Implications of inherited color vision deficiency on occupations: A neglected entity!

Purpose: To highlight the plight of individuals with congenital color vision deficiency (CVD). Methods: This is a retrospective study in which 191 electronic medical records of individuals with the diagnosis of inherited CVD, who visited the eye institute, between January 2010 and January 2021 were included. The inclusion criteria included diagnosis based on the failure in pseudoisochromatic plates (Ishihara / Hardy, Rand and Rittler (HRR) and age range between 18 and 35 years. The patient’s medical history, age, gender, type of defect, and preference for colored contact lenses was noted. Medical records were excluded if the participant had any other ocular pathology apart from congenital CVD. Results: At least 30% (57/191) of the individuals explicitly requested for color vision examination for a job?related purpose. Amongst them, the most common jobs aspired were army (~25%; [14/57]) followed by police (21%; [12/57]). There was only 2.6% (5/191) of individuals in which the type of CVD (protan/deutan) was classified. Only 5.2% of them (10/191) sought an X?Chrome contact lens trial. Conclusion: This study reported the occupational setbacks experienced by individuals with CVD. This study highlights the need to identify CVD at a younger age, thereby avoiding occupational?related setbacks later in life

A Comparison of Nagel Anomaloscope and Farnsworth Munsel 100-hue in Congenital Color Vision Deficiency

PURPOSE: To compare the classification and severity of congenital color vision deficiency using a Nagel anomaloscope and Farnsworth Munsel 100-hue Test (FM 100-hue).METHODS: A total of 394 eyes of 197 patients diagnosed with congenital color vision deficiency were included. Examinations using a Nagel anomaloscope and FM 100-hue were performed, and color vision abnormalities were classified as a protan color defect or deutan color defect by each test, and the degrees of color vision abnormalities were compared.RESULTS: The tests showed 64.3% (p < 0.001) agreement in the classification of color vision deficiencies. The Nagel anomaloscope was able to classify all cases, whereas 143 eyes (36.3%) could not be classified using the FM 100-hue test. In the case of the same type of color vision abnormality in both eyes, 196 cases (99.5%) using the Nagel anomaloscope and 111 cases (56.3%) using the FM 100-hue were observed. Regarding the degree of color defect, there was a moderate positive correlation between the two tests (r = 0.43; p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in the total error scores between mild anomalous trichromacy and severe anomalous trichromacy as assessed using FM 100-hue (p = 0.087).CONCLUSIONS: The Nagel anomaloscope was a more appropriate test for discerning the degree of color defect and binocular classification. In severity assessments, there was a moderate positive correlation between the two test methods. However, there were no significant differences in the total error scores between mild anomalous trichromacy and severe anomalous trichromacy as assessed using FM 100-hue. Therefore, it was difficult to perform severity classification using the Nagel anomaloscope based on the total error score of the FM 100-hue test.

Efficacy of the Computer Program to Compensate Color Vision Deficiency using Seohan Computerized 85-Hue Test

PURPOSE: to study the utility of a program which diagnoses and compensates for color defects on computer monitors according to the severity and type of color vision deficiency (CVD). METHODS: Twenty-eight patients with congenital CVD completed Seohan computerized hue test, color compensated Seohan computerized hue test and questionnaire for preference of color compensated images. The relation between results of the Seohan computerized hue test and the degrees of color compensation was investigated. HRR test and Nagel anomaloscope were used for determining the severity and type of CVD. RESULTS: In applying the color compensation program, the total error score (TES) of the Seohan computerized hue test was significantly reduced. In cases of milder color vision defect, the TES of the color compensated Seohan computerized hue test was reduced at lower color compensations, while it was reduced at higher color compensations in cases of more severe color vision defect. In the color compensation of images, patients with milder color vision defects preferred images with lower color compensation and patients with more severe color vision defect preferred images with higher color compensation. CONCLUSIONS: The color compensation program for CVD effectively reduced the TES of Seohan computerized hue tests and improved the recognition of colors. This suggests that the program can be helpful to actual life in patients with CVD.

The Discriminatiuon between Congenital and Acquired Color Vision Defects by Computerized Color Vision Test

PURPOSE: To investigate the characteristics of congenital and acquired color vision defects with Seohan computerized hue test and SNU (Seoul National University) computerized color test and to help to discriminate between congenital and acquired color vision defect METHODS: from June 2003 to January 2004, patient with congenital and acquired color vision defect and visual acuities more than 20/30 underwent Seohan computerized hue and SNU computerized color tests. Their results were compared with each other. Quadrant analysis and RQ calculation were done. RESULTS: On Seohan computerized hue and SNU computerized color tests, congenital color vision defects showed mainly red-green color vision defects (p<0.01, paired t-test) while acquired color vision defects showed blue-yellow color vision defect(p<0.01, paired t-test). RQ had 95% sensitivity and 98% specificity with a standard of 1.5 by Seohan computerized hue test, and 96% sensitivity and 98% specificity with standard of 1.0 by SNU computerized color test, for the discrimination of congenital and acquired color vision defects (ROC curve, confidence interval 95%). CONCLUSIONS: Seohan computerized hue and SNU computerized color tests were effective to classify types of color vision defects and discriminate between the congenital and acquired color vision defects.

The Classification of Congenital Color Vision Deficiency by SNU Computerized Color Test

PURPOSE: This study was designed to investigate the characteristics and classification of congenital color vision deficiency (CVD) by the SNU computerized color test (SCCT) that was developed to sufficiently utilize the advantages of a computer. METHODS: Hardy-Rand-Rittler test (HRR test), Nagel anomaloscope and SCCT were performed on 60 eyes of 30 CVD patients and 30 normal subjects and the results were compared. RESULTS: In normal subjects, the error scores were all zero at all colors by SCCT. By SCCT protan color defectives showed a peak at hue 0 red in 7 eyes (29.2%), at hue 150 green in 3 eyes (12.5%), at hue 180 green in 18 eyes (75%), and at hue 330 red in 2 eyes (8.3%). By SCCT, deutan color defectives showed a peak at hue 0 red in 2 eyes (5.6%), at hue 150 green in 24 eyes (66.7%), at hue 180 green in 2 eyes (5.6%), and at hue 330 red in 23 eyes (63.9%). CONCLUSIONS: SCCT showed specific axes in CVD patients, with accuracy and high sensitivity to diagnosis. SCCT appears to be useful clinically as a color vision test to diagnose and classify CVD patients.