Clinical efficacy of magnetic compression anastomosis for congenital esophageal atresia and stenosis / 中华消化外科杂志

Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy of magnetic compression anastomosis for congenital esophageal atresia and stenosis.Methods The retrospective and descriptive study was conducted.The clinical data of 4 children who underwent magnetic compression anastomosis for congenital esophageal atresia and stenosis in the Northwest Women and Children's Hospital from December 2017 and February 2019 were collected.There were 2 males and 2 females.The children were aged 11 days,7 days,5 days,and 3 years,respectively.The children underwent magnetic compression anastomosis.Observation indicators:(1) surgical and postoperative situations;(2) follow-up.Follow-up using outpatient examination and telephone interview was performed to detect food intake and complications of children up to May 2019.Measurement data with normal distribution were represented as Mean±SD,and measurement data with skewed distribution were represented as M (range).Results (1) Surgical and postoperative situations:four children underwent magnetic compression anastomosis successfully.Of the 4 children,3 with esophageal atresia underwent open tracheoesophageal fistula repair and endoscopeassisted magnetic compression anastomosis,and 1 with congenital esophageal stenosis underwent endoscopic gastrostomy combined with magnetic compression anastomosis.The operation time of 4 children was (2.3±0.9) hours.The length of esophageal blind ending in the 3 children with esophageal atresia and length of esophageal stenosis were in the children with esophageal stenosis 30-35 mm and 8 mm.Four children has good magnet apposition,and time of postoperative magnet removal was (29± 10)days.Three children with esophageal atresia had oral removal of magnet,and 1 with esophageal stenosis had magnet removed by gastrostomy.One child complicated with postoperative fistula and anastomotic stenosis was cured by unobstructed drainage and nutritional support treatment.The duration of postoperative hospital stay was (39± 10)days.(2) Follow-up:4 patients were followed up for 3-17 months,with a median time of 10 months,and restored to oral intake after oral removal of magnet and removal of magnet by gastrostomy on the days 14-36 postoperatively.One child was detected anastomotic stenosis by esophagography at the postoperative 3 months,and was improved after esophageal dilatation.The other 3 children recovered to normal connectivity of esophagus postoperatively and maintain unobstructed.Four children had normal eating,without dysphagia or other serious complications.Conclusion Magnetic compression anastomosis is safe and feasible for congenital esophageal atresia and stenosis,with good short-term efficacy.

Estenosis esofágica congénita: diagnóstico y tratamiento. Serie de casos / Congenital esophageal stenosis: diagnosis and treatment. Cases review

La estenosis esofágica congénita es una patología infrecuente y no existe un tratamiento estandarizado. Se evaluó el diagnóstico, tratamiento y evolución de 11 pacientes con estenosis esofágica congénita tratados en nuestro centro. El síntoma más frecuente fue la disfagia. La edad al momento del diagnóstico varió entre 1 día y 14 años (media= 4,7 años). El esofagograma confirmó el diagnóstico. Cinco pacientes presentaron malformaciones asociadas. Cuatro pacientes fueron tratados quirúrgicamente y siete, con dilataciones. La histopatología identificó tres de tipo fibromuscular y una con restos traqueobronquiales. Todos evolucionaron favorablemente con un seguimiento promedio de 4,5 años. Las dilataciones fueron efectivas en la mayoría de los pacientes que se trataron por este método.

Congenital esophageal stenosis is a very rare condition and there is no standard treatment. We report the diagnosis, treatment and outcome of 11 patients with this condition managed at our institution. The most common symptom was dysphagia. The age at diagnosis was between 1 day and 14 years (mean age: 4.7 years). The esophagogram confirmed the diagnosis. Five patients presented associated anomalies. Four patients received surgical treatment and 7 only balloon dilatations. Pathologic examinations showed 3 fibromuscular stenosis and one with tracheobronchial remnants. All patients had a good outcome with a mean follow up of 4.5 years. Balloon dilatations were the definitive treatment in most of the patients.

Congenital Esophageal Stenosis in Children: From Etiology to Prognosis

Congenital esophageal stenosis (CES) is a rare disease that has been reported to occur once in every 25,000 to 50,000 births. According to its etiology, CES is divided into 3 subtypes, tracheobronchial remnants (TBR), fibromuscular hypertrophy (FMH) and membranous diaphragm (MD). Symptoms begin at the weaning period and the introduction of solid food around 6 months with dysphagia and vomiting. Esophagography is first screening test and endoscopic ultrasonography plays important roles to diagnose subtypes deciding therapeutic plan. TBRs were generally treated with surgical resection and end-to-end anasotomosis, whereas FMH and MD had good response rate to endoscopic or radiologic guided dilatation. This article reviews the literature on the etiology, clinical course, diagnosis and management of CES including recent opinion.

Clinical Study of Congenital Esophageal Stenosis: Comparison according to Association of Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula / 대한소아소화기영양학회지

PURPOSE: Congenital esophageal atresia (CES) is a rare congenital disease. The severity of symptoms is variable; thus, diagnosis is difficult and tends to be delayed. CES is frequently accompanied by esophageal atresia (EA) with/without tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF). We investigated the characteristics of CES by reviewing our experience with CES patients and researched the differences between CES with EA-TEF and isolated CES. METHODS: A total of 31 patients underwent operations for CES were reviewed retrospectively. The patients were divided into two groups according to the association with EA-TEF, and compared the differences. RESULTS: Sixteen boys and 15 girls were included. The mean age at symptom onset was 8 months old, and the mean age at diagnosis was 21 months old. Nine patients with EA-TEF were included group A, whereas the other 22 patients were assigned to group B. There were no differences in sex, gestational age, associated anomalies and pathologic results between the groups. In group A, the age at diagnosis and age at surgery were younger than in group B despite the age at symptom occurrence being similar. Postoperative complications occurred only in group A. CONCLUSION: In this study, symptoms occurred during the weaning period, and vomiting was the most frequent symptom. CES patients with EA-TEF tended to be diagnosed and treated earlier despite the age at symptom occurrence being similar. CES patients with EA-TEF had more postoperative complications; therefore, greater attention should be paid during the postoperative period.

Preoperative Diagnosis of Congenital Esophageal Stenosis Caused by Tracheobronchial Remnants Using Miniprobe Endoscopic Ultrasonography in a Child / 대한소아소화기영양학회지

Congenital esophageal stenosis (CES) can be classified into three types based on the etiology of stenosis: tracheobronchial remnants (TBRs), fibromuscular hypertrophy (FMH), and membranous diaphragm (MD). It is important to make a differential diagnosis because the therapeutic plan for CES is determined by its etiology. Most cases of FMH and MD can be managed with balloon dilatation, whereas cases of TBRs require resection and anastomosis. Thus, the preoperative distinction of TBRs is critical. Recently miniprobe endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) with a maximum diameter of 2.5 mm has been useful for distinguishing TBRs from FMH in pediatric patients with CES. EUS shows hyperechoic lesions indicating TBR cartilage. Miniprobe EUS is recommended for choosing the correct therapeutic method for CES. We report a case of CES due to TBRs in which a preoperative diagnosis was made in a child using miniprobe EUS without any difficulties.

Diagnóstico de estenosis esofágica congénita a los 10 meses edad / Congenital esophageal stenosis diagnosed at 10 months of age

Introducción. La estenosis esofágica congénita (EEC) se presenta en 1/25-50 000 nacidos vivos. Inicia con vómito postprandial desde el nacimiento y debe diferenciarse con el reflujo gastroesofágico (RGE). Caso clínico. Lactante menor con vómito postprandial desde su nacimiento, tuvo casi ahogamiento en 3 ocasiones, se manejó como RGE con procinéticos y diferentes fórmulas lácteas. A los 10 meses de edad se practicó esofagograma y endoscopia; al segundo intento de dilatación con balón presentó sangrado, por lo que se realizó resección del sitio de estenosis y anastomosis término-terminal. En el estudio histológico se confirmó EEC variedad fibromuscular. Conclusiones: Este paciente fue tratado como RGE hasta los 10 meses edad, se sospechó EEC debido a persistencia del vómito postprandial e intolerancia a semisólidos. Los estudios de imagen, como esofagograma y endoscopia, confirmaron el diagnóstico. La corrección quirúrgica fue realizada después de la dilatación endoscópica fallida.

Background. Congenital esophageal stenosis (CES) occurs in 1/25-50 000 live births. It is a rare diagnosed and must be differentiated from gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Case report. We present the case of a 10-months old female with vomiting and regurgitations since the first day of life. The patient was treated as having GERD. She was administered different infant formulas including elemental formulas. On three occasions she had imminent bronchial aspiration. The patient's weight was normal because she received a diluted diet and elemental formula until 10 months of age. Esophagogram and endoscopy confirmed CES diagnosis. Surgery was done after the second endoscopic dilatation failure. End-to-end anastomosis was done at 11 months. Histopathological findings reported fibromuscular type of CES. Conclusion. CES is a rare entity with a frequently delayed diagnosis. Patients are often treated according to diagnosis of GERD until intolerance to semisolid diet appears and CES is suspected. Esophagogram and esophageal endoscopy followed by balloon dilatation prior to end-to-end anastomosis is the treatment of choice.

The Diagnosis and Treatment of Congenital Esophageal Stenosis

PURPOSE: Congenital esophageal stenosis (CES) is a rare cause of esophageal narrowing due to intrinsic esophageal wall abnormalities such as tracheobronchial remnants (TBR), web, and fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD). It is sometimes associated with esophageal artesia (EA). METHODS: The medical records of children, who underwent operation due to CES at the Asan Medical Center from Jan 1990 to Dec 2007, were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Among 12 patients (M : F=6 : 6), 9 patients had TBR and 3 had FMD. The median age of operation was 25 months (7 mo~6 years). Four patients underwent operation for esophageal atresia at neonate, one underwent operation for duodenal atresia and one for ventricular septal defect. Recurrent vomiting or dysphagia was developed at weaning period or introduction of solid foods. The lesions of stenosis were low-esophagus in 11 and mid-esophagus in 1. Segmental resection of lesion and end-to-end anastomosis of esophagus were completed successfully by means of laparotomy in 9 and thoracotomy in 3 (left in 1, right in 2). One patient treated with ballooning at first, suffered from mediastinitis due to esophageal perforation. Postoperative complications were anastomosis leakage in 2 and lung abscess in 1. Esophageal ballooning for anastomosis stricture was performed in 2 patients and an esophageal stent was needed in 1 patient. All patients are relieved from dysphagia and able to eat solid food. CONCLUSION: CES is rare but should be considered for recurrent vomiting and dysphagia, especially for those who underwent operation for EA. Differential diagnosis from other causes such as gastro-esophageal reflux is essential and surgical treatment is treatment of choice.

Congenital Esophageal Stenosis: with Special Reference to Diagnosis and Postoperative Complications

PURPOSE: Congenital esophageal stenosis(CES) is one of the rare causes of recurrent vomiting during infancy and childhood. We studied the diagnostic and therapeutic tools and postoperative complications for early diagnosis and adequate management of CES. METHODS: Fourteen cases of CES were evaluated for clinical manifestations, findings of esophagogram and esophagoscopy, classification of pathologic findings and postoperative complications. RESULTS: Most common clinical manifestations at onset were non-projectile vomiting(14), dysphagia to solids(13). Age at onset of symptoms corresponded with the introduction of solids in 11 cases. Esophagogram showed segmental stenosis of variable length in the lower portion of the esophagus in all cases with marked proximal dilatation in 11 cases. Esophagoscopy revealed no signs of esophagitis or ulcer at the area of stenosis. Segmental resection and primary anastomosis were performed as a definitive treatment modality in all cases except one with fibromuscular stenosis. Bronchial cartilage were present in all cases of tracheobronchial remnants(10). Abnormal arrangement and thickening of muscularis mucosae and inner circular muscle were found in all cases of fibromuscular stenosis(4). Postoperative complications were gastroesophageal reflux(5), stricture of anastomotic sites, reflux esophagitis, and so on. CONCLUSION: CES is rare but should be considered as a cause of recurrent vomiting and dysphagia to solid food beginning in infancy and childhood especially in the weaning period. Esophagogram and esophagoscopy are useful tools for diagnosis and differential diagnosis. The stricture of anastomosis site, gastroesophageal reflux and esophagitis need to be evaluated in the follow-up postoperative periods.

A Case of Congenital Esophageal Stenosis Presented with Esophageal Foreign Body / 대한이비인후과학회지

Congenital esophageal stenosis is a extremely rare disease in childhood. We experienced one patient with a case of esophageal stenosis with esophageal solid food impaction. According to her history of dysphagia, cine esophagogram, pH-monitoring, and esophagoscopic findings, this esophageal stenosis was confirmed as congenital stenosis. We thus reported this case along with a relevant literature review.

Four Cases of Congenital Esophageal Stenosis Due to Tracheobronchial Remnants

Esophageal stenosis due to tracheobronchial remnants is a rare cause of congenital esophageal stenosis. The cause is thought to be esophageal sequestration of tracheobronchial remnants during embryonic separation. Errors in diagnosis are common and high index of suspicion is required for accurate diagnosis, and resection of primary site with anastomosis is recommanded. Although a rare entity, esophageal stenosis due to tracheobronchial remnants should be considered in patients with esophageal stenosis, when esophageal stenosis fails to respond to standard therapy including bougienage and balloon dilatation, and esophagoscopy shows normal mucosa on the stenotic segment. Four cases of congenital esophageal stenosis due to tracheobronchial remnants were reported, the first case without accompanied anomaly, the second case accompanied by tracheoesophageal fistula, the third case accompanied by Down syndrome, and the last case accompanied by tracheoesophageal fistula and congenital heart disease.

Congenital Esophageal Stenosis due to Tracheobronchial Remnants: A case report

Congenital esophageal stenosis due to tracheobronchial remnants is one of main forms of congenital esophageal stenosis, and it was first described by Frey and Duschel in l936. An 18-month-old male presented with underdevelopment and dehydration state due to persistent vomiting several times per day since 3 months after his birth. Esophagogram revealed an elongated and diiated esophagus with marked stenosis at distal portion. Partial distal esophagectomy was performed. Histologically, the thickened esophageal wall is composed of tracheobronchial remnants including hyaline cartilages, mucous glands, and ductal structures lined by ciliated respiratory epithelium under stratified squamous mucosa.

Congenital Esophageal Stenosis due to Tracheobronchial Remnants: A case report

Congenital esophageal stenosis due to tracheobronchial remnants is one of main forms of congenital esophageal stenosis, and it was first described by Frey and Duschel in l936. An 18-month-old male presented with underdevelopment and dehydration state due to persistent vomiting several times per day since 3 months after his birth. Esophagogram revealed an elongated and diiated esophagus with marked stenosis at distal portion. Partial distal esophagectomy was performed. Histologically, the thickened esophageal wall is composed of tracheobronchial remnants including hyaline cartilages, mucous glands, and ductal structures lined by ciliated respiratory epithelium under stratified squamous mucosa.