Formulation and evaluation of Buccal mucoadhesive tablets of diclofenac sodium using 23 factorial designs

Buccal tablets

Diclofenac sodium

Drug release

Mucoadhesion

Mucoadhesive tablets

Release kinetics

Effect of Different Cooking Methods on the Concentration of Vitamin C in Cowpea Vegetable (Vigna unguiculata)

Background: Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin widely distributed in nature, mostly rich in fresh fruits and green leafy vegetables. The amount of Vitamin C in a given food depends on soil condition, climate in their area of growth, storage condition after harvest, and methods of preparation. Much amount of Vitamin C in vegetables is lost during cooking and there are still limited information on the impact of different cooking methods on the vitamin C content in leafy vegetable like cowpea vegetable (Vigna unguiculata). It is upon this background that this study aimed to determine the concentration of Vitamin C in cowpea vegetable when cooked using different cooking methods. Methodology: Vitamin C concentration in a solution of cowpea vegetable cooked by different cooking methods (boiling, steaming and microwave methods) was determined by a redox titration using iodine in the presence of starch indicator. This was conducted at Busitema University, Faculty of Science and Education, Biology Laboratory in Uganda. Results: The study revealed that cooking cowpea vegetable using microwave yields the highest concentration of vitamin C (154.8 mg/L), followed by steaming (142.9 mg/L) and boiling yielding the least concentration of vitamin C (130.4 mg/L). Conclusion: The concentration of vitamin C obtained by the three methods of cooking cowpea vegetable has shown that microwaving method of cooking yields the highest concentration of vitamin C followed by steaming method and finally boiling. Further studies should be done to explain the variation of vitamin C concentration in cowpea vegetable when cooked using the above cooking methods. Similar studies should be conducted on other leafy vegetables which are potential sources of Vitamin C.

Toxicity of Herbicide, Paraquat Dichloride and Insecticide, Lambda-cyhalothrin on Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria, Pantoa dispersa in Aquatic Ecosystems

Aim: The study was aimed to determine the toxicity of paraquat dichloride and lambda-cyhalothrin on phosphate solubilizing bacteria, Pantoa dispersa in aquatic ecosystems.Study Design: This study employs randomized block design, statistical analysis of the data and interpretation.Place and Duration of the Study: Soil sample was collected from the root nodules of leguminous plants in a sterile polythene bag from the Elele, in Etche L.G.A, Rivers State. The fresh water sample was collected from Bane town in Khana L.G.A, brackish water sample was collected from Choba river in Obio/Akpor L.G.A while the marine water was collected from Bonny River of Bonny L.G.A., all of Rivers State, Nigeria. The samples were collected aseptically and transported in an ice-pack immediately to the Rivers State University, Microbiology laboratory for analysis. The study lasted for three months.Methodology: The bacterium, Pantoa dispersa was isolated and identified based on conventional and molecular characterization from water and soil samples. Different concentrations (3.13%, 6.25, 12.50, 25.00%, 50.00% and 75.00%) and the control (0%) of the herbicide (paraquat dichloride) and insecticide, Lambda-cyhalothrin were prepared using fresh, brackish and marine water samples and 10ml of the test organism, Pantoa dispersa was introduced and the survival count was determined at 0, 4hr, 8hr, 12hr and 24hr. The Mean Lethal Concentration (LC50) of the insecticide and herbicide on Pantoa dispersa in the three aquatic ecosystem was determined.Results: The LC50 of the herbicide (Paraquat dichloride) was recorded as 15.8% in brackish water, 17.37% in fresh water and 27.44% in marine water. While the LC50 of the insecticide, Lambda-cyhalothrin to Pantoa dispersa was 26.84% in fresh water, 27.26% in brackish water and 32.33% in marine water.Conclusion: From the study, the herbicide, Paraquat dichloride was more toxic in the three aquatic ecosystems compared to the insecticide, Lambda-cyhalothrin. The use of these agrochemicals should be monitored as they result in the mortality of beneficial soil bacteria like Pantoa dispersa which is phosphate solubilizing bacteria in aquatic ecosystems.

Phytochemicals and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Tapinathus bangwensis Leaves

Background: The leaves of Tapinathus bangwensis have been used in the treatment of infectious and non-infectious diseases by the herbalist. This instigated evaluation of extract and fractions of Tapinathus bangwensis leaves for antimicrobial activity against some pathogenic organisms and identifications of the phytoconstituents. Methods: The standard phytochemical methods and GC-MS were used to identify the phytoconstituents of extract and fractions. The antimicrobial activity was determined using agar dilution method. Results: The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of saponins, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids and steroidal glycosides in the extract whereas n-hexane fraction contains terpenoids only, ethyl acetate contains flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, saponins and n-butanol contains saponins, tannins and cardiac glycosides. The GC-MS analysis identified fatty acids, phthalic acid esters, saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons in the extract and fraction. Most of the compounds identified possess antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant and cytotoxicity effects. However, the antimicrobial activity showed that Escherichia coli alone was susceptible to the extract with mics of 5 mg /ml. Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, and Candidiaalbicans were susceptible to the n-hexane fraction which showed good activity with MIC range of 2.5-5 mg/ml. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans were susceptible to ethyl acetate fraction with MIC range of 2.5-5mg/ml and Escherichia coli and Candida albicans were susceptible to ethyl acetate fraction with MIC range of 2.5-5mg/ml and Escherichia coli and candida albicans were susceptible to butanol fraction. with MIC range of 2.5-5mg/ml. klebsiella pneumoniae was not susceptible to the extract and any of the fractions. Conclusion: The findings provide justification for the use of Tapinathus bangwensis leaves as antimicrobial agent. Hence, the phytochemicals if isolated can serve as a template for the development of antimicrobial agent.

Influence of donor and recipient CYP3A5 genotype on tacrolimus trough concentrations in the early stage after liver transplantation and its clinical significance / 中国临床药理学与治疗学

AIM: To analyze the influence of donor and recipient CYP3A5 genotype on tacrolimus trough concentrations in the early stage after liver transplantation and its clinical significance under therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) strategy retrospectively. METHODS: A total of 125 patients undergoing liver transplantation in Shanghai General Hospital from January 2015 to March 2019 were involved in this study. Clinical pharmacology parameters and liver function indexes from 1 to 28 days after operation, the occurrence of new onset diabetes mellitus (NODM) was collected. Donor and recipient cytochrome P450, family 3, subfamily A, polypeptide 5 (CYP3A5) gene rs776746 locus were genotyped by RT-PCR technology.RESULTS: Median trough concentration (Ct

Litter decomposition and nutrient release dynamics of leaves and roots of the babassu palm in eastern Amazonia

The ruderal babassu palm (Attalea speciosa) is expanding on large areas of degraded Amazon landscapes. Decomposition of leaves and roots is in the center of plant:soil interactions. We evaluated decomposition and nutrient concentrations of leaves and fine roots of babassu in comparison with two exotic reference species, Acacia mangium (slow degradability) and Leucaena leucocephala (fast degradability), in a 138-day litterbag assay carried out in secondary forest stands of different age and babassu abundance. We chose 4-mm over 2-mm mesh litterbags based on a pilot study. Babassu leaves degraded slower than leaves of A. mangium and L. leucocephala, and also had lower nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium concentrations in all stages of decomposition. By contrast, potassium concentrations in babassu leaves were higher than in both reference species at 0 and 50 days. Roots of all three species decomposed slower than leaves. Compared to the leaves, both biomass loss and nutrient concentrations differed less between babassu and reference-species roots, except for lower nitrogen concentration in babassu roots. Leaf-litter decomposition of all three species was significantly faster in old than in young secondary forest, suggesting an acceleration of decomposition along succession. Babassu leaves decomposed faster in old babassu-dominated than non-dominated secondary forest, pointing to the existence of specialized decomposer communities in babassu-dominated stands. (AU)

Determination of insecticides' lethal concentrations and metabolic enzyme levels in Triatoma dimidiata / Determinación de concentraciones letales y niveles de enzimas metabólicas de insecticidas en Triatoma dimidiata

Abstract: Objective: The feasibility of the use of WHO impregnated paper and biochemical assays to determine lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC99) and insecticide metabolic enzyme levels of Triatoma dimidiata. Materials and methods: LC50 and LC99 were calculated with WHO papers impregnated at different concentrations of malathion, propoxur and deltamethrin; the percentage of insensitive acetylcholinesterase (iAChE); and the levels of esterases, glutathione S-transferases, and monooxygenases in laboratory nymphs of the first stage (5 to 7 days), were undertaken using the WHO biochemical assays. Results: Respectively the LC50 and LC99 µg/cm2 obtained for malathion were 43.83 and 114.38, propoxur 4.71 and 19.29, and deltamethrin 5.80 and 40.46. A 30% of the population had an iAChE, and only a few individuals had high P450 and β-eterase levels. Conclusion: Impregnated papers and biochemical tests developed by WHO for other insects, proved to be feasible methods in monitoring insecticide resistance and metabolic enzymes involved in T. dimidiata.

Resumen: Objetivo: La factibilidad de usar los papeles impregnados y ensayos bioquímicos según la OMS para determinar concentraciones letales (CL50 y CL99) y niveles enzimáticos en la resistencia a insecticidas en Triatoma dimidiata. Material y métodos: Se calcularon la CL50 y CL99 con papeles impregnados según la OMS a diferentes concentraciones de malatión, propoxur y deltametrina; el porcentaje de acetilcolinesterasa insensible (iAChE); y los niveles de esterasas, glutatión S-transferasas, y monooxigenasas en ninfas de laboratorio del estadio I (5-7 días) se determinaron usando los ensayos bioquímicos según la OMS. Resultados: Se obtuvieron las CL50 y CL99 µg / cm2 respectivamente para malatión 43.83 y 114.38, propoxur 4.71 y 19.29, y deltametrina 5.80 y 40.46. Un 30% de las chinches tuvo iAChE, y sólo pocos individuos tuvieron niveles superiores de P450 y β-eterasas. Conclusión: Los papeles impregnados y ensayos bioquímicos que describe la OMS para otros insectos demostraron ser métodos factibles para monitorear la resistencia a insecticidas y las enzimas metabólicas involucradas en T. dimidiata.

Sensibilidad in vitro de cepas chilenas de Cryptococcus neoformans de origen clínico / In vitro susceptibility of Chilean Cryptococcus neoformans strains of clinical source

Resumen Introducción: Las infecciones por levaduras del género Cryptococcus afectan principalmente a pacientes con déficit de la inmunidad mediada por células. Han sido escasos los estudios de sensibilidad realizados para este género en Chile. Objetivos: Determinar la sensibilidad in vitro de Cryptococcus sp a antifúngicos de uso habitual y evaluar la concordancia esencial entre sensibilidad determinada por microdilución en caldo y por difusión en agar con tiras comerciales. Materiales y Método: Estudio descriptivo de 21 cepas aisladas desde liquido céfalo-raquídeo y sangre. Las CIM50 y CIM90 para fluconazol, voriconazol y anfotericina B se determinaron por microdilución en caldo (Sensititre Yeast One®) y por difusión en agar con tiras comerciales (MIC Test Strips). Resultados: Todas las cepas correspondieron a C. neoformans. Los rangos de CIM50 y CIM90 para cada antifúngico estudiado fueron amplios por ambos métodos. La concordancia esencial entre microdilución y difusión en agar con tiras comerciales fue de 24, 62 y 29% para fluconazol, voriconazol y anfotericina B, respectivamente. Conclusiones: La prueba de Sensititre Yeast One® y la de difusión en agar con tiras comerciales, MIC Test Strips, tienen una pobre concordancia esencial para fluconazol y anfotericina B.

Abstract Background: Cryptococcus yeast infections primarily affect immunocompromised patients. There have been few susceptibility studies conducted for this genus in Chile. Aims: To determine the in vitro susceptibility to commonly used antifungals and evaluate the concordance between susceptibility determined by microdilution in broth and commercially available strips. Methods: Descriptive study of 21 Cryptococcus strains, isolated from cerebrospinal fluid and blood. The MIC50 and MIC90 for fluconazole, voriconazole and amphotericin B was determined by broth microdilution (Sensititre Yeast One®) and by commercial drug sensitivity strips (MIC Test Strips). Results: All strains corresponded to C. neoformans. The ranges of MIC50 and MIC90 for each antifungal studied were wide by both methods. The essential agreement between Sensititre Yeast One test and strips was 24, 62 and 29% for fluconazole, voriconazole and amphotericin B, respectively. Conclusions: The Sensititre Yeast One test and MIC Test Strips exhibited poor essential concordance, especially for fluconazole and amphotericin B.

Bioaccumulation of heavy metal lead (Pb) in different tissues of brackish water fish Mugil cephalus (Linnaeus, 1758)

This study was performed to determine the heavy metal accumulation concentrations in different tissues ofthe selected brackish water fish Mugil cephalus. The fishes were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of leadacetate (Pb (C2H3O2)2) for 96 hour, and LC50 value was found to be 18.7 ppm. The one-tenth of (1/10) LC50(1.89 ppm) value was selected as a lower sub-lethal concentration for the exposure period of 30 days. Theorgans of fish, namely, gills, liver, and muscle were carefully separated through the dissection from fish forthe determination of heavy metal using Absorption Spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer Analyst-400, USA). Theresults reveal that the low concentration of lead (1.89 ppm) exhibits a maximum level of accumulation in theliver (0.746 ± 0.0033 μg/g), gills (0.672 ± 0.0069 μg/g), and muscle (0.254 ± 0.0052 μg/g) tissues of 30 daysexposed. The result of the present investigation also reveals that the time-dependent lead accumulation indifferent tissues of fish M. cephalus exposed to different sub-lethal concentration of the lead. These findingsextend for future studies on the evaluation of lead accumulation tendency in relation to the eco-toxicologicalobservations for heavy metals risk assessment.

Antimicrobial activity of oregan and clove essential oils against some foodborne pathogens / Atividade antimicrobiona dos óleos essenciais de orégano e cravo frente a patógenos alimentares

The tendency to replace synthetic antimicrobials for natural ones in food industry and an increase in bacterial resistance to antibiotics resulted in a necessity to find new alternatives, and essential oils are emerging as promising substitutes for synthetic chemicals in food preservation. The objective of this work was to test the antimicrobial activity of oregano (OEO) and clove (CEO) essential oils over a range of bacteria, molds and yeast of importance as pathogens or food spoilage. The antimicrobial activity of oregano and clove essential oils were analyzed by disk diffusion method and broth microdilution test (MIC) of OEO and CEO were determined for each tested microorganism. OEO and CEO were evaluated in natura (IN) and after thermal processing (TP) at 120 o C for 5 min. Both OEO and CEO presented the same inhibition zones for IN and TP samples, for all tested microorganisms, indicating that these oils can be thermally processed maintaining their antimicrobial activity. For OEO and CEO, the more sensitive microorganisms were the fungi (Aspergillus niger, Penicillium citrinum and Candida albicans), followed by Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Methicillin - resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA); the lowest antimicrobial activities were observed against Streptococcus mutans and Enterococcus faecalis. In general, OEO resulted in higher inhibition zones and lower MIC values for all tested microorganisms, suggesting that it was more effective as an antimicrobial agent than CEO (AU)

A preferência mundial para alimentos mais saudáveis e livres de aditivos químicos pelos consumidores, associada ao aumento da resistência bacteriana, resultaram na necessidade de medidas alternativas no setor de alimentos. Os óleos correspondem a antimicrobianos naturais e constituem uma classe emergente como substitutos dos produtos químicos sintéticos na conservação de alimentos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana de óleos essenciais de orégano (OEO) e cravo (CEO ) frente a bactérias, fungos e leveduras de importância no setor de alimentos. OEO e CEO foram avaliados in natura (IN) e após processamento térmico (TP) a 120 o C por 5 minutos. Para avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana frente a cada microrganismo empregou-se o método de discodifusão e o teste de microdiluição em caldo (MIC). Tanto o OEO quanto o CEO apresentaram zonas de inibição semelhantes para amostras IN e TP, indicando que a atividade antimicrobiana desses óleos são resistentes a altas temperaturas. Os microrganismos mais sensíveis para ambos os óleos essenciais foram os fungos (Aspergillus niger, Penicillium citrinum e Candida albicans), seguidos por Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus e Staphylococcus aureus resistente à meticilina (MRSA). Já as cepas Streptococcus mutans e Enterococcus faecalis apresentaram uma maior resistência frente à atividade antimicrobiana dos óleos essenciais. Em geral, os maiores halos de inibição e menores valores de MIC foram obtidos quando empregado o OEO, sugerindo uma maior atividade microbiana do mesmo quando comparado ao CEO. (AU)

Comparison of two collection methods to determine protodioscin concentrations in Brachiaria spp. and to monitor Brachiaria spp. poisoning / Comparação entre dois métodos de coleta para determinar as concentrações de protodioscina em Brachiaria spp. e monitorar a intoxicação por Brachiaria spp

The objective of this study was to evaluate the methods of collecting Brachiaria spp. (Simulated Grazing vs. Total Collection) for the determination of protodioscin concentrations and to monitor the intoxication in sheep susceptible and resistant to poisoning by Brachiaria spp. The collection of Brachiaria spp. was done through two different methods. The first one consisted in throwing a metallic square at 10 random picket points. The second was performed simulating, with the hands, the grazing behavior of sheep. The leaf blades obtained by the two methods were conditioned in a forced ventilation oven. The extraction and quantification of protodioscin from the dry milled plant material was done by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The collections were carried out at three stages of the life of experimental lamb (suckling, rearing, and finishing). The lambs were divided into resistant and susceptible to intoxication by Brachiaria spp. The criterion for a lamb to be considered sensitive was to present some clinical signs at some stage of its life. No significant differences were observed between the general averages of the two collections when the evaluation was done in the whole period. However, a significant difference was found at the onset of the clinical signs. The concentrations of protodioscin in this period were higher in Brachiaria spp. collected by the simulating grazing method. Both methodologies were efficient to determine the level of protodioscin in the pastures of Brachiaria spp. However, during the periods when the outbreaks occurred, the simulated grazing method was more reliable.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar dois métodos de coleta de Brachiaria spp. (Pastejo Simulado vs Coleta Total) para determinação das concentrações de protodioscina e efetuar o monitoramento da intoxicação em rebanhos sensíveis e resistentes à intoxicação por Brachiaria spp. Foram realizadas coletas de Brachiaria spp. através de duas metodologias. A primeira consistiu em fazer o lançamento de um quadrado metálico em 10 pontos aleatórios do piquete. A segunda foi realizada simulando com as mãos o comportamento de pastejo dos ovinos. As lâminas foliares obtidas pelas duas metodologias foram acondicionadas em estufa de ventilação forçada. O material seco e moído foi encaminhado para extração e quantificação da protodioscina por cromatografia líquida de alto desempenho (HPLC) de fase reversa. As coletas foram realizadas em três fases de vida dos cordeiros (cria, recria e terminação). Os cordeiros foram divididos em resistentes e sensíveis a intoxicação por Brachiaria spp. O critério para o ovino ser considerado sensível foi apresentar algum sinal clínico da intoxicação em alguma fase de sua vida. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre a média geral das duas coletas quando a avaliação foi feita no período total. Porém, foi observada diferença significativa no período de aparecimento dos casos. As concentrações de protodioscina neste período foram superiores pelo método do pastejo simulado. Ambas as metodologias mostraram-se eficientes para determinação da concentração da protodioscina nas pastagens de Brachiaria spp. No entanto, nos períodos em que ocorreram os surtos, o método do pastejo simulado foi mais fidedigno.(AU)

Method Development And Validation Of Donepezil Hydrochloride By Using Uv Spectrophotometric Method

Abstract: Simple, specific, accurate and cost economic UV spectrophotometric methods weredeveloped and validated for determination of Donepezil Hydrochloride. Instead of usingorganic solvents, mixture of Acetonitrile and water was used during method development andvalidation. Donepezil hydrochloride standard solution was scanned in the UV range (400-200nm) in a 1cm quartz cell in a double beam UV spectrophotometer. The standard solution ofDonepezil Hydrochloride showed maximum absorption at wavelength 231 nm. The methodobeys Beer’s law in the concentration range from 4-20µg/ml. The correlation coefficient wasfound to be 0.9983and regression of the curve was found Y=0.0376x+0.0185 with excellentrecovery 99.66-100.83%. Limit of detection and limit of quantification were found to be0.197µg/ml and 0.6µg/ml respectively. The ruggedness and robustness were performed. Themethod was validated for several parameters like accuracy, precision as per ICH guidelines.Statistical analysis proved that the methods are repeatable and specific for determination ofthe drug. These methods can be adopted in the routine assay analysis of DonepezilHydrochloride in API and pharmaceutical dosage form.

Antifungal susceptibility testing for dermatophytes isolated from clinical samples by microbroth dilution method

Background: The cases of dermatophytoses have increased over the past few decades. Dermatophytoses affect the outer layers of skin, nails and hairs without tissue invasion. These infections are mostly not dangerous but, are important as public health problem particularly in the immunocompromised. The increased use of antifungal drugs for prolonged periods may lead to acquired antifungal resistance among previously susceptible strains. With this background present study was conducted to know the susceptibility pattern of dermatophytes.Methods: A total 35 isolates of dermatophytes isolated from clinically suspected cases of dermatophytoses were examined. Broth microdilution method M38-A2 approved protocol of CLSI (2008) for filamentous fungi was followed for determining the susceptibility of dermatophyte species to antifungal agents- itraconaole, fluconazole and ketoconazole.Results: Itraconazole minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) varied from 0.0156 to 1 µg/ml for all dermatophytes. T. rubrum species showed higher MIC range for Ketoconazole than T. mentagrophytes and T. tonsurans. Fluconazole had poor susceptibility for all dermatophytes by having higher MIC values.Conclusions: The MIC values observed in present study will help clinician to select an appropriate antifungal agent with minimal side effects. The data from present study can be useful as reference for future studies covering large no. of isolates and more drugs.

Intestinal microbiota composition in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: establishment of bacterial and archaeal communities analyses / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

Background@#Emerging evidences have indicated that the composition of gut microbiota was significantly influenced by central nervous system diseases. The digestion and metabolism disturbances of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) might be strongly associated with ALS; however, this has rarely been evaluated in these populations. This study was to evaluate bacterial and archaeal composition of gut flora and the corresponding metabolism performance of these micro-organisms in fecal samples of patients with ALS.@*Methods@#A comparative study was performed on the intestinal microbiota from eight patients with ALS and eight healthy individuals at Huadong Hospital during November 2017 to April 2018; meanwhile, the metabolite concentrations of human endotoxin, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), NO2-N/NO3-N, and γ-aminobutyric acid were also evaluated by spectrophotometry methods. The correlations between intestinal microbiota and metabolite concentration were compared between the two groups using one-way analysis of variance; the relative abundance of beneficial and harmful micro-organisms in fecal samples was also analyzed.@*Results@#In general, the richness and evenness of bacterial and archaeal communities of healthy individuals were healthier than that of patients with ALS. The phylum Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, genus Methanobrevibacter showed an enhancive tendency in patients with ALS, whereas the relative abundance of beneficial micro-organisms (genera Faecalibacterium and Bacteroides) presented a significant decrease tendency in patients with ALS. In addition, the average concentrations of human endotoxin, SCFA, NO2-N/NO3-N, and γ-aminobutyric acid in patients with ALS and healthy individuals were 64.2 vs. 65.3 EU/mL, 57.5 vs. 55.3 μg/mL, 5.7 vs. 5.3 ng/mL, and 6.1 vs. 5.4 μmol/L, respectively, indicating that the digestion and metabolism functions of gastrointestinal tract of patients might decline with this disease.@*Conclusions@#The relative abundance of beneficial and harmful micro-organisms respectively showed decrease and increase tendency in patients with ALS.

Association of serum olanzapine concentration and cytochrome P450 1A2 gene polymorphisms: a meta-analysis / 上海交通大学学报（医学版）

Objective: To investigate association of cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) gene polymorphisms and serum olanzapine concentration. Methods:Key words including “cytochrome P450 CYP1A2”, “genetic polymorphism”, “antipsychotic”, “olanzapine”, “schizophrenia”, and “serum concentration” were used to search in databases, including SinoMed, Wanfang, Weipu, CNKI, PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library. The search period was limited from the establishment of the database to February 27th, 2018. STATA/SE 12.0 package was applied to conduct statistical analyses. Results: Four studies with a total of 330 schizophrenic patients were included. In the recessive model of CYP1A2 gene -163C>A SNP, patients with A/A genotype had significantly lower olanzapine concentration/dosage ratio (C/D) than patients with C/C or C/A genotype. Conclusion: A/A homozygote of CYP1A2 gene -163C>A SNP is significantly associated with the decreased olanzapine serum concentration.

Advances in coamorphous drug delivery systems

In recent years, the coamorphous drug delivery system has been established as a promising formulation approach for delivering poorly water-soluble drugs. The coamorphous solid is a single-phase system containing an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and other low molecular weight molecules that might be pharmacologically relevant APIs or excipients. These formulations exhibit considerable advantages over neat crystalline or amorphous material, including improved physical stability, dissolution profiles, and potentially enhanced therapeutic efficacy. This review provides a comprehensive overview of coamorphous drug delivery systems from the perspectives of preparation, physicochemical characteristics, physical stability, and performance. Furthermore, the challenges and strategies in developing robust coamorphous drug products of high quality and performance are briefly discussed.

Intrapatient variability in plasma rifampicin & isoniazid in tuberculosis patients

Background & objectives: Large variability in anti-tuberculosis (TB) drug concentrations between patients is known to exist. However, limited information is available on intrapatient drug levels during the course of anti-TB treatment (ATT). This study was conducted to evaluate intrapatient variability in plasma rifampicin (RMP) and isoniazid (INH) concentrations during ATT at start of the treatment, at the end of intensive phase (IP) of ATT and at the end of ATT in adult TB patients being treated in the Revised National TB Control Programme (RNTCP). Methods: Adult TB patients (n=485), receiving thrice-weekly ATT in the RNTCP, were studied. Two-hour post-dosing concentrations of RMP and INH were determined at month 1, end of IP and end of ATT, after directly observed drug administration. Drug concentrations were estimated by high-performance liquid chromatography. Results: The median (inter-quartile range) RMP concentrations during the first month, at end of IP and end of ATT were 2.1 (0.4-5.0), 2.4 (0.6-5.5) and 2.2 (0.5-5.3) ?g/ml, respectively. The corresponding INH concentrations were 7.1 (4.2-9.9), 7.2 (3.9-10.9) and 6.7 (3.9-9.5) ?g/ml. None of the differences in drug concentrations obtained at different time points during ATT were significant. RMP and INH concentrations at different time points were significantly correlated. Age and body mass index caused significant variability in drug concentrations. Interpretation & conclusions: Plasma RMP and INH estimations in adult TB patients at two hours after drug administration remained unaltered during ATT. Clinicians can consider testing drug concentrations at any time point during ATT. These findings may assume significance in the context of therapeutic drug monitoring of anti-TB drug concentrations.

Analysis of guidance levels of radionuclide for food and drinking water / 中国医学装备

Objective:To investigate guidance levels of radionuclide for food and drinking water.Methods: According to the relevant standards and technical documents issued by international organizations, the computing methods of guidance levels of radionuclide for food and drinking water under the existing exposure situation and emergency exposure situation were analyzed and researched.Results: The calculated guidance levels of 17 radionuclides in drinking water and 20 radionuclides in food in existing exposure situation were provided, and the guidance levels of 24 radionuclides in food and drinking water in emergency exposure situation also were proposed. It was found that the relevant standards in China were lag and the standard of guidance levels of radionuclides activity concentrations for drinking water were deficient.Conclusion: It is suggested that the standards of guidance levels of radionuclide for food and drinking water in China should be formulated or revised by referring to international standard that issued from international organization and taking into account the specific conditions in China so as to preferably protect public health of our country.

Study on Antioxidant Activity of Different Concentrations of Alcohol Extracts from Paeonia Rockii Pollen / 中国中医药信息杂志

Objective To evaluate the antioxidant activity of different concentrations of alcohol extracts from Paeonia Rockii pollen.Methods The antioxidant activity of different concentrations of alcohol extracts from Paeonia Rockii pollen was evaluated by cupric reducing power method, DPPH radical scavenging activity method and ABTS radical scavenging activity method.Results The amounts of antioxidant activity of gallic acid of anhydrous ethanol extract, 75％ alcohol extract, 50％ alcohol extract, 25％ alcohol extract, and water extract from Paeonia Rockii pollen were 26.00, 28.33, 28.90, 14.98, and 9.24 mg/g, respectively. The sequence of the ability of scavenging DPPH free radical and ABTS radical was Vc > 50％ alcohol extract > 75％ alcohol extract > anhydrous ethanol extract > 25％ alcohol extract > water extract.Conclusion The different concentrations of alcohol extracts from Paeonia Rockii pollen has relatively strong antioxidant activity, especially for 50％ alcohol extract and 75％ alcohol extract.

Clinical study of prophylactic propofol on the side effects of carboplatin and trometamol infusion at different plasma target concentrations in cesarean section / 中国基层医药

Objective To observe the effect of propofol infusion on the side effects of carboplatin and trometamol at different plasma target concentrations in cesarean section.Methods From January 2016 to October 2017,a total of 184 cases of cesarean section pregnant women in the People's Hospital of Quzhou were selected for prospective study.They were divided into A group ,B group,C group and control group (N group) according to random number table method,with 46 cases in each group.The A,B,C three groups were target -controlled infusion of propofol,the concentrations were 0.8μg/mL,1.2μg/mL,1.6μg/mL,respectively,while N group was infused 0.9%sodium chloride injection at the rate of 0.5mL· kg-1· h-1.The operative time,intraoperative blood loss,fluid replacement,elevated blood pressure,decreased blood pressure ,the incidence of tachycardia and adverse reactions were compared among the four groups.Results The operation time of the four groups were (46.65 ±5.32) min, (49.21 ±4.75)min,(48.74 ±4.28) min,(49.76 ±5.25) min,respectively,the differences were not statistically significant(F＝1.501,P ＞0.05).The volume of intraoperative blood loss in the four groups were (425.66 ± 39.54)mL,(428.71 ±41.03)mL,(427.96 ±41.55)mL,(431.56 ±42.35)mL,respectively,the differences were not statistically significant(F＝1.882,P＞0.05).The fluid replacement in the four groups were (884.59 ±51.22)mL, (879.20 ±47.63)mL,(883.59 ±50.14)mL,(896.33 ±50.23)mL,respectively,the differences were not statistically significant(F＝1.634,P＞0.05).The satisfaction rate of sedation in B group was 91.30%,which was significantly higher than 58.70%in A group and 30.43%in C group(Z＝91.428,P＜0.05).The incidence rates of cardiovascular events in B group and C group were significantly lower than those in A group (all P＜0.05),which in B group were lower than those in C group(all P＜0.05).There were no statistically significant differences in chest tightness ,head-ache,facial flushing incidence in the three groups (χ2＝3.450,4.816,5.396,all P＞0.05).The incidence rates of nausea and vomiting in B group were 8.70%and 4.35%,respectively.The incidence rates of nausea and vomiting in C group were 8.70%and 2.17%,respectively,which were significantly lower than those in A group (26.09% and 19.57%)(χ2＝7.485,10.405,all P＜0.05).Conclusion Targeted infusion of propofol at 1.2 μg/mL can effec-tively prevent the side effects of cesarean section carduvastatin trometamol with good sedative effect .