Normas brasileiras para listas de palavras associadas: associação semântica, concretude, frequência e emocionalidade / Brazilian norms for word lists: semantic association, concreteness, word frequency, and emotionality

O presente estudo fornece medidas normatizadas para 44 listas de palavras semanticamente associadas em português, de acordo com as seguintes dimensões: concretude, frequência, emocionalidade e associação semântica. Cada lista de palavras é composta por uma palavra-tema e 15 palavras semanticamente associadas a ela. As medidas de cada dimensão foram selecionadas de bancos de dados encontrados na literatura brasileira ou coletadas com universitários. Os resultados indicaram que os valores referentes à concretude, frequência e emocionalidade das palavras-tema tendem a covariar positivamente com os valores médios das suas respectivas listas. Além disso, o tamanho do conjunto de diferentes palavras associadas semanticamente à palavra-tema apresentou uma correlação inversa com a força associativa média das listas, mas não com a concretude da palavra-tema.

The present study provides normative measures for 44 word lists in Portuguese according to the following dimensions: concreteness, word frequency, emotionality and semantic association. Each list contains one theme word and 15 semantically associated words. The measures for each dimension were selected from databases published in the Brazilian literature, or collected from a sample of undergraduate students. The results indicated that concreteness, word frequency and emotionality values tend to co-vary positively with the average values of its respective lists. Furthermore, an inverse correlation was observed between the average associative values of each list and its set size, but no correlation was found between set size and the concreteness ratings of the theme word.

Normas de concretude para 909 palavras da língua portuguesa / Concreteness norms for 909 portuguese words

Normas de concretude para 909 palavras foram coletadas utilizando-se uma escala de julgamento com sete pontos, onde cada extremo representava os níveis altamente abstrato ou concreto, respectivamente. Os resultados evidenciaram uma distribuição bi-modal sugerindo que as palavras podem ser classificadas nas categorias concreta ou abstrata. A confiabilidade média das normas foi r=0,97. Não foram detectadas influências do sexo, idade, freqüência de ocorrência das palavras em materiais escritos ou tamanho da categoria nos julgamentos de concretude. Os resultados sugerem que a concretude pode ser considerada como um atributo independente das palavras

Concreteness norms were collected for 909 words using a seven point judgment scale, where each extremity highly represented the abstract or concrete levels, respectively. Results showed a bi-modal distribution suggesting that words may be classified either as concrete or abstract. The average reliability of the norms was r=0.97. Concreteness judgments were not influenced by sex, age, word written frequency or category size. The results indicate that concreteness may be considered as an independent word attribute

A Preliminary Study for Illuminating Formal Ways of Pathological Language Behavior / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to identify differences in thinking between schizophrenic patients and healthy subjects with linguistic-philosophical approach and to develop a tool to measure pathological thinking. METHODS: Approximately 50 cards(pictures of either representational or abstract sculptures and paintings) from the previous experiment(1997) were carefully examined and 10 cards were selected based on their variety and promptness of the response. Twenty-four schizophrenic patients and 19 healthy subjects participated in this experiment. Participants were required to give a title to each picture. Their responses were analysed based on the forms of thinking, abstractness(or concreteness) and the category of the title. Each response was also coded either direct or indirect. RESULTS: 1) Schizophrenic patients emitted more direct and simple descriptive responses whereas healthy subjects showed projection-related direct traits, indirect traits, indirect association and generalization. 2) Both groups tended to utilize the whole rather than parts. Schizophrenic group depended more on the whole pictures than healthy group. Healthy subjects showed more generalization tendency with parts. 3) Both groups preferred concrete titles to abstract ones. Schizophrenic group(95.3%) used more concrete titles than healthy group(71.4%) and healthy group(28.65%) used more abstract titles than schizophrenic group(4.7%). 4) Schizophrenic patients(73.5%) showed more directness in thinking than healthy subjects, whereas healthy subjects(58.7%) more indirectness. CONCLUSIONS: 1) Schizophrenic patients clearly showed direct and simple forms of thinking and expressive language, lacking reasoning, and systematic processing. Additionally, schizophrenic patients simply responded to the whole and used concrete and direct expression. 2) Replication study is warranted to improve reliability and validity of the tool we developed. Research on individual differences needs to be conducted to measure differences among individuals and change over time in an individual. 3) Further study on the factors which might be related to forms of thinking and language expressions, such as intelligence is warranted.