Validación de constructo de un algoritmo hipnoterapéutico para niños con enuresis nocturna monosintomática

Introducción: La enuresis nocturna es un motivo frecuente de consulta en pediatría, psiquiatría infantil, psicología y medicina familiar, con mayor porcentaje en los niños de 5 años de edad, seguidos por los de 7 y 9, en ese orden. Objetivo: Determinar la validez de constructo del algoritmo hipnoterapéutico para pacientes con enuresis nocturna monosintomática. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación compleja de 97 pacientes, atendidos en la Clínica de Hipnosis Terapéutica de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Santiago de Cuba, desde febrero del 2021 hasta julio del 2022, la cual estuvo estructurada en 3 etapas metodológicas de validación de constructo para dar continuidad a la etapa IV de la validación de contenido del algoritmo hipnoterapéutico, sobre la base de 2 cuasi-experimentos sin grupo de control y un estudio cuasiexperimental con grupo de control no equivalente de la segunda etapa de dicha investigación. Resultados: El análisis factorial sobre el estudio de componentes principales fue factible, pues los factores 1, 2 y 3 debían mantenerse, lo cual se expresó en el gráfico de sedimentación y en la varianza total explicada, a través de los porcentajes acumulados en los autovalores iniciales y la suma de las saturaciones al cuadrado de la extracción y la rotación con 64,24 %. Conclusiones: La validación de constructo del algoritmo diseñado mostró pertinencia, dada por la idoneidad del análisis factorial y la prueba de esfericidad de Bartlett.

Introduction: Bedwetting is a frequent reason to visit pediatric, infant psychiatry, psychology and family medicine services, with more percentage in 5 years children, followed by 7 and 9 years children, in that order. Objective: To determine the construct validity of the hypnotherapeutic algorithm for patients with monosymptomatic bedwetting. Methods: A complex investigation of 97 patients was carried out, who were assisted in the Therapeutic Hypnosis Clinic of the University of Medical Sciences in Santiago de Cuba, from February, 2021, to July, 2022 which was structured in 3 methodological phases of construct validation to continue the phase IV of hypnotherapeutic algorithm content validation, on the base of 2 quasi-experiments without control group and a quasi-experiment with non equivalent control group of the second phase of this investigation. Results: The factorial analysis on the study of main components was possible, because the factors 1, 2 and 3 should stay, which was expressed in the sedimentation graph and in the explained total variance, through the percentages accumulated in the initial auto values and the sum of saturations to the square of extraction and rotation with 64.24%. Conclusions: The construct validation of the designed algorithm showed relevancy, given by the suitability of the factorial analysis and the Bartlett test of spherical form.

Optimization of Decoction Technology and Establishment of Quality Standard for Moringa oleifera Leaf Standard Decoction / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveBased on response surface methodology combined with principal component analysis（PCA）， the optimal decocting process of Moringa oleifera leaf standard decoction was optimized， and its multi-index quality evaluation system was established， in order to provide scientific basis for the quality control of this standard decoction. MethodResponse surface methodology and PCA were used to optimize the decoction process by taking the relative peak areas of 8 characteristic peaks and dry extract yield as indexes. Based on this， the quality of 15 batches of the standard decoction was evaluated by high performance liquid chromatography（HPLC） characteristic chromatogram， determination of major components（neochlorogenic acid， L-tryptophan， cryptochlorogenic acid， vicenin-2， isoquercetin， astragalin）， determination of active parts（total flavonoids， total organic acids， total polysaccharides， total α-amino acids， total sinapine）， dry extract yield， specific gravity and pH. ResultThe optimal decocting process was to soak M. oleifera leaves（100.00 g） for 30 min and decoct twice with the first decoction of 12 times the amount of water for 30 min and the second decoction of 10 times the amount of water for 20 min. Standard decoction containing 0.2 g·mL-1 of crude drug was defined by x¯±30%， the specific gravity was 0.722-1.340， pH was 3.86-7.16， dry extract yield was 23.1%-42.9%， and the alcohol-soluble extract content was 8.26%-15.34%. Calculated according to the dried products of the standard decoction， the contents of neochlorogenic acid， L-tryptophan， cryptochlorogenic acid， vicenin-2， isoquercetin and astragalin were 1.99-3.69， 1.20-2.22， 1.44-2.67， 0.53-0.99， 2.45-4.55， 1.22-2.26 mg·g-1， the relative transfer rates relative to the herbs were 34.37%-63.83%， 62.43%-115.94%， 64.65%-120.06%， 56.98%-105.82%， 37.46%-69.57%， 41.81%-77.64%， respectively. The contents of total flavonoids， total organic acids， total polysaccharides， total α-amino acids， total sinapine were 10.19-18.92， 11.82-21.96， 94.07-174.71， 42.69-79.27， 9.55-17.73 mg·g-1， the relative transfer rates for herbs were 25.72%-47.77%， 41.78%-77.59%， 64.90%-120.54%， 42.30%-78.57%， 34.99%-64.99%， respectively. ConclusionThe optimized decocting technology of M. oleifera leaf standard decoction is stable and feasible， and the established multi-indicator quality evaluation system can lay the foundation for the quality control of this standard decoction.

Identification of Dalbergia odorifera and Its Counterfeits by HS-GC-MS / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo screen the differential markers by analyzing volatile components in Dalbergia odorifera and its counterfeits， in order to provide reference for authentication of D. odorifera. MethodThe volatile components in D. odorifera and its counterfeits were detected by headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry（HS-GC-MS）， and the GC conditions were heated by procedure（the initial temperature of the column was 50 ℃， the retention time was 1 min， and then the temperature was raised to 300 ℃ at 10 ℃ for 10 min）， the carrier gas was helium， and the flow rate was 1.0 mL·min-1， the split ratio was 10∶1， and the injection volume was 1 mL. The MS conditions used electron bombardment ionization（EI） with the scanning range of m/z 35-550. The compound species were identified by database matching， the relative content of each component was calculated by the peak area normalization method， and principal component analysis（PCA）， orthogonal partial least squares-discrimination analysis（OPLS-DA） and cluster analysis were performed on the detection results by SIMCA 14.1 software， and the differential components of D. odorifera and its counterfeits were screened out according to the variable importance in the projection（VIP） value>2 and P<0.05. ResultA total of 26， 17， 8， 22， 24 and 7 volatile components were identified from D. odorifera， D. bariensis， D. latifolia， D. benthamii， D. pinnata and D. cochinchinensis， respectively. Among them， there were 11 unique volatile components of D. odorifera， 6 unique volatile components of D. bariensis， 3 unique volatile components of D. latifolia， 6 unique volatile components of D. benthamii， 8 unique volatile components of D. pinnata， 4 unique volatile components of D. cochinchinensis. The PCA results showed that， except for D. latifolia and D. cochinchinensis， which could not be clearly distinguished， D. odorifera and other counterfeits could be distributed in a certain area， respectively. The OPLS-DA results showed that D. odorifera and its five counterfeits were clustered into one group each， indicating significant differences in volatile components between D. odorifera and its counterfeits. Finally， a total of 31 differential markers of volatile components between D. odoriferae and its counterfeits were screened. ConclusionHS-GC-MS combined with SIMCA 14.1 software can systematically elucidate the volatile differential components between D. odorifera and its counterfeits， which is suitable for rapid identification of them.

Effect of performance determinants on nhl final goal difference / Impacto de los determinantes de desempeño en la diferencia final de goles en la nhl / Efeito dos determinantes de desempenho na diferença final de gols da nhl

ABSTRACT Introduction: In ice hockey games, the team's performance is influenced by many contextual factors, and understanding playing styles allows to reveal how key performance indicators vary under different situations. Objective: This research aims to explore the playing styles of elite ice-hockey teams and to identify key performance aspects under different final goal difference situations. Methods: This article analyzed compared the match performance of 31 National Hockey League teams during 1271 matches considering their playing styles and final goal difference. Results: The principal component analysis obtained 8 performance components describing the technical-tactical styles of the teams. The subsequent analysis found that there was significant difference between three match outcomes in unfavorable state, major penalties, puck possession maintaining ability, shot defending ability, aggressive performance (p<0.001; = 0.007-0.273). Conclusions: Higher-ranked teams winning the unbalanced games showed better performance in shot defending ability and aggressive performance. Lower-ranked teams losing in unbalanced games kept less possession of the puck and were more likely to be shorthanded (p<0.05, ES=0.131-1.410). The study demonstrates how playing styles can be used to contextualize key determinants from ice hockey games. Level of evidence I; Therapeutic Studies Investigating the Results of Treatment.

RESUMEN Introducción: En los juegos de hockey sobre hielo, el rendimiento del equipo está influenciado por varios factores contextuales, y comprender los estilos de juego permite revelar cómo varían los indicadores clave de rendimiento en diferentes situaciones. Objetivo: Esta investigación tiene como objetivo explorar los estilos de juego de los equipos de hockey sobre hielo de élite e identificar aspectos clave del rendimiento en diferentes situaciones de diferencia de gol final. Métodos: El rendimiento del partido de 31 equipos de la Liga Nacional de Hockey durante 1271 partidos fue analizado y comparado, considerando el estilo de juego y la diferencia de gol final. Resultados: El análisis de componentes principales obtuvo 8 componentes de rendimiento que describen los estilos técnico-tácticos de los equipos. El análisis posterior encontró que hubo una diferencia significativa entre tres resultados de partido en estado desfavorable, penalizaciones principales, habilidad para mantener la posesión del disco, habilidad para defender el tiro, desempeño agresivo (p<0,001; = 0,007-0,273). Conclusión: Los equipos de clasificación más alta que ganaron los juegos desequilibrados mostraron un mejor rendimiento en la capacidad de defensa de disparos y en el rendimiento agresivo. Los equipos de clasificación más baja que perdieron en juegos desequilibrados mantuvieron menos posesión del disco y tenían más probabilidades de estar en desventaja numérica (p<0,05, ES=0,131-1,410). El estudio demuestra cómo los estilos de juego pueden utilizarse para contextualizar los determinantes clave de los juegos de hockey sobre hielo. Nivel de Evidencia I; Estudios Terapéuticos que Investigan los Resultados del Tratamiento.

RESUMO Introdução: Nos jogos de hóquei no gelo, o desempenho da equipe é influenciado por vários fatores contextuais, e entender os estilos de jogo permite revelar como os principais indicadores de desempenho variam em diferentes situações. Objetivo: Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo explorar os estilos de jogo das equipes de hóquei no gelo de elite e identificar aspectos-chave de desempenho em diferentes estilos de jogo e a diferença do resultado final. Métodos: O desempenho de partida de 31 equipes da National Hockey League durante 1271 partidas foi analisado e comparado, considerando o estilo de jogo e a diferença de gol final. Resultados: A análise de componentes principais retornou 8 componentes de desempenho, descrevendo os estilos técnico-táticos das equipes. A análise subsequente revelou que houve diferença significativa entre três resultados de jogo em estado desfavorável, penalidades principais, habilidade de manter a posse do disco, habilidade de defender o lance e desempenho agressivo (p<0,001; = 0,007-0,273). Conclusão: As equipes de classificação mais alta que venceram os jogos em desequilíbrio numérico de jogadores apresentaram melhor desempenho na habilidade de defender o lance e no desempenho agressivo. As equipes de classificação mais baixa, que perderam em jogos desequilibrados, mantiveram menos posse do disco e tiveram maior probabilidade de ficar com um jogador a menos (p <0,05, ES = 0,131-1,410). O estudo demonstra como os estilos de jogo podem ser usados para contextualizar os principais determinantes dos jogos de hóquei no gelo. Nível de Evidência I; Estudos Terapêuticos Investigação dos Resultados do Tratamento.

Riesgo de Caídas y Parámetros de Marcha en Personas Mayores de la Comunidad: ¿Cuáles son los Indicadores de Función y Disfunción del Movimiento? / Risk of Falls and Gait Parameters in Community Elderly: What Are the Indicators of Movement Function and Dysfunction?

Introducción. La población de personas mayores (PM) en Chile presenta un incremento sostenido con importantes tasas de fragilidad y riesgo de caídas (RC). El desempeño de marcha permite valorarlo mediante parámetros mecánicos y fisiológicos. Nos preguntamos, ¿cuáles podrían ser los más relevantes para estimar RC en condiciones de marcha confortable (MC) y máxima (MM)? Objetivo. Identificar los principales parámetros de marcha que podrían explicar RC en PM autovalentes de la comunidad. Métodos. Estudio observacional y transversal en el cual participaron 53 PM autovalentes de la comuna de Talca, Chile (edad 71±7años; IMC 29,1±3,4 kg/m2). Se solicitó a los participantes la ejecución de MC (n=53) y posteriormente MM (n=36). Ambas modalidades fueron desarrolladas en un circuito elíptico de 40m durante 3min. El RC se categorizó como: "sin riesgo", "riesgo dinámico" según prueba timed up and go (TUG) positiva, "riesgo estático" según estación unipodal (EUP) positiva y "riesgo mixto" con ambas pruebas positivas. Para la visualización de la variación gráfica en el morfoespacio de los individuos según RC, se realizó un análisis de componentes principales (ACP) mediante el Programa RStudio, utilizando 6 variables cinemáticas: i) velocidad promedio de marcha (VPM), ii) cadencia, iii) máximo despeje del pie (MDP), iv) coeficiente de variación (%CV) del MDP, v) longitud de zancada (LZ) y vi) %CV de la LZ. Además de 2 variables fisiológicas: i) % frecuencia cardiaca de reserva utilizada (%FCRu) y ii) el índice de costo fisiológico según la relación entre FC y VM (latidos/metros). Resultados. Para MC las dimensiones del ACP explican el 56% de la variabilidad de los datos, siendo los indicadores de seguridad de RC la VM, cadencia, LZ y MDP. La variabilidad de marcha explica RC mixto y el ICF junto al %FCRu se asocian a RC dinámico. En condiciones de MM, el ACP explica 60% de la variabilidad de datos, donde las PM sin RC se asocian con VM, LZ y MDP. Por su parte, la variabilidad del MDP se vincula con RC dinámico y las variables fisiológicas con el RC mixto. Conclusiones. Los parámetros de marcha que mejor explican una marcha segura y eficiente son cinemáticos de la fase de balanceo, mientras que la variabilidad y el costo fisiológico se asocian como indicadores de RC dinámico y mixto.

Background. Introduction: The elderly population (EP) in Chile is experiencing a sustained increase with significant rates of frailty and risk of falls (RF). Gait performance can be assessed using mechanical and physiological parameters. We wonder, which ones could be the most relevant to estimate RF in self-selected walking speed (SSWS) and maximum walking speed (MWS) conditions? Objective. Identify the main gait parameters that could explain RF in self-sufficient elderly individuals from the community. Methods. This observational and cross-sectional study included 53 self-sufficient elderly individuals from the commune of Talca, Chile (age 71±7 years; BMI 29.1±3.4 kg/m2). Participants were asked to perform SSWS (n=53) and subsequently MWS (n=36). Both modalities were conducted on a 40m elliptical circuit for 3 minutes. RF was categorized as: "no risk," "dynamic risk" based on a positive timed up and go test, "static risk" based on a positive one-legged stance test, and "mixed risk" with both tests positive. To visualize the graphical variation in the morphospace of individuals according to RF, a principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted using RStudio, utilizing 6 kinematic variables: i) walking speed (WS), ii) cadence, iii) maximum foot clearance (MFC), iv) coefficient of variation (%CV) of MFC, v) stride length (SL), and vi) %CV of SL. In addition to 2 physiological variables: i) % of reserve heart rate used (%RHRu) and ii) the physiological cost index based on the relationship between heart rate and WS (heartbeats/meters). Results. For SSWS, the PCA dimensions explained 56% of the data variability, with gait safety indicators such as WS, cadence, SL, and MFC explaining RF. Gait variability explains mixed RF, while the physiological cost index and %RHRu are associated with dynamic RF. In MWS conditions, PCA explains 60% of the data variability, where the elderly persons without RF are associated with WS, SL, and MFC. On the other hand, MFC variability is related to dynamic RF, and physiological variables are associated with mixed RF. Conclusions. The gait parameters that best explain safe and efficient walking are kinematic parameters of the swing phase, while variability and physiological cost are indicators of dynamic and mixed RF.

Women’s Literacy a Major Predictor of Population Size: Findings from National Family Health Survey-5

Background: The global population continues to rise at different rates in different parts of the world. While some countries are seeing a fast population increase, others are experiencing population loss. Significant ramifications of such changes in the global population distribution would be felt, as they are critical for meeting the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), or we might say that rapid population expansion poses obstacles to sustainable development. Estimating the population size and composition by age, sex, and other demographic parameters is crucial for analyzing the country’s future influence on poverty, sustainability, and development. This study tries to look at these parameters covered by the National Family Health Survey- 5 (NFHS 5) to see how accurate and trustworthy the predictors of district population size are. Methodology: The study assessed the predictors of the population size of any district. It was conducted using the secondary data of phase 1 of NFHS-5. The outcome variable is the population of each district. Household profiles, literacy among women, their marriage and fertility, contraceptive usage, and unmet need for family planning were considered to assess their potential as a predictor of the district’s population size. Principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted to identify the predictors. Result: PCA was conducted on 18 variables, resulting in 7 principal components. Cumulatively, these components explained 77.6% of the total variation in data. On multiple linear regression, four principal components were found significant and these were related to women’s literacy, contraceptive usage, early pregnancy, the marriage of fewer than 18 years, and those using health insurance. Conclusion: Thus, women’s literacy plays a pivotal role in determining a region’s population size.

Composition and Diversity of Algal Flora in Jahanara Imam-Pritilota Hall Sorobar (JP) Lake of Jahangirnagar University Campus, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh

The study aimed to evaluate the composition and diversity of algae in the JP Lake of Jahangirnagar University campus. The research was carried out between the period of December 2021 to November 2022. A total of 72 water samples were used to carry out the investigation. Shannon and Simpson diversity indexes were used to determine the level of diversity. 234 phytoplankton species under 98 genera were found belonging to 8 classes (Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Synurophyceae, Euglenophyceae, Cryptophyceae, Dinophyceae, and Xanthophyceae). According to the generic percentage composition, Chlorophyceae comprised 46%, followed by Bacillariophyceae (20%) and Cyanophyceae (18%). At the species level, Euglenophyceae were found to dominate (34%) the studied sites that were followed by Chlorophyceae (31%) and Cyanophyceae (18%). The total density of phytoplankton was 387.34×105 ind/l. The highest phytoplankton density was found in April, and the lowest one was in November. Cell dispersion was below average in May for Cyanophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Cryptophyceae, and Synurophyceae. Oscillatoria, Monoraphidium, Actinastrum, Cosmarium, Trachelomonas, and Euglena dominated the surveyed region. The Shannon Diversity Index showed a value of 1.51, while Simpson's Diversity Index showed a value of 0.28. The overall variation (80.73%) among the classes was represented by PCA cells. According to the Shannon and Simpson Diversity Indexes, the diversity was low.

An Inter District Analysis of Public Healthcare Infrastructure Disparities in Assam.

Background: Sufficient and quality healthcare services are basic requirement for overall development of a nation. Public healthcare infrastructure is one of the major determinants of health outcomes in a country, and public healthcare services have a considerable impact on people's health status. The rural population primarily relies on public healthcare services. Assam is not an exception in this regard, where the insufficiency of public healthcare services is still an issue. 86 % of the population of Assam lives in rural areas. Objectives: The present work attempts to study the inter-district variation regarding public health infrastructure in 33 districts of Assam. Methods: The Inter district variation is estimated with a composite index of public health infrastructure. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is adopted to construct a composite index using nine health infrastructure indicators. Results: The study has observed variations in health infrastructure among the various districts of Assam, reflecting the shortage of health infrastructure-physical and human in rural and remote areas of the state. The study finds inter-district variations in the state.

Análisis de componentes principales en la validación de instrumentos de calidad de vida relacionada con la salud bucal

Introducción: El análisis factorial exploratorio se usa comúnmente para evaluar la validez de la estructura interna en escalas de calidad de vida de la salud bucal. Empero, existen discusiones sobre usar indiscriminadamente el análisis de componentes principales para extraer los factores. Objetivo: Comparar los resultados de la validez basada en la estructura interna del Parental-Caregiver Perception Questionnaire - 8 ítems mediante análisis factorial exploratorio utilizando el análisis de componentes principales y otros métodos de extracción de factores. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión preliminar de la literatura para examinar el uso del análisis factorial exploratorio y sus métodos en la validación de escalas de calidad de vida relacionada con la salud bucal y se ejecutó un análisis factorial con datos de la validación del instrumento Parental-Caregiver Perception Questionnaire - versión 8, para comparar los valores de las comunalidades y las cargas factoriales de las soluciones extraídas. Resultados: La mayoría de los artículos que exploran la estructura factorial reportan el análisis de componentes principales como método de extracción y Varimax en la rotación. La información sobre los criterios para utilizar estos métodos fue insuficiente. En el análisis factorial se obtuvo que, las cargas factoriales, las comunidades y el número de factores extraídos fueron superiores con el método componentes principales. Conclusión: Usar el análisis de componentes principales como método de extracción de factores acarrea el riesgo de obtener una dimensionalidad sobreestimada en la evaluación de la validez basada en la estructura interna de las escalas de calidad de vida relacionada con la salud bucal.

Introduction: Exploratory factor analysis is commonly used to assess the validity of the internal structure in oral health quality of life scales. However, there are discussions about using principal component analysis indiscriminately to extract the factors. Objective: To compare the results of the internal structure-based validity of the Parental-Caregiver Perception Questionnaire - 8 items by exploratory factor analysis using principal component analysis and other factor estimation extraction methods. Methods: A literature review was conducted to examine the use of exploratory factor analysis and its methods in validating oral health-related quality of life scales, and a factor analysis was performed with validation data from the Parental-Caregiver Perception instrument. Questionnaire - version 8 to compare the values ​​of the communalities and the factor loads of the solutions extracted. Results: Most of the articles that explored the factorial structure reported the analysis of principal components as extraction method and Varimax in rotation. Information on the criteria for using these methods was insufficient. In the factorial analysis, it was obtained that the factorial loads, the communities and the number of extracted factors were higher with the principals component method. Conclusion: Using principal components analysis as a factor extraction method carries the risk of obtaining an overestimated dimensionality in the validity assessment based on the internal structure of oral health-related quality of life scales.

Dental non-metric traits of Han and Zhuang people / 解剖学报

[Abstract] Objective To investigate the relationship between the Han, Zhuang and the World populations by comparing the frequency of dental non-metric traits. Methods From 2015 to 2019, ten dental non-metric traits were sampled from He’nan, Jiangsu and Guangxi Zhuang Autonmous Region, with sample size of 1785(674 He’ nan, 547 Jiangsu, 388 Guangxi Han, 176 Guangxi Zhuang). Principal component analysis, multidimensional scaling and neighbor network were carried out. Results East Asian populations could be clearly divided into two major groups, Northeast Asian and Southeast Asian. Han and Zhuang populations were close to the Northeast Asian populations, but were far from the Southeast Asian populations. There were also some north-south differences within Han populations. Conclusion Both Sundadonty and Sinodonty are existed in East Asian populations. Han and Zhuang populations dental non-metric traits are closer to the Sinodonty.

Examining the relationship between fast-food and sitdown restaurant consumption frequency and dietary patterns among adults in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia

@#Introduction: This study assessed the association between dietary patterns and the frequency of eating at fast-food or sit-down restaurants. Methods: A crosssectional study, with a sample of adults living in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (SA), was conducted between January and March 2021. An online, self-administered survey was conducted using social media and WhatsApp. A total of 399 adults living in Riyadh were included; 40.4% were males, with a mean age of 35 and standard deviation (SD) of 12 years, and had no significant health problems. Results: Using principal component analysis to analyse 15 food groups based on the food items consumed, four dietary patterns were extracted: Western, unhealthy, plant-based, and healthy. After adjusting for potential covariates, a higher frequency of eating at fast-food restaurants was significantly associated with unhealthy dietary patterns [odds ratio (OR) = 4.85, 95.0% confidence interval (CI) = 1.80, 12.59]. In contrast, participants in the highest tercile of the frequency of eating at fast-food restaurants showed lower odds of adhering to a healthy dietary pattern (OR = 0.29, 95.0% CI = 0.11, 0.71). No significant association was found between participants in the highest tercile of the frequency of eating at sit-down restaurants and their dietary patterns. Conclusion: Frequently eating at fast-food restaurants was associated with increased odds of adherence to less healthy dietary patterns and negatively associated with adherence to a healthy pattern. No association was found between sit-down restaurants and any of the identified dietary patterns. The present findings can assist stakeholders and policymakers in developing strategic plans and policies for targeted interventions for this population.

Association between phenolic compound exposure and dyslipidemia in the population / 环境与职业医学

Background Phenolic compounds may adversely affect human health, but the current relevant studies are mostly limited to the impact of single phenolic compound exposure on human health, and there is still a lack of studies on the population-based association between combined exposure to multiple common phenolic compounds and dyslipidemia. Objective To explore the association of phenolic compound combined exposure and dyslipidemia based on principal component analysis-random forest (PCA-RF) strategy. Methods The data were from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013–2016). A total of 1301 adult residents aged ≥ 20 years with complete information on demographics and lifestyle, urine phenol concentrations (bisphenol A, bisphenol F, bisphenol S, triclocarban, benzophenone, and triclosan), and serum concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were included in this study. The concentrations of six urinary phenolic compounds were determined by solid phase extraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry, and the lipid indicators were determined by enzymatic methods. Principal component analysis combined with random forest model was used for model construction. First, principal component analysis was performed on 18 original variables including 6 phenolic compounds and 12 basic characteristic indicators, and then random forest model was established with dyslipidemia and its four evaluation indicators as dependent variables and the extracted principal components as independent variables, respectively. Results The PCA-RF analysis showed that bisphenol A, bisphenol F, and benzophenone may be important factors for dyslipidemia in the study subjects; bisphenol A, bisphenol F, and triclosan may be important factors for TC level in the study subjects; bisphenol A, bisphenol F, triclocarban, and benzophenone may be important factors for TG level in the study subjects; bisphenol A may be an important factor for LDL-C level in the study subjects; bisphenol F and benzophenone may be important factors for HDL-C level in the study subjects. Conclusion Phenolic compound exposure may be an important risk factor for the development of dyslipidemia. PCA-RF strategy can be effectively used to explore the association between phenolic compound exposure and dyslipidemia in the population.

Forensic Pathological Diagnosis of Acute and Old Myocardial Infarction Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to analyze myocardial infarction tissues at different stages of pathological change to achieve the forensic pathology diagnosis of acute and old myocardial infarction.@*METHODS@#FTIR spectra data of early ischemic myocardium, necrotic myocardium, and myocardial fibrous tissue in the left ventricular anterior wall of the sudden death group of atherosclerotic heart disease and the myocardium of the normal control group were collected using hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining as a reference, and the data were analyzed using multivariate statistical analysis.@*RESULTS@#The mean normalized spectra of control myocardium, early ischemic myocardium and necrotic myocardium were relatively similar, but the mean second derivative spectra were significantly different. The peak intensity of secondary structure of proteins in early ischemic myocardium was significantly higher than in other types of myocardium, and the peak intensity of the α-helix in necrotic myocardium was the lowest. The peaks of amide Ⅰ and amide Ⅱ in the mean normalized spectra of myocardial fibrous tissue significantly shifted towards higher wave numbers, the peak intensities of amide Ⅱ and amide Ⅲ were higher than those of other types of myocardium, and the peak intensities at 1 338, 1 284, 1 238 and 1 204 cm-1 in the mean second derivative spectra were significantly enhanced. Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least square-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) showed that FTIR could distinguish different types of myocardium.@*CONCLUSIONS@#FTIR technique has the potential to diagnose acute and old myocardial infarction, and provides a new basis for the analysis of the causes of sudden cardiac death.

Comprehensive evaluation of Pinellia ternata germplasm resources based on phenotypic trait classification / 中国中药杂志

The evaluation of germplasm resources is the prerequisite for the development, utilization, and conservation of Chinese medicinal resources. The selection of excellent germplasm is the key to the breeding and orderly production of Pinellia ternata. In this study, 21 germplasm materials of P. ternata from major production areas in China were collected and analyzed for population diversity after phenotypic preliminary screening. The results have revealed that the P. ternata population has abundant phenotypic variation, and the phenotypic changes could be divided into five phenotypes in terms of organ trait variation. Further analysis of variation in 20 quantitative traits of the population revealed that the coefficient of variation for adenosine content(339.05%) was the largest, while the coefficient of variation for the underground plant height(16.35%) was the smallest. Correlation analysis showed that there was a strong correlation among various traits, with 52 pairs of traits showing highly significant correlation(P<0.01) and 19 pairs of traits showing a significant correlation(P<0.05). The 21 germplasms in the test could be classified into three major clusters by cluster analysis, with Cluster Ⅱ having the highest number and content of nucleosides, making it suitable for the selection and breeding of P. ternata varieties with high content of nucleosides. The yield in Cluster Ⅲ was higher than that in other groups, making it suitable for the selection and breeding of P. ternata varieties with a high yield. All trait indicators could be simplified into five principal component factors through principal component analysis, and the cumulative contribution rate was up to 86.04%. Further, comprehensive analysis using membership function and stepwise regression analysis identified nine traits, such as plant height, main leaf length, and underground plant height as characteristic indicators for the comprehensive evaluation of germplasm resources of P. ternata. BX007, BX008, and BX005 were identified as germplasms with both high yield and high uridine content, with BX007 having the highest uridine content of 479.51 μg·g~(-1). It belonged to the germplasm of P. ternata with double bulbils and could be cultivated as a potential good variety. Based on the phenotypic classification of P. ternata, systematic resource evaluation was carried out in this study, which could lay a foundation for the excavation of genetic resources and the breeding of new varieties of P. ternata.

Prediction analysis of quality markers and resource evaluation of Artemisiae Argyi Folium based on chemical composition and network pharmacology / 中国中药杂志

This study is based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography(UPLC), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS), and network pharmacology methods to analyze and predict potential quality markers(Q-markers) of Artemisiae Argyi Folium. First, UPLC and GC-MS techniques were used to analyze the content of 12 non-volatile components and 8 volatile components in the leaves of 33 Artemisia argyi germplasm resources as candidate Q-markers. Subsequently, network pharmacology was employed to construct a "component-target-pathway-efficacy" network to screen out core Q-markers, and the biological activity of the markers was validated using molecular docking. Finally, cluster analysis and principal component analysis were performed on the content of Q-markers in the 33 A. argyi germplasm resources. The results showed that 18 candidate components, 60 targets, and 185 relationships were identified, which were associated with 72 pathways related to the treatment of 11 diseases and exhibited 5 other effects. Based on the combination of freedom and component specificity, six components, including eupatilin, cineole, β-caryophyllene, dinatin, jaceosidin, and caryophyllene oxide were selected as potential Q-markers for Artemisiae Argyi Folium. According to the content of these six markers, cluster analysis divided the 33 A. argyi germplasm resources into three groups, and principal component analysis identified S14 as having the highest overall quality. This study provides a reference for exploring Q-markers of Artemisiae Argyi Folium, establishing a quality evaluation system, further studying its pharmacological mechanisms, and breeding new varieties.

Characteristics of Motoneurons Controlling Single Finger Movement in Different Individuals / 医用生物力学

Objective To analyze characteristics of motoneurons controlling the extension of a single finger in different individuals, and obtain the similarity and difference of micro-motoneurons characteristics in different individuals. Methods The motoneurons were decomposed by blind source separation algorithm. The two dimensional (2D) features of the neurons were quantified, and the fingers were classified by the features of the neurons decomposed by different individuals. In addition, the proportion of shared motor neurons was used to study characteristics of motoneurons innervating the coordinated movement of different fingers between individuals. Results There were significant differences in spatial distribution of motoneurons between the index finger and the middle finger for different individuals, but the activation area was similar. Using data from different people as training sets and testing sets, the average accuracy of finger classification was 86. 99% , and it was significantly improved to 90. 07% after using transfer component analysis (TCA) calibration. Through analysis on the proportion of shared neurons in different individuals, it was found that the proportion of shared neurons between index finger and other three fingers (middle finger, ring finger and little finger) was relatively low, while that between ring finger and little finger was high. Conclusions The spatial discharge characteristics of motoneurons controlling different fingers in different individuals are similar and have small individual differences. This study reveals the internal neural mechanism of different individuals during finger movement, and provides references for clinical neural mechanism analysis of patients with finger movement disorders and the related engineering applications

A non-contact continuous blood pressure measurement method based on video stream / 生物医学工程学杂志

Hypertension is the primary disease that endangers human health. A convenient and accurate blood pressure measurement method can help to prevent the hypertension. This paper proposed a continuous blood pressure measurement method based on facial video signal. Firstly, color distortion filtering and independent component analysis were used to extract the video pulse wave of the region of interest in the facial video signal, and the multi-dimensional feature extraction of the pulse wave was preformed based on the time-frequency domain and physiological principles; Secondly, an integrated feature selection method was designed to extract the universal optimal feature subset; After that, we compared the single person blood pressure measurement models established by Elman neural network based on particle swarm optimization, support vector machine (SVM) and deep belief network; Finally, we used SVM algorithm to build a general blood pressure prediction model, which was compared and evaluated with the real blood pressure value. The experimental results showed that the blood pressure measurement results based on facial video were in good agreement with the standard blood pressure values. Comparing the estimated blood pressure from the video with standard blood pressure value, the mean absolute error (MAE) of systolic blood pressure was 4.9 mm Hg with a standard deviation (STD) of 5.9 mm Hg, and the MAE of diastolic blood pressure was 4.6 mm Hg with a STD of 5.0 mm Hg, which met the AAMI standards. The non-contact blood pressure measurement method based on video stream proposed in this paper can be used for blood pressure measurement.

The National Wealth Score in the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019) / O Indicador Econômico Nacional no Estudo Nacional de Alimentação e Nutrição Infantil (ENANI-2019) / El Indicador Económico Nacional en el Estudio Nacional de Alimentación y Nutrición Infantil (ENANI-2019)

The National Wealth Score (IEN) is a synthetic household index that assesses socioeconomic conditions. This study aims to present the methods used to update the IEN using data from the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019). The following items were included: the education level of the mother or caregiver of the child; the number of bedrooms and bathrooms, TV sets, and cars in the household; and the presence of a radio, refrigerator or freezer, washing machine, microwave oven, telephone line, computers, air conditioner, media player devices, cable or satellite TV, cell phone ownership and type of service, cell phone internet, and internet at the household. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to estimate the IEN with and without incorporating the complex sampling design (CSD). Thus, the IEN validation considered proxy indicators of socioeconomic status and living conditions. The first component of the PCA explained 31% and 71% of the variation with and without incorporating the CSD, respectively. The coefficients of variation of the IEN were 53.4% and 2.6% with and without incorporating the CSD, respectively. The mean IEN score was lower in households without access to a sewage system, those that received benefits from Brazilian Income Transfer Program, those with some degree of food insecurity, and those with stunted children. Adding ENANI-2019 items to the calculation of IEN to capture technological advances resulted in a better fit of the model. Incorporating the CSD increased PCA performance and the IEN precision. The new IEN has an adequate performance in determining the socioeconomic status of households with children aged under five years.

O Indicador Econômico Nacional (IEN) é um índice domiciliar sintético que avalia condições socioeconômicas. Este estudo tem como objetivo apresentar os métodos utilizados para atualização do IEN a partir de dados do Estudo Nacional de Alimentação e Nutrição Infantil (ENANI-2019). Foram incluídos os seguintes itens: escolaridade da mãe/cuidador da criança; o número de quartos e banheiros, aparelhos de TV e carros no domicílio; a presença de rádio, geladeira ou freezer, máquina de lavar, forno micro-ondas, linha telefônica, computadores, ar-condicionado, aparelhos multimídia, TV a cabo ou via satélite, propriedade e tipo de serviço de telefone celular, rede de dados de telefone celular e internet no domicílio. A análise de componentes principais (ACP) foi utilizada para estimar o IEN com e sem a incorporação da amostragem complexa. Assim, a validação do IEN considerou indicadores proxy de nível socioeconômico e condições de vida. O primeiro componente da ACP explicou 31% e 71% da variação com e sem a incorporação da amostragem complexa, respectivamente. Os coeficientes de variação do IEN foram de 53,4% e 2,6% com e sem a incorporação da amostragem complexa, respectivamente. O escore médio do IEN foi menor em domicílios sem acesso a esgoto, naqueles que receberam benefícios do Programa Bolsa Família, naqueles com algum grau de insegurança alimentar e naqueles com crianças com déficit de crescimento. A adição de itens do ENANI-2019 ao cálculo do IEN, a fim de capturar os avanços tecnológicos, resultou em um melhor ajuste do modelo. A incorporação da amostragem complexa aumentou o desempenho da ACP e a precisão do IEN. O novo IEN tem um desempenho adequado na determinação do nível socioeconômico de domicílios com crianças menores de cinco anos.

El Indicador Económico Nacional (IEN) es un índice domiciliar que evalúa las condiciones socioeconómicas. Este estudio tiene como objetivo presentar los métodos utilizados en la actualización del IEN con base en datos del Estudio Nacional de Alimentación y Nutrición Infantil (ENANI-2019). Se incluyeron los siguientes ítems: nivel educativo de la madre/cuidador del niño; la cantidad de dormitorios y baños, televisores y autos en el hogar; la tenencia de radio, heladera o freezer, lavadora, horno de microondas, línea telefónica, computadoras, aire acondicionado, equipo multimedia, televisión por cable o satélite, titularidad y tipo de servicio de telefonía celular, red de datos celular e internet en el hogar. Se utilizó el análisis de componentes principales (ACP) para estimar el IEN con y sin la incorporación de muestreo complejo. Así, la validación del IEN consideró indicadores proxy de nivel socioeconómico y condiciones de vida. El primer componente ACP explicó el 31% y el 71% de la variación con y sin la incorporación de muestreo complejo, respectivamente. Los coeficientes de variación del IEN fueron el 53,4% y el 2,6% con y sin incorporación de muestreo complejo, respectivamente. El puntaje medio del IEN fue menor en los hogares sin acceso a alcantarillado, en aquellos que recibieron beneficios del Programa Bolsa Família, en aquellos con algún grado de inseguridad alimentaria y en aquellos con niños con retraso en el crecimiento. La incorporación de los ítems del ENANI-2019 en el cálculo del IEN, con el fin de capturar los avances tecnológicos, dio como resultado un mejor ajuste del modelo. La incorporación de muestreo complejo incrementó el desempeño de la ACP y la precisión del IEN. El nuevo IEN tiene un desempeño adecuado para estimar el nivel socioeconómico de los hogares con niños menores de cinco años.

Principal component analysis of dental caries related factors among 3- to 5-year-old children in Urumqi City / 口腔疾病防治

Objective @#To explore dental caries-related factors among children aged 3-5 years in Urumqi City and to provide evidence for the etiological study and primary prevention of caries among local children. @*Methods @# A multistage stratified cluster sampling method was used to randomly select children aged 3-5 years in Urumqi City for oral examination, physical examination and questionnaire survey. Data were collected and analyzed by principal component logistic regression using SPSS 23.0 software.@*Results@#Principal component analysis showed that there were seven risk factors whose characteristic root value was greater than 1: oral hygiene habits, family education level, sugar intake, bedtime eating habits, age, gestational age, feeding mode, and cumulative contribution were 66.486% of the total variance. Principal component logistic regression analysis indicated that five factors, namely, oral hygiene habits (OR = 0.795, P = 0.044), family education level (OR = 0.667, P = 0.019), sugar intake (OR = 1.260, P = 0.006), bedtime eating habits (OR = 5.432, P<0.001) and age (OR = 0.676, P = 0.015), were closely related to early childhood caries, and they were statistically significant (P<0.05). @*Conclusion@#According to the principal component analysis, oral hygiene habits factor, family education level factor, sugar intake factor, bedtime eating habits factor and age factor were dental caries related factors among 3- to 5-year-old children in Urumqi City.

Fetal electrocardiogram signal extraction and analysis method combining fast independent component analysis algorithm and convolutional neural network / 生物医学工程学杂志

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) signals provide important clinical information for early diagnosis and intervention of fetal abnormalities. In this paper, we propose a new method for fetal ECG signal extraction and analysis. Firstly, an improved fast independent component analysis method and singular value decomposition algorithm are combined to extract high-quality fetal ECG signals and solve the waveform missing problem. Secondly, a novel convolutional neural network model is applied to identify the QRS complex waves of fetal ECG signals and effectively solve the waveform overlap problem. Finally, high quality extraction of fetal ECG signals and intelligent recognition of fetal QRS complex waves are achieved. The method proposed in this paper was validated with the data from the PhysioNet computing in cardiology challenge 2013 database of the Complex Physiological Signals Research Resource Network. The results show that the average sensitivity and positive prediction values of the extraction algorithm are 98.21% and 99.52%, respectively, and the average sensitivity and positive prediction values of the QRS complex waves recognition algorithm are 94.14% and 95.80%, respectively, which are better than those of other research results. In conclusion, the algorithm and model proposed in this paper have some practical significance and may provide a theoretical basis for clinical medical decision making in the future.