of leaves and the shoot length were evaluated weekly. At harvest, the nodulation and yield were evaluated. The results showed that treatment with poultry manure (T1) induced a very highly significant growth (P ˂ .001) of shoot length, as well as a significant increase in the number of pods (36 ± 5.91), the number of seeds (142 ± 88.07) and the biomass. The chemical fertilizer treatment (T2) induced the best nodulation (25.50 ± 0.87). The treatments did not influence the seed yield. However, the varietal effect was highly significant. DOR 701 had a higher seed yield (5.91 ± 1.03 t ha-1) than the NITU variety (4.19 ± 0.54 t ha-1). Poultry manure (T1) restores the minerals useful for the next crop. It is therefore recommended because of its best yield and its ability to protect the environment.

Influence of Farmer-Driven Composting Technology on Below and Above Ground Biology of Common Bean in Western Kenya

Composts are rich in nutrients especially carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. These nutrients enhance the colonization of plants by beneficial endophytic and rhizosphere microbes. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted on MMUST farm to determine the effect of farmer-produced composts soil biota and above ground pests on bean plant within Western Kenya. five farmer-produced composts with varying plant and animal waste ingredients (FPC1, FPC2, FPC3, FPC4, FPC5), DAP fertilizer and controls. Each of the resulting 14 treatment combinations comprised of twin plots (3 m × 2 m) for the two bean varieties, each having n = 40 plants per variety, spaced at 50 cm × 15 cm, replicated in 3 blocks (24 m × 14 m) in a randomized block design. Rhizobium root nodules, rhizosphere fungal and bacterial populations (CFU 10-g of soil) where higher in the compost-treatments than in DAP, while soil nematode populations were low. Therefore, the present study concluded that farmer-produced composts in Western Kenya improve below and above ground of common bean.

Technological potential of under-utilized starches from eight varieties of legumes grown in Cameroon

Abstract Starch samples from eight legumes cultivars instar of one variety of Vigna unguiculata L. (Cowpea), one variety of Vigna subterrenea V. (Bambara groundnut) and six varieties of Phaseolus vulgaris L. (Common bean), grown in Cameroon were isolated, and their physicochemical and pasting properties were evaluated. The objectives of the study were to investigate the starch properties and processing characteristics of different bean varieties, and to establish the basic foundation of improving the functionality of beans and their starch grown in the region. The result revealed significant differences amongst the properties of the starches. The swelling power of the legume starch isolates put them in the category of highly restricted-swelling starch. This characteristic is desirable for the manufacture of value-added products such as noodles and composite blends with cereals. The pasting properties were determined using a rapid visco analyzer, and various legumes bean starches exhibited different pasting profiles. The high breakdown viscosity (BV) was founded for Cowpea and Bambara groundnut and confirmed their low. ability to resist heat and shear stress when compared to Common bean varieties studies. The factors which influence the pasting characteristics resulting to decrease in peak viscosity (PV), trough viscosity (TV) and final viscosity (FV) of starch are attributed to the interaction of starch with the protein, fat, etc. which depended to their variety.

Resumo Foram isoladas amostras de amido de oito cultivares de leguminosas ínstar de uma variedade de Vigna unguiculata L. (feijão caupi), uma variedade de Vigna subterrenea V. (amendoim Bambara) e seis variedades de Phaseolus vulgaris L. (feijão comum), cultivadas nos Camarões, e suas propriedades físico-químicas e de pasta foram avaliadas. Os objetivos do estudo foram investigar as propriedades do amido e as características de processamento de diferentes variedades de feijão e estabelecer as bases básicas para melhorar a funcionalidade do feijão e do amido cultivado na região. O resultado revelou diferenças significativas entre as propriedades dos amidos. O poder de inchamento dos isolados de amido de leguminosas os coloca na categoria de amido com inchamento altamente restrito. Esta característica é desejável para o fabrico de produtos de valor acrescentado, tais como macarrão e misturas compósitas com cereais. As propriedades de pasta foram determinadas usando um analisador rápido de visco, e vários amidos de feijão leguminosos exibiram diferentes perfis de pasta. A alta BV foi fundada para o amendoim Cowpea e Bambara e confirmou sua baixa. capacidade de resistir ao calor e tensão de cisalhamento quando comparado com estudos de variedades de feijão. Os fatores que influenciam as características colantes resultantes da diminuição do pico de viscosidade (PV), da viscosidade mínima (TV) e da viscosidade final (FV) do amido são atribuídos à interação do amido com a proteína, gordura, etc., que dependem da sua variedade.

Transaction costs in beans market in Brazil / Custos de transação no mercado de feijão no Brasil

This paper aimed to evaluate the presence of transaction costs in the beans market in Brazil. Therefore, threshold autoregressive (TAR) models were used to check co-integration and the existence of transaction costs in the Brazilian beans market. The results confirmed the presence of transaction costs in the beans market, which are mainly related to the freight component of production, since the markets are often far away from the producing regions.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a existência de custos de transação no mercado de feijão no Brasil. Para tanto foram utilizados modelos de threshold autoregressivo para verificar a cointegração e a existência de custos de transação no mercado brasileiro de feijão. Os resultados confirmam a presença de custos de transação no mercado de feijão, os quais estão relacionados principalmente aos custos de frete, considerando que os mercados consumidores podem estar distantes dos locais de produção.

Isolation and characterization of endophytic bacteria isolated from the leaves of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)

The common bean is one of the most important legumes in the human diet, but little is known about the endophytic bacteria associated with the leaves of this plant. The objective of this study was to characterize the culturable endophytic bacteria of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris. leaves from three different cultivars (Vermelhinho, Talismã, and Ouro Negro) grown under the same field conditions. The density of endophytic populations varied from 4.5 x 10² to 2.8 x 10³ CFU g-1 of fresh weight. Of the 158 total isolates, 36.7% belonged to the Proteobacteria, 32.9% to Firmicutes, 29.7% to Actinobacteria, and 0.6% to Bacteroidetes. The three P. vulgaris cultivars showed class distribution differences among Actinobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria and Bacilli. Based on 16S rDNA sequences, 23 different genera were isolated comprising bacteria commonly associated with soil and plants. The genera Bacillus, Delftia, Methylobacterium, Microbacterium, Paenibacillus, Staphylococcus and Stenotrophomonas were isolated from all three cultivars. To access and compare the community structure, diversity indices were calculated. The isolates from the Talismã cultivar were less diverse than the isolates derived from the other two cultivars. The results of this work indicate that the cultivar of the plant may contribute to the structure of the endophytic community associated with the common bean. This is the first report of endophytic bacteria from the leaves of P. vulgaris cultivars. Future studies will determine the potential application of these isolates in biological control, growth promotion and enzyme production for biotechnology.

Chromosome identification in the Andean common bean accession G19833 (Phaseolus vulgaris L, Fabaceae)

Characterization of all chromosomes of the Andean G19833 bean genotype was carried out by fluorescent in situ hybridization. Eleven single-copy genomic sequences, one for each chromosome, two BACs containing subtelomeric and pericentromeric repeats and the 5S and 45S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) were used as probes. Comparison to the Mesoamerican accession BAT93 showed little divergence, except for additional 45S rDNA sites in four chromosome pairs. Altogether, the results indicated a relative karyotypic stability during the evolution of the Andean and Mesoamerican gene pools of P. vulgaris.

Influência de desfolhas artificiais para simular perdas na produção do feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Xamego) / Influence of artificial defoliation to simulate losses in production of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Xamego)

A redução da área foliar é uma das causas da queda de produção em feijoeiro comum. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a influência de diferentes níveis de desfolha em vários estádios de desenvolvimento sobre a produtividade, massa de 100 sementes e número de vagens por planta do feijoeiro da cultivar Xamego, em condições de campo no Sul do Espírito Santo. Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados, sendo as parcelas dispostas no esquema fatorial 5 x 4: cinco épocas de desfolha (1ª folha trifoliolada, florescimento, formação das vagens, enchimento das vagem, e vagens secas) x quatro níveis de remoção das folhas (0, 33, 67 e 100%), com cinco repetições. Houve decréscimo linear da produtividade com os níveis de desfolha em todos os estádios de desenvolvimento, com exceção ao de vagens secas, sendo este decréscimo maior no estádio de formação das vagens. Pela análise de regressão atribui-se maior redução da produtividade com 100% de desfolha feita aos 44 dias após emergência. O componente de rendimento mais correlacionado com a produtividade foi o número de vagens por planta.

The reduction of foliar area can cause yield reduction in common bean crops. The objective of this work was to ascertain the effect of different defoliation levels realized in several developmental stages of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Xamego) in regard to yield, weight of 100 seeds and number of pods per plant. A randomized complete block design was used considering a two-way 5 x 4 factorial arrangement: (i) five defoliation stages (first trifoliate leaf, flowering, pods formation, pods filling, and dry pods), and (ii) four defoliation levels (0, 33, 67 and 100%). Five replications were carried out. A linear decrease of yield was observed for all defoliation levels considering all development stages, except for dried pods. The highest decrease was detected for pods formation. At 100% of defoliation, a higher decrease of yield was observed when it was done at 44 days after emergence. Regression analysis gave a greater reduction in yield with 100% defoliation done at 44 days after emergence. The evaluation parameter that showed the best correlation with yield was the number of pods per plant.

Variáveis qualitativas da pulverização em feijão, Bidens pilosa E Brachiaria plantaginea / Qualitative variables of spraying in common beans, Bidens pilosa and Brachiaria plantaginea

Conduziu-se este trabalho, com o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade da deposição da calda de pulverização em plantas de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), Bidens pilosa L. e de Brachiaria plantaginea (Link) Hitchc. presentes na linha e entrelinha da cultura. Foi utilizado como traçador o corante Azul Brilhante FDC-1 (500 ppm). Utilizaram-se cinco pontas de pulverização: jato plano (XR 110015 VS e XR 11002 VS), jato plano duplo (TJ60 11002 VS) e jato cônico (TX-6 VS e TX-8 VS) e dois volumes de aplicação 150 e 200 L ha-1. O delineamento utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso, com 4 repetições. Foram amostradas 25 plantas em cada parcela/repetição, de plantas de feijão e plantas daninhas presentes na linha e na entrelinha da cultura. Após a aplicação, as plantas foram coletadas e lavadas em água destilada para quantificação do traçador em espectrofotômetro. Os dados ajustaram-se à curva de regressão pelo modelo de Gompertz. Os resultados evidenciaram que: para as plantas de feijão as pontas XR 110015 e TJ60 proporcionaram as deposições mais uniformes, nos volumes de 150 e 200 L ha-1, respectivamente; a ponta TX-6 no volume de 150 L ha-1 apresentou melhor uniformidade de distribuição para ambas as espécies de plantas daninhas presentes na linha da cultura; para as plantas daninhas presentes na entrelinha, no volume de 150 L ha-1, destacaram-se as pontas XR 110015 e TJ60 11002 para B. pilosa e B. plantaginea, respectivamente, no volume de 200 L ha-1 destacou-se a ponta TX-8 para ambas as espécies.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the deposition quality of spray solution in common bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), Bidens pilosa L. and Brachiaria plantaginea (Link) Hitchc., present in the crop row and spacing row. Brilliant blue FDC - 1 was used as a tracer solution (500 ppm). Five nozzles were used: flat fan nozzle (XR 110015 VS and XR 11002 VS), double flat fan nozzle (TJ60 11002 VS) and cone nozzle (TX-6 VS and TX-8 VS), and two application volumes: 150 and 200 L ha-1. A randomized blocks design was used, with four replications. 25 plants were sampled for replication in each plot, common beans as well as weeds in crop row and spacing row. After the application, the plants were collected and washed in distilled water for tracer quantification in spectrophotometer. The data adjusted to the regression curve according to the Gompertz model. The results showed that, for the common bean plants, XR 110015 and TJ60 nozzles had provided the most uniform depositions in 150 and 200 L ha-1 application volume, respectively; the nozzle in the volume of 150 L ha-1 had a more uniform distribution for both the species of harmful plants present in the crop line; for the weeds present in the crop row in a volume of 150 L ha-1 the best performances were presented by the XR 110015 nozzle for B. pilosa and the TJ60 nozzle for B. plantaginea. For the volume of 200 L ha-1 , the TX-8 nozzle presented the best performance for both species.

In vitro plant regeneration system for common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris): effect of N6-benzylaminopurine and adenine sulphate / Sistema de regeneración de plantas in vitro para el frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris): efecto del frl sulfato N6-bencilaminopurina y adenina

A method for regeneration of the commercially important common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris ) using N6-benzylaminopurine(BAP) and adenine sulphate (AS) was established. Embryogenic axes of the Costa Rican common bean cultivars Bribrí, Brunca, Guaymí, Huetar and Telire were cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 100 mgl-1 myo-inositol, 1 mgl-1 thiamine, 30 gl-1 sucrose, BAP (0, 5 and 10 mgl-1), AS (0, 20 and 40 mgl-1) and 8 gl-1 agar. Regardless of the concentration of BAP and AS in the induction medium, the number of shoots and leaves differed significantly among the common bean cultivars evaluated. The higher average of shoots was obtained for Brunca > Telire > Bribrí > Guaymí > Huetar. Moreover, independently of the cultivar, the induction medium supplemented with 5 mgl-1 BAP and 20 or 40 mgl-1 AS resulted in the higher average of shoots formation. Culture of Bribrí, Brunca, Guaymí, Huetar and Telire embryogenic axes on induction medium supplemented with different BAP and AS resulted in a differential response. Successful acclimatization of common bean in vitro plants were achieved in the greenhouse, and plants appeared morphologically normal. The regeneration system developed in this investigation for this important crop could be a useful tool for the genetic modification through mutagenesis or genetic transformation.

Densidades populacionais para cultivares alternativas de feijoeiro no norte de Minas Gerais / Populational densities for alternative cultivars of bean in northern Minas Gerais

Com o objetivo de avaliar o comportamento agronômico de cultivares alternativas de feijoeiro na região Norte de Minas Gerais, ajustando as melhores populações de plantas para o seu cultivo irrigado, foram conduzidos dois experimentos de campo na safra do inverno-primavera de 2007, nas estações experimentais da EPAMIG em Jaíba e Mocambinho. Empregou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados com três repetições, em esquema fatorial 4x5, envolvendo quatro cultivares (BRS Radiante, Ouro Vermelho, Bolinha e Novo Jalo) e cinco densidades populacionais (100, 200, 300, 400 e 500 mil plantas ha-1). Por ocasião da colheita, foram avaliados o estande final e o rendimento de grãos com seus componentes primários: número de vagens por planta, número de grãos por vagem e massa média de 100 grãos. O aumento da população de plantas reduz o número de vagens por planta e o número de grãos por vagem, mas não influencia o rendimento de grãos. As cultivares BRS Radiante, Novo Jalo, Bolinha e Ouro Vermelho têm bom desempenho na safra do inverno irrigado e representam novas alternativas para cultivo na região Norte de Minas Gerais.

With the objective of evaluating the agronomical behavior of alternative cultivars of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in the northern region of Minas Gerais, fitting the best plant populations to their irrigated cultivation, two field experiments were conducted in the winter-spring crop of 2007 at the experimental stations of Minas Gerais Agricultural Research Institution in Jaíba and Mocambinho. The randomized block design with three replicates in a 4x5 factorial structure, involving four cultivars (BRS Radiante, Ouro Vermelho, Bolinha, and Novo Jalo) and five population densities (100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 thousand plants ha-1). The number of pods per plant, number of grains per pod, and average weight of 100 grains were evaluated at harvest for the final stand and grain yield. Increased plant population reduces the number of pods per plant and the number of grains per plant, but does not influence the grain yield. Cultivars BRS Radiante, Novo Jalo, Bolinha, and Ouro Vermelho had good performance in the irrigated winter crop and represent new alternatives to cultivation in the northern region of Minas Gerais.

Increase in digestive organs of rats due to the ingestion of dietary fiber with similar solubility to that of common bean / Incremento en órganos digestivos de ratas debido a la ingestión de fibra dietética de solubilidad similar al del frijol común

The aim of the present work is to study the effect of dietary dietary fiber of similar solubility to that of the cooked common bean in the increase of the small intestine, liver, and pancreas of rats. Recently weaned male Wistar rats were fed ad libitum balanced diets containing cooked common bean (12.9 percent of dietary fiber plus resistant starch) or casein with 5.0 percent (control group), 10.0 percent, 12.5 percent or 15.0 percent of dietary fiber plus resistant starch added, with the same proportions of insoluble and soluble fibers and resistant starch found in bean (8:3:1) for 14 days. Weight gain and diet intake were smaller in the group fed the cooked bean diet. However, this group showed the highest increase in the studied organs. Rats that ingested the diet containing casein with 15.0 percent of dietary fiber added showed a growth of 21.4 percent in the pancreas. Rats fed other casein diets did not show significant differences (p>0.05). The diet containing the cooked common bean led to weight gain of all studied organs (50.0 percent in the pancreas, 25.0 percent in the liver and 33.4 percent in the small intestine) and an increase of 47.1 percent in the small intestine length. Therefore, dietary fiber plus resistant starch had a trophic effect on digestive organs, although they were not the only stimulation factor, because the cooked bean has other chemical components, like phytates and tannins, that probably contribute to that effect.

Ratas Wistar machos recién destetados fueron alimentados ad libitum con dietas balanceadas, conteniendo frijol común cocinado (12,9 por ciento de fibras dietéticas + almidón resistente) o caseína agregado de 5,0 por ciento (grupo control), 10,0 por ciento, 12,5 por ciento o 15,0 por ciento de fibras dietéticas + almidón resistente, con las mismas proporciones de fibras insolubles y solubles y almidón resistente, encontradas en el frijol (8:3:1) por 14 días. El aumento de peso y la ingesta de dieta fueron más pequeños en el grupo alimentado con la dieta del frijol cocinado. Sin embargo, este grupo mostró el aumento más alto en los órganos estudiados. Las ratas que ingirieron la dieta conteniendo caseína con agregado de 15,0 por ciento de fibra dietética mostraron un crecimiento de 21,4 por ciento en el páncreas. Las ratas alimentadas con las otras dietas de caseína no mostraron diferencias significativas (p>0,05). El consumo de dieta conteniendo frijol común cocinado provocó un aumento de peso en todos los órganos estudiados (50,0 por ciento en el páncreas, 25,0 por ciento en el hígado y 33,4 por ciento en el intestino delgado) y un incremento del 47,1 por ciento en el tamaño del intestino delgado. La fibra dietética más almidón resistente ejerce un efecto trófico en los órganos digestivos, aunque no fue ese el único factor estimulante. El frijol cocinado puede tener otros componentes químicos, además de los inhibidores de proteasas, lectinas, fitatos y taninos, que probablemente contribuyen a ese efecto.

Characterization of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum isolates using differential cultivars of common bean in Santa Catarina State, Brazil

In 2003 and 2004, 32 isolates of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum obtained from the infected plants of field-grown common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Santa Catarina state, Brazil were analyzed based on the virulence to 12 differential cultivars of Phaseolus vulgaris L.. Thirteen distinct races were identified, six of which had not been reported previously in Santa Catarina. This is the first report of the occurrence of 67, 83,101,103,105, and 581 races of C. lindemuthianum. Race 65 was most common (34 percent). All the isolates were compatible to the cultivars Michelite and Mexico 222. Some isolates infected not only differential cultivar of Mesoamerican origin, but also the ones of Andean origin.

Em 2003 e 2004, isolados de Colletotrichum lindemuthianum obtidas de plantas infectadas de feijoeiro comum (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) no Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil foram analisadas baseando-se na virulência em 12 cultivares diferenciadoras de Phaseolus vulgaris L.. Treze raças distintas foram identificadas, sendo que seis delas não haviam sido reportadas anteriormente em Santa Catarina. Este é o primeiro registro de ocorrência das raças 67, 83, 101,103,105, e 581 do C. lindemuthianum. A raça mais comum foi a 65 (34 por cento). Todos os isolados foram compatíveis com as cultivares Michelite e México 222. Alguns dos isolados infectaram tanto cultivares diferenciadoras de origem Mesoamericana como de origem Andina.

Envolvimento de agricultores no processo seletivo de novas linhagens de feijoeiro / Involving farmers in the selection of new common bean lines

Neste trabalho, objetivou-se o envolvimento de agricultores na seleção de novas linhagens de feijoeiro. Foram conduzidos 10 experimentos onde foram avaliadas nove linhagens melhoradas de feijão, juntamente com a cultivar BRSMG Talismã, em propriedades agrícolas com tradição na cultura do feijoeiro. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados com três repetições e as parcelas de 10 linhas de 5m. Foram avaliadas, a severidade de mancha-angular, produtividade e solicitada aos agricultores a avaliação do tipo de grão. A linhagem OP-S-30 foi a que apresentou maior produtividade média nos 10 ambientes avaliados, tolerância a mancha angular e tipo de grão com boa aceitação de acordo com a opinião dos agricultores. Além dessa linhagem, a OP-S-16 e OP-S-80 também apresentaram desempenho superior. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram que os agricultores e melhoristas têm muitos objetivos comuns com relação aos fenótipos desejáveis de uma cultivar de feijão para a região.

This work had the objective of involving the farmers in the selection of new common bean inbred lines. Ten experiments were carried out to evaluate nine inbreed lines and the commercial cultivar BRSMG Talismã in farm conditions of traditional common bean producers. The experimental design was a randomized complete blocks with three replications with plots of 10 rows of 5m each. Angular leaf spot severity and yield were evaluated and it was required from farmers to evaluate about the grain type. Inbred line OP-S-30 presented the highest mean grain yield in all environments, angular leaf spot tolerance and grain type with good acceptance according to the farmers. Besides the two inbred lines OP-S-16 and OP-S-80 presented higher performance. The results reinforced that the farmers and breeders really have very common objectives in relation to the desirable phenotypes for a common bean cultivar in the region.

Avaliação do 'stay green' em famílias segregantes de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) / Performance of common bean segregating families based on stay green

Vários programas de melhoramento genético de feijoeiro no Brasil visam obter cultivares com menor índice de acamamento, ou seja, com porte ereto. Um dos caracteres relacionados a este fenótipo é o 'stay green', que é a senescência tardia do caule e folhas em relação às vagens. Com intuito de verificar a eficiência da seleção direta sobre o fenótipo 'stay green', utilizou-se a descendência do cruzamento entre as cultivares Carioca MG (com 'stay green') e Carioca 300 Vagens (sem 'stay green'). O caráter foi avaliado em 89 famílias F2:3 na safra da seca de 2000 e F2:4 na safra de inverno 2000. Juntamente com as famílias, foram incluídos os dois genitores e nove cultivares em um experimento em látice 10 x 10, com duas repetições nas secas e três repetições no inverno. Foi utilizado um diagrama de notas para avaliação do 'stay green'. Verificou-se que a seleção direta foi pouco efetiva, especialmente quando realizada em uma época para se obter o ganho em outra, em razão da interação famílias x ambientes ser um complicador para obtenção de cultivares com esse fenótipo, como mostrou a herdabilidade realizada de 22,9 por cento. A seleção baseada no comportamento médio das famílias foi mais eficiente.

Some common bean breeding programs in Brazil aim at obtaining upright cultivars. The stay green is one of the phenotypes responsible for that type of plant habit, and it means late senescence of stem and leaves in relation to the pods. Aiming at verifying the efficiency of selection for stay green, the cultivars Carioca MG (with stay green) and Carioca 300 Vagens (without stay green) were crossed, and derived 89 F2:3 families that were evaluated in the dry season, and in the winter of year 2000. Besides the families, both parents and nine checks were included in the experiments using a 10 x 10 square lattice, with two replications in the dry season and three in the winter. The treatments were evaluated using a score diagram for stay green. Direct selection showed low efficiency due to the high families by environments interaction, since it was confirmed by the realized heritability of only 22.9 percent. Selection based on average family performance showed to be more effective.