Consequences of the Covid-19 pandemic in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder - a systematic review

Abstract Objective In this systematic review (SR), the authors aimed to identify the possible impact of the social restriction imposed by the Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic on children/adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Data sources This SR was registered on PROSPERO CRD42021255569. Eligible articles were selected from PubMed, Embase, and LILACS, according to the following characteristics: ADHD patients < 18 years old, exposed to the COVID-19 pandemic, and the outcomes, medications, relationships, sleep, media use, remote learning, and comorbidities such as depression/sadness, inattention, anxiety, and irritability/aggressiveness. Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for cohort, cross-sectional and case-control studies was used to assess methodological quality and the risk of bias. Summary of findings Of the 222 articles identified, 27 were included, with information on 7,235 patients. Most studies (n = 22) were cross-sectional and received a mean NOS 4.63/10 followed by longitudinal (n = 4) with 3.75/8 points and case-control (n = 1), with 3/9 points. The pandemic affected patients' access to treatment, behavior, and sleep. Difficulties in remote learning and increased use of social media were described, as well as significant and positive changes in relationships with family and peers. Conclusion Although the studies were heterogeneous, they indicated that the pandemic-related issues experienced by patients with ADHD were mostly manifested affecting their behavior and sleep patterns.

Trauma ocular pediátrico y repercusiones visuales. Revisión sistemática

Introducción: En 2016, aproximadamente 55 millones de pacientes en todo el mundo sufrieron lesiones oculares. La carga de sufrimiento tras las lesiones oculares es muy alta, sobre todo por las consecuencias de estas lesiones, que son en gran parte responsables de la ceguera monocular. Objetivo: Sistematizar los referentes teóricos sobre el trauma ocular pediátrico y su impacto en los resultados visuales. Método: Se realizó una revisión sistemática del trauma ocular pediátrico y su impacto en los resultados visuales, basada en la literatura publicada en PubMed, Trip Medical Database y British Medical Journal en el periodo 2018-2022. El nivel de evidencia se evaluó mediante la escala de Oxford y se determinó el sexo, la edad, el tipo de lesión ocular, lugar de ocurrencia del trauma ocular y secuelas postlesión reportadas. Resultados: La evidencia recolectada fue principalmente de estudios retrospectivos de corte transversal que corresponde a nivel de evidencia según escala de Oxford 2b. El trauma ocular fue más común en niños (77 %) que en niñas (23 %) y la edad promedio fue de 10,5±1,96 años. Hubo mayor incidencia de trauma ocular cerrado (56%). Los lugares fuera del domicilio fueron los más reportados (64%). En lo que refiere a las consecuencias de los traumatismos oculares en edades pediátricas se pudo observar que la mayor frecuencia reportada fue la no presencia de secuelas (52,16 %), contra el 48,47 % de los repostados con secuelas. Conclusiones: Existen consideraciones básicas que se pueden comunicar al paciente que pueden prevenir efectos graves o permanentes en la visión. El examen oftalmológico profesional permite una evaluación temprana y evita complicaciones por subestimar la lesión ocular aguda.

Introduction: In 2016, approximately 55 million patients worldwide suffered eye injuries. The burden of suffering after eye injuries is very high, especially due to the consequences of these injuries, which are largely responsible for monocular blindness. Objective: To systematize the theoretical references on pediatric ocular trauma and its impact on visual results. Method: A systematic review of pediatric ocular trauma and its impact on visual outcomes was carried out, based on the literature published in PubMed, Trip Medical Database and British Medical Journal in the period 2018-2022. The level of evidence found was evaluated using the Oxford scale and the sex, age, type of ocular injury, place of occurrence of the ocular trauma and reported post-injury sequelae were determined. Results: The evidence collected was mainly from retrospective cross-sectional studies that correspond to the level of evidence according to the Oxford 2b scale. Ocular trauma was more common in boys (77%) than in girls (23%) and the average age was 10.5±1.96 years. There was a higher incidence of blunt ocular trauma (56%). Places outside the home were the most reported (64%). Regarding the consequences of ocular trauma in pediatric ages, it could be observed that the highest frequency reported was the absence of sequelae (52.16%), compared to 48.47% of those refueled with sequelae. Conclusions: There are basic considerations that can be communicated to the patient that can prevent serious or permanent effects on vision. Professional ophthalmological examination allows early evaluation and avoids complications due to underestimation of acute eye injury.

Introdução: Em 2016, aproximadamente 55 milhões de pacientes em todo o mundo sofreram lesões oculares. A carga de sofrimento após lesões oculares é muito elevada, especialmente devido às consequências destas lesões, que são em grande parte responsáveis pela cegueira monocular. Objetivo: Sistematizar os referenciais teóricos sobre trauma ocular pediátrico e seu impacto nos resultados visuais. Método: Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática sobre trauma ocular pediátrico e seu impacto nos resultados visuais, com base na literatura publicada no PubMed, Trip Medical Database e British Medical Journal no período 2018-2022. O nível de evidência encontrado foi avaliado pela escala de Oxford e foram determinados sexo, idade, tipo de lesão ocular, local de ocorrência do trauma ocular e sequelas pós-lesão relatadas. Resultados: As evidências coletadas foram principalmente provenientes de estudos transversais retrospectivos que correspondem ao nível de evidência da escala Oxford 2b. O trauma ocular foi mais comum em meninos (77%) do que em meninas (23%) e a idade média foi de 10,5±1,96 anos. Houve maior incidência de trauma ocular contuso (56%). Os locais fora de casa foram os mais relatados (64%). Quanto às consequências do trauma ocular em idade pediátrica, pôde-se observar que a maior frequência relatada foi a ausência de sequelas (52,16%), contra 48,47% dos reabastecidos com sequelas. Conclusões: Existem considerações básicas que podem ser comunicadas ao paciente e que podem prevenir efeitos graves ou permanentes na visão. O exame oftalmológico profissional permite avaliação precoce e evita complicações por subestimação da lesão ocular aguda.

Bullying, maltreatment and uncivil faculty member behaviors at universities

Objective: Bullying and uncivil behaviors frequently happen in higher education lecture halls. This study aimed at exploring college students bullying incidents and mistreatments by faculty members, witnesses, and the type of bullying, where bullying and exploitations mostly happen. Method: A total 2646 (1493 female & 1185 male) students from a mid-size state university studying at every accessible department voluntarily participated to fill out a survey. A survey instrument and a social demographic information form is used to collect data. A chi-square test and several descriptive statistics were run to analyze the data. Results: Results revealed that 10 % of student were threatened being graded lower or being failed, 21 % stated that they did not believe in fair investigation even when they could complain to the relevant authorities in the university. Among them, 31 % of the students witnessed a faculty member threatening students' in an uncivil manner. Male faculty members were 4 times more likely to bully student or act uncivil behaviors than female faculty members. Assistant professor or younger faculty members tend to behave more negatively than higher ranking or older professors. Conclusions: Most of the incidents happen during the class. Results show that bullying is a universal phenomenon and it appears in every level and field of education. Even though there are cultural and departmental differences, and department-specific misbehaviors, it is still common in every level of education in every culture.

Objetivo: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo explorar los incidentes de intimidación y maltrato de estudiantes universitarios por parte de miembros de la facultad, testigos, el tipo de hostigamiento, dónde se producen principalmente los acosos y los maltratos, cómo se han enfrentado a estos hechos, cómo han resuelto el incidente, las razones del hostigamiento y los malos tratos, frecuencia de los mismos, el tipo observado de bullying y similitudes culturales. Diferencias en los comportamientos de bullying y características de los miembros de la facultad que realizan el bullying. Metodología: Un total de 2646 estudiantes de una universidad estatal de un tamaño mediano que estudiaban en las distintas facultades de la universidad seleccionada. Participaron voluntariamente para realizar una encuesta impulsada por el concepto de intimidación de Olweus. Resultados: Los resultados revelaron que el 10 % de los estudiantes fueron amenazados con una calificación inferior o reprobada, el 21 % dijo que no creía en una investigación justa, incluso si podían presentar una queja ante las autoridades pertinentes de la universidad. Solo el 5 % de los estudiantes mencionó haber presentado una queja verbal informal. El 18 % informó que el acoso era muy importante y muy estresante para ellos. Entre estos, el 31 % de los estudiantes fue testigo de la amenaza de un miembro de la facultad a los estudiantes de una manera poco correcta. Los varones de la facultad eran 4 veces más propensos que los miembros femeninos de la misma a intimidar a los estudiantes, o comportarse de manera no cívica. El profesor asistente o los miembros más jóvenes de la facultad tienden a comportarse de manera más negativa que los profesores de mayor rango o más antiguos. Parece que la mayoría de los incidentes ocurren durante la clase (11 %) o antes de que comience la misma (1,6 %). Conclusiones: Los resultados muestran que el acoso académico es un fenómeno universal y aparece en todos los niveles de la educación. A pesar de que existen diferencias culturales y departamentales, el acoso todavía es común en todos los niveles de educación de todas las culturas. El bullying tiene consecuencias negativas en los estudiantes; afecta perniciosamente su salud mental, integración escolar y logros académicos. Por lo tanto, los responsables de la administración escolar deben establecer pautas claras para las relaciones entre el profesorado y los estudiantes; y proporcionar ayuda de asesoramiento y acompañamiento para quienes lo necesiten.

DIGITAL GAMING ADDICTION AMONG ADOLESCENTS STUDENTS OF ST. COLUMBA'S COLLEGE, HAZARIBAGH.

Digital gaming addiction has become a growing concern among adolescents, with potential gender differences in prevalence, risk factors, and consequences. The aims of the study to provide an outcome of existing tools on digital gaming addiction among adolescents, focusing specifically on gender differences. By examining key tools, the study explores the prevalence of gaming addiction among male and female adolescents, gender-related risk factors, and the differential impact of gaming addiction on various domains of well-being. The findings highlight the importance of considering gender-specific factors in understanding and addressing digital gaming addiction among adolescents.

Complicações em cirurgias e procedimentos lipoaspirativos: uma revisão da literatura / Complications in surgeries and lipoaspirative procedures: a review of the literature / Complicaciones en cirugías y procedimientos lipoaspirativos: una revisión de la literatura

O atual estudo objetiva evidenciar as complicações surgidas a partir de uma cirurgia de lipoaspiração no que diz respeito aos seus impactos na saúde dos pacientes. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa, realizada por meio da pesquisa dos seguintes Descritores em Ciências da Saúde (DeCS): complications and liposuction. Sendo selecionados artigos de 2019 a 2023 que foram publicados até o dia 26/05/2023, selecionando-se 22 artigos, dos quais foram excluídos 15 e restaram apenas 7 artigos revisados. Lipoaspiração se resume em uma técnica cirúrgica que é utilizada para a remoção dos depósitos de gordura, sendo que possui finalidade estética, no entanto este procedimento pode cursar com consequências danosas à saúde dos pacientes como tromboembolismo, sepse e dentre outros. Tendo em vista essas complicações, a melhor opção é o investimento na formação de profissionais de qualidade e uma maior fiscalização aos centros e salas cirúrgicas.

The current study aims to highlight the complications arising from liposuction surgery with regard to its impacts on patients' health. This is an integrative review, carried out through the research of the following Descriptors in Health Sciences (DeCS): complications and liposuction. We selected articles from 2019 to 2023 that were published until 26/05/2023, selecting 22 articles, of which 15 were excluded and only 7 revised articles remained. Liposuction is summarized in a surgical technique that is used for the removal of fat deposits, being that it has aesthetic purpose, however this procedure can occur with harmful consequences to the health of patients such as thromboembolism, sepsis and among others. In view of these complications, the best option is to invest in the training of quality professionals and greater supervision of the operating centers and operating rooms.

El presente estudio tiene como objetivo destacar las complicaciones derivadas de la cirugía de liposucción con respecto a sus impactos en la salud de los pacientes. Se trata de una revisión integradora, realizada a través de una encuesta de los siguientes descriptores en Ciencias de la Salud (DeCS): complicaciones y liposucción. Con los artículos seleccionados de 2019 a 2023 que se publicaron antes del 26/05/2023, se seleccionaron 22 artículos, de los cuales 15 quedaron excluidos y sólo quedaban siete revisados. La lipoaspiración se resume en una técnica quirúrgica que se utiliza para la remoción de depósitos de grasa, y tiene un propósito estético, aunque este procedimiento puede tener consecuencias perjudiciales para la salud de los pacientes como tromboembolismo, sepsis y otros. En vista de estas complicaciones, la mejor opción es invertir en la formación de profesionales de calidad y en una mayor supervisión de los centros y salas quirúrgicos.

Out-of-wedlock pregnancy among single mothers in Khartoum, Sudan: sociodemographic characteristics, causes, and consequences

Background: Out-of-wedlock childbearing is a global phenomenon that has lifelong consequences on the lives of both mothers and their children. The aim of this study is to identify the sociodemographic characteristics, causes, and consequences of outof-wedlock pregnancy among single mothers in Khartoum, Sudan. Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted at the Mygoma Orphanage Center (MOC) and Shamaa Rehabilitation Center (SRC) using convenience sampling among 200 participants. A validated questionnaire with 25 items was used to collect data. The data were entered into Epi-Data Manager and analyzed using the SPSS. Results: The study found that most of the single mothers in Khartoum who gave birth out of wedlock were young and had just completed their university education. Most of them discovered their pregnancy during the second or third trimester, and nearly half of them did not receive any antenatal care. The majority of the children born to these mothers were preterm and had a low birth weight. Additionally, many mothers reported experiencing social stigma and rejection from their families due to their out-of-wedlock pregnancy. The study also highlighted loneliness, stress, and romantic relations as the main causes of out-of-wedlock pregnancy among single mothers in Khartoum, Sudan Conclusion: The study provides useful insights into the sociodemographic characteristics, causes, and consequences of out-of-wedlock pregnancy among single mothers in Khartoum, Sudan. Social stigma and lack of support were identified as significant barriers to the reintegration of single mothers and their children into society. Future research should focus on investigating the long-term effects of out of-wedlock pregnancy on mothers and their children

Consecuencias psicológicas del abuso sexual infantil cometido por representantes de la Iglesia Católica: Una revisión sistemática de la literatura / Psychological consequences of child sexual abuse by Catholic Church representatives: A systematic review of literature

El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática de la literatura sobre abuso sexual eclesiástico fue identificar el impacto psicológico de este tipo de violencia en las víctimas. Las búsquedas iniciales se realizaron entre el 10 de octubre de 2020 y el 17 de diciembre de 2020. Así, la actualización de búsquedas se realizó entre el 26 de octubre de 2020 y el 23 de enero de 2021. Los artículos incluidos se obtuvieron desde las bases de datos PsycINFO, Web of Science (WoS) y Scopus. Se establecieron criterios de inclusión, y se realizó una selección inicial por medio de los títulos y resúmenes, los cuales, fueron examinados por dos revisores de forma independientes. Los documentos seleccionados se examinaron utilizando el mismo proceso de revisores. Se incluyeron 18 estudios de 2.189 títulos y resúmenes revisados. En general, los estudios evidenciaron un impacto psicológico negativo posterior al abuso sexual infantil ocurrido en contextos eclesiásticos. Destacando el daño espiritual como una característica específica del abuso sexual eclesiástico, lo que, sumado, a las consecuencias habituales del abuso sexual, sitúa a las víctimas en una posición compleja al presentar un espectro más amplio de efectos negativos posteriores al abuso. Los hallazgos del presente estudio permiten una mejor comprensión de este problema y entregan antecedentes para el desarrollo de estrategias de recuperación adecuadas a las necesidades de estas víctimas.

The objective of this systematic review of the literature on ecclesiastical sexual abuse was to identify the psychological impacts of this type of violence on victims. The initial literature searches were conducted between October 10, 2020 and December 17, 2020. Thus, the update of searches was conducted between October 26, 2020 and January 23, 2021. The articles included were obtained from the PsycINFO, Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus databases. Inclusion criteria were established, and an initial selection was made by means of titles and abstracts, which were examined by two reviewers independently. The selected papers were examined using the same reviewer process. Eighteen studies were included out of 2,189 titles and abstracts reviewed. Overall, the studies evidenced a negative psychological impact following child sexual abuse occurring in church settings. Highlighting spiritual harm as a specific feature of ecclesiastical sexual abuse, which, in addition to the usual consequences of sexual abuse, places victims in a complex position of presenting a broader spectrum of negative effects following abuse. The findings of the present study allow a better understanding of this problem and provide background for the development of recovery strategies appropriate to the needs of these victims.

Consecuencias psicológicas del sexting y relación con el estrés académico / Psychological consequences of sexting and relationship with the academic stress

Se presenta el caso de una estudiante de segundo año medicina, atendida en la Unidad de Orientación Estudiantil de la Facultad de Medicina No. 1 de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Santiago de Cuba, entre septiembre y diciembre de 2021, por presentar problemas académicos y manifestaciones de estrés debido a que fue víctima de acoso verbal y psicológico por parte de sus compañeros de grupo a partir de un acto de sexting por parte de su pareja. Teniendo en cuenta lo anterior se le dio seguimiento para un mejor estudio y se comparten los hallazgos con la comunidad científica en general.

The case of a second year medicine student is presented, assisted in the Student Orientation Unit of Medicine Faculty No. 1 in the University of Medical Sciences from Santiago de Cuba, between September and December, 2021, due to academic problems and stress manifestations because she was victim of verbal and psychological harassment by her groupmates as a result of an act of sexting by her couple. Taking into account the above-mentioned she was followed up for a better study and findings are shared with the scientific community in general.

Reflexiones acerca de algunos de los efectos de la pandemia en la clínica con niños y adolescentes / Reflections on some of the effects of the pandemic in the clinic with children and adolescents / Réflexions sur certains effets de la pandémie dans la clinique avec les enfants et les adolescents / Reflexões sobre alguns dos efeitos da pandemia na clínica com crianças e adolescentes

El presente artículo plantea reflexiones respecto de algunas consecuencias en la clínica con niños/as y adolescentes debidos al impacto de la pandemia por Covid19. Se señala la acción de la incertidumbre y lo imprevisible sobre la subjetividad de la población y se propone recordar los acontecimientos ligados a las medidas de protección (Aislamiento Social Preventivo y Obligatorio, de dos años de duración) y resignificarlos para aventurar una incipiente historización sobre algunos de los efectos que la pandemia produjo sobre la labor clínica con niños/as y adolescentes. A tal fin, se toma como eje conceptual rector el desarrollo freudiano sobre la retracción libidinal y sus consecuencias para el Yo, y los cambios en los recursos técnicos que debieron implementarse al incluirse las sesiones on-line. Se puntualizan las consecuencias perturbadoras de la pandemia respecto de los niños pequeños, con patologías graves y en los adolescentes tomando en cuenta la especificidad de sus características subjetivas AU

The following paper presents reflections on certain consequences on the clinic with children and teenagers due to the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic. The action of uncertainty and the unpredictable on the subjectivity of the population is pointedout and it is proposed to recall the events linked to protection measures (Mandatory Preventive Isolation, lasting two years) and resignify them to venture an incipient historicization about some of the effects that the pandemic produced on clinical work with children and adolescents.For this purpose, the Freudian development on libidinal withdrawal and its consequences for the Self, and the changes in the technical resources that had to be implemented when online sessions were installed, are taken as theguiding conceptual axis. The disturbing consequences of the pandemic are pointed out regarding young children, those with serious pathologies and in adolescents, taking into account the specificity of their subjective characteristics AU

Cet article propose des réflexions concernant certaines conséquences en clinique auprès des enfants et des adolescents dû à l'impact de la pandémie de Covid19. Les conséquences de l'incertitude et de l'imprévisible sur la subjectivité de la population sont dénotées et il est proposé de rappeler les événements liés aux mesures de protection (Isolement Préventif Obligatoire, d'une durée de deux ans) et de les resignifier pour s'aventurer à un début d'historisation de certains des effets que la pandémie a eu sur le travail clinique avec les enfants et les adolescents. Pour cela, le développement freudien sur le retrait libidinal et ses conséquences sur le Moi, et les évolutions des moyens techniques qu'il a fallu mettre en œuvre lors de l'implémentation des séances en ligne, sont pris comme axe conceptuel directeur.Les conséquences inquiétantes de la pandémie sont dénotées concernant les jeunes enfants, atteints de pathologies graves, et les adolescents, tout en prenant en compte la spécificité de leurs caractéristiques subjectives AU

Este artigo traz reflexões sobre algumas consequências na clínica com crianças e adolescentes devido ao impacto da pandemia de Covid19. Aponta-se a ação da incerteza e do imprevisível sobre a subjetividade da população e propõe-se relembrar os eventos vinculados às medidas de proteção (Isolamento Preventivo Obrigatório, com duração de dois anos) e ressignifica esses para arriscar uma incipiente historicização sobre alguns dos efeitos que a pandemia produziu no trabalho clínico com crianças e adolescentes. Para tanto, toma-se como eixo conceitual constitutivo o desenvolvimento freudiano sobre a retirada libidinal e suas consequências para o Ego, e as mudanças nos recursos técnicos que tiveram que ser implementados quando da inclusão das sessões online. As consequências perturbadoras da pandemia são apontadas em relação às crianças pequenas, aos portadores de patologias graves e aos adolescentes, tendo em conta a especificidade das suas características subjetivas AU

Comportamento e seleção pelas consequências: a análise do comportamento no Brasil entre o dogma e a ciência / Behavior and selection by consequences: behavior analysis in Brazil - between dogma and science / Comportement et sélection par conséquences: l'analyse comportementale au Brésil - entre dogme et science / El comportamiento y la selección por consecuencias: el análisis del comportamiento en Brasil entre el dogma y la ciência

Resumo Considerando-se as recentes discussões sobre a definição de comportamento e do modelo de seleção por consequências conduzidas por pesquisadores brasileiros, discutimos a necessidade de maior participação das contribuições da análise experimental do comportamento no debate de conceitos da área e mais interação da área com outros sistemas em Psicologia. Criticamos o isolamento em relação à produção de conhecimento de outras áreas e a adoção de figuras de autoridade a partir da qual se possa fazer a avaliação das novidades da área. Para tanto, a análise do contexto no qual Skinner propôs seu modelo de seleção por consequências precisa ser feita para clara compreensão das contribuições mais importantes dessa proposta. Mostramos que a discussão sobre a distinção operante-respondente e a pertinência da noção de metacontingências são exemplos de revisão conceitual feita com base em dados e articulação entre áreas de pesquisa com epistemologias e metodologias diferentes, mas possíveis de serem articuladas.

Abstract Based on recent discussions about the definition of behavior and the selection by consequences approach conducted by Brazilian researchers, this essay discusses the need for greater participation of the contributions from experimental behavior analysis this debate and more interaction of the field with other systems in Psychology. The paper criticizes its isolation with respect to knowledge production in other areas and the adoption of authority figures from which novelties in the field can be evaluated. Hence, Skinner's model of selection by consequences must be analyzed in context for a clear understanding of its most important contributions to Psychology. The essay argues that discussions on the operant-responder distinction and about metacontingencies are examples of conceptual revision based on data and articulation between areas of research with different epistemologies and methodologies.

Résumé A partir des récentes discussions sur la définition du comportement l'approche de la sélection par conséquences menées par des chercheurs brésiliens, cet éssai discute la nécessité d'une plus grande participation des contributions de l'analyse expérimentale du comportement à ce débat et d'une plus grande interaction du domaine avec d'autres systèmes de la psychologie. L'article critique son isolement par rapport à la production de connaissances dans d'autres domaines et l'adoption de figures d'autorité à partir desquelles les nouveautés dans le domaine peuvent être évaluées. Ainsi, le modèle de séléction par conséquences de Skinner doit être analyser en context pour une compréhension claire de ses contributions les plus importantes à la psychologie. L'essai soutien que les discussions sur la distinction opérant-répondeur est un exemple de révision conceptuelle basée sur les données et l'articulation entre des domaines de recherche avec des épistémologies et des méthodologies différentes.

Resumen Desde la perspectiva de discusiones recientes sobre la definición de conducta y el modelo de selección por consecuencias realizadas por investigadores brasileños, en este ensayo discutimos la necesidad de una mayor participación de los aportes del análisis experimental de la conducta en el debate de conceptos en el área y una mayor interacción del área con otros sistemas en Psicología. Criticamos el aislamiento en relación a la producción de conocimiento de otras áreas y la adopción de una figura de autoridad a partir de la cual se evalúe las novedades en el área. Por tanto, el análisis del contexto en el que Skinner propuso su modelo de selección por consecuencias debe realizarse para una clara comprensión de los aportes más importantes de esta propuesta. La discusión sobre la distinción operante-respondedor es un ejemplo de revisión conceptual basada en datos y articulación entre áreas de investigación con diferentes epistemologías y metodologías, pero posibles de articularlas.

An invisible villain: high perceived stress, its associated factors, and possible consequences in a population-based survey in southern Brazil

Abstract Introduction Much of the evidence on the relationship between stress, lifestyle, and other physical and mental health outcomes comes from studies conducted in high-income countries. There is therefore a need for research among populations in low and middle-income settings. Objectives To measure stress levels and identify factors associated with a high stress level and its consequences for health. Methods This was a population-based cross-sectional study carried out in 2016 with adults aged 18 years or older in a municipality in southern Brazil. A two-stage sampling strategy based on census tracts was used. Stress levels were measured with the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-14) and classified into quartiles. The impact of the highest stress levelon each outcome was assessed with etiologic fractions (EF). Results The most stressed groups were: females (PR = 1.51, 95%CI 1.25-1.81), younger people (PR = 1.76, 95%CI 1.26-2.46), middle-aged individuals (PR = 1.60, 95%CI 1.17-2.19), those with lower schooling (PR = 1.56, 95%CI 1.20-2.02), the physically inactive (PR = 1.51, 95%CI 1.20-1.91), people who spent three or more hours watching television per day (PR = 1.29, 95%CI 1.12-1.50), and those with food insecurity (PR = 1.44, 95%CI 1.19-175). Possible consequences of high stress level were regular or poor self-perception of health (EF = 29.6%), poor or very poor sleep quality (EF = 17.3%), lower quality of life (EF = 45.6%), sadness (EF = 24.2%), and depressive symptoms (EF = 35.8%). Conclusions Stress plays an important role in several domains of health. Both public policies that target reduction of inequalities and specific stress-management interventions can reduce stress levels in populations, thereby decreasing the burden of other negative physical and mental health outcomes related to stress.

Consequences of COVID-19 on access and delivery of mental health care in two rural Ethiopian districts. A mixed method study

Introduction: The impact of COVID-19 on people with Severe Mental Health Conditions (SMHCs) has been neglected. We aimed to describe the effect and explore the consequences of COVID-19 on people with SMHCs and mental health services in rural districts of Ethiopia. Methods: We conducted a mixed-method study nested within well-characterized population cohorts in Butajira and Sodo districts. We sampled 336 people (168 people with SMHCs, 168 comparisons) in a cross-sectional survey. We conducted qualitative key informant interviews with psychiatric nurses (n=3), primary health care workers (n=3), service users (n=4), family members (n=6) and community members (n=2). We assessed wellbeing (WHO wellbeing index), social support (Oslo social support scale; OSS) and food security quantitatively and used thematic analysis to explore impacts. Results: People with SMHCs reported significantly lower wellbeing (WHO wellbeing score 52 vs. 72; p<0.001), less social support (OSS score 8.68 vs. 9.29; p<0.001), worse living standards (47.0% vs. 29.0%; p<0.001) and increased food insecurity (26.0% vs. 12.5%; p<0.001). Household economic status worsened for over one-third of participants. Participants reported increased relapse, exacerbated stigma due to perceived susceptibility of people with SMHCs to COVID-19, and increased restraint. In mental healthcare settings, there was decreased patient flow but an increase in new cases. Innovations included flexible dispensing of medicines, longer appointment intervals and establishing new treatment centers. Conclusions: COVID-19 had negative consequences on people with SMHCs and mental health services, which must be anticipated and prevented in any future humanitarian crisis. Adaptive responses used during COVID may increase health system resilience

Psychosocial consequences and reasons for illicit drug use among police officers in a northern Nigerian city: A mixed-method study

Harmful use of drugs is one of the principal risk factors affecting population health worldwide. Chronic use has been linked to medical, psychological and socioeconomic consequences. This study assessed the psychosocial consequences and reasons for illicit drug use among police officers in Kano, Nigeria. Using a mixed method of data collection, quantitative data was obtained from a cross-section of 275 officers using the Shortened Inventory of Problems-Drug Use (SIP­DU) and a pretested adapted questionnaire. In-depth interviews with 10 officers who used illicit drugs provided additional information. Almost half of the respondents (46.5%, n=128) were in their fourth decade of life with a mean age (±SD) of 35.1 ± 7.7 years. Over a quarter of the respondents (n=75) reported ever using illicit drugs, out of which 14.9% (n=41) were current users. Among the current drug users, 80.5% (n=33) attested to having money problems, 61.0% (n=25) agreed that they had spent too much money, and 56.1% (n=23) failed to do what was expected of them as a result of drug use and have hurt their family. Helping to stay awake and improving confidence were the major reasons (100%, n=41) for drug use mentioned by the respondents. The Nigerian Police Force should look into easing shifts and introducing stress-relieving activities. There is also the need to strengthen substance education and counselling and support officers with confidence issues, sleep disorders, and treat those with mood disorders.

Estrés laboral y percepción de competencias parentales en padres que trabajan / Work stress and parental competence perceived in parents that work / Estresse de trabalho e percepção das comoetências dos pais que trabalham

Se relaciona estrés laboral y percepción de competencias parentales en padres que trabajan, es un estudio transversal, asociativo con diseño predictivo correlacional (Ato, López & Benavente, 2013), participaron 177 padres (55.7% mujeres), quienese trabajan como mínimo 30 horas semanales y que tienen hijos entre 3 y 12 años. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron el Inventario del modelo demandas-control-apoyo (Rosario-Hernández & Rovira, 2016) y la Escala de Competencia Parental Percibida (Vera-Vásquez, Zaragoza-Tafur & Musayón-Oblitas, 2014). Los resultados hallados evidencian correlaciones significativas y positivas entre la dimensión de apoyo con asunción del rol y ocio compartido (.27). De la misma forma, la dimensión de apoyo se relaciona positivamente con la implicación escolar (.28); al igual que la dimensión de control con asunción del rol y ocio compartido (.22). Se halló también, correlación positiva y moderada entre demandas laborales y horas trabajadas (.34). Se ha podido comparar los resultados con estudios anteriores que reafirman la idea que debido a la cantidad de compromisos laborales, la estadía de los padres en casa es más difícil. En conclusión, las personas que perciban estrés en su trabajo tendrán menor percepción de competencias parentales, ya que no encuentran un equilibrio entre las funciones de ambos roles.(au)

Work stress is related to the perception of parental skills in working parents, it is a cross-sectional, associative study with correlational predictive design (Ato, López & Benavente, 2013), 177 parents participated (55.7% women), who worked at least 30 hours per week and who have children between 3 and 12 years old. The instruments used were the Inventory of the demands-control-support model (Rosario-Hernández & Rovira, 2016) and the Perceived Parental Competence Scale (Vera-Vásquez, Zaragoza-Tafur & Musayón-Oblitas, 2014). The results found show significant and positive correlations between the dimension of support with assumption of the role and shared leisure (.27). In the same way, the support dimension is positively related to school involvement (.28); as well as the dimension of control with assumption of the role and shared leisure (.22). A positive and moderate correlation was also found between work demands and hours worked (.34). It has been possible to compare the results with previous studies that reaffirm the idea that due to the amount of work commitments, the parents' stay at home is more difficult. In conclusion, people who perceive stress in their work will have a lower perception of parental competences, since they do not find a balance between the functions of both roles.(AU)

O estresse no trabalho está relacionado à percepção das competências parentais em pais trabalhadores, trata-se de um estudo transversal associativo com desenho correlacional preditivo (Ato, López & Benavente, 2013), participaram 177 pais (55,7% mulheres), que trabalharam pelo menos 30 horas por semana e que tenham filhos entre 3 e 12 anos. Os instrumentos utilizados foram o Inventário do modelo demanda-controle-apoio (Rosario-Hernández & Rovira, 2016) e a Escala de Competência Parental Percebida (Vera-Vásquez, Zaragoza-Tafur & Musayón-Oblitas, 2014). Os resultados encontraram correlações significativas e positivas entre a dimensão apoio com o assumir do rol e o lazer compartilhado (.27). Do mesmo modo, a dimensão apoio está positivamente relacionada com a implicação escolar (.28), tal como a dimensão controle com o assumir do rol e o lazer compartilhado (.22). Também foi encontrada uma correlação positiva e moderada entre as exigências laborais e as horas trabalhadas (.34). Foi possível comparar os resultados com estudos anteriores que reforçam a ideia de que, devido ao número de compromissos laborais, é mais difícil para os pais ficarem em casa. Em conclusão, as pessoas que percebem estresse no trabalho terão uma menor percepção da competência parental, pois não encontram um equilíbrio entre as funções de ambos roles.(AU)

Influence of Drugs of Continuous Use on the Sensory Regulation of the Static Balance of Elderly Regular Practitioners of the Pilates Method / Influência de Fármacos de Uso Contínuo Sobre a Regulação Sensorial do Equilíbrio Estático de Idosas Praticantes Regulares do Método Pilates

The combination of types of medications can compromise the regulation of body balance in older adults. This study evaluated the effect of continuous use drugs on the sensory regulation of static balance in elderly women who regularly practice the Pilates method with and without a history of falls and estimate the risk of falls in this population. Cross-sectional study, carried out with 94 women (67.12±4.74 years) practicing Pilates, divided into: non fallers (n = 74) and fallers (n = 18). Sociodemographic data, comorbidities, medications, and Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), Falls Efficacy Scale (FES), Confidence in Balance Scale (ABC) were applied. The examination of static balance was performed by the Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction and Balance (CTSIB). The risk of falling was analyzed using an adjusted multiple logistic regression model, while the effect of drugs on falls was estimated by binary regression, results were presented using the odds ratio (OR). The CTSIB test revealed Condition 4 (OR = 3.038; 95% CI = 1.321­15.674) and Condition 5 (OR = 5.542; 95% CI = 1.678­18.303) as predictors of falls. Drugs showing an effect on fall were ß2 agonist associated with glucocorticoid (OR = 0.245; 95% CI = 1,233­2,400), thiazide diuretic (OR = 0.344; 95% CI = 1.122­2.234), statin (OR = 0.245; 95 % CI = 1,237­2,338), angiotensin II receptor antagonist (OR = 0,245; 95% CI = 1,236­2,339), beta blocker (OR = 0,245; 95% CI = 1,238­2,402) and anti-vertigo (OR = 0,245; 95 % CI = 1.230­2.399). Regardless of the history of falls, the risk of falling was present in older adult regular Pilates practitioners. Six different drugs for continuous use showed an effect on falls. (AU)

A combinação de tipos de medicamentos pode comprometer a regulação do equilíbrio corporal de idosos. Este estudo avaliou o efeito de fármacos de uso contínuo sobre a regulação sensorial do equilíbrio estático de mulheres idosas praticantes regulares do método Pilates com e sem histórico de queda e estimar o risco de queda dessa população. Estudo transversal, realizado com 94 mulheres (67,12±4,74 anos) praticantes de Pilates, divididas em: não-caidoras (n=74) e caidoras (n=18). Foram coletados dados sociodemográfico, comorbidades, medicamentos, e aplicado Mini Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM), Falls Efficacy Scale (FES), Escala de Confiança no Equilíbrio (ABC). O exame do equilíbrio estático foi realizado pelo Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction and Balance (CTSIB). O risco de queda foi analisado pelo modelo de regressão logística múltipla ajustado, enquanto, que o efeito dos fármacos sobre queda foi estimado pela regressão binária, resultados foram apresentados pelo odds ratio (OR). O teste CTSIB revelou a Condição 4 (OR= 3,038; 95% IC= 1,321­15,674) e Condição 5 (OR= 5,542; 95% IC= 1,678­18,303) como previsora de quedas. As drogas que mostram efeito sobre queda foram agonista ß2 associada com glicocorticóide (OR=0,245; 95% IC= 1,233­2,400), diurético tiazídico (OR=0,344; 95% IC=1,122­2,234), estatina (OR=0,245; 95% IC=1,237 2,338), antagonista do receptor de angiotensina II (OR=0,245; 95% IC=1,236­2,339), betabloqueador (OR=0,245; 95% IC=1,238­2,402) e antivertiginoso (OR=0,245; 95% IC=1,230­2,399). Independente do histórico de quedas, o risco de cair esteve presente em idosas praticantes regulares do Pilates. Seis diferentes medicamentos de uso contínuo mostraram efeito sobre queda. (AU)

Percepción y consecuencias verbales: un análisis interconductual / Perception and Verbal Consequences: An Interbehavioral Analysis / Percepção verbal e consequências: uma análise intercomportamental

Para evaluar el efecto de distintos tipos de consecuencias verbales sobre la percepción de trayectorias en estudiantes universitarios de optometría, se utilizó la tarea de "encontrar un móvil extraviado" consistente en presentar en la pantalla de una computadora a "Caperucita Roja" caminando con dirección a un bosque siguiendo distintas trayectorias (horizontal, vertical, diagonal a 15º, diagonal a 45º y en zigzag). Transcurrido un tiempo desde el internamiento y desaparición en el bosque (demoras de 1, 2 o 4 segundos), se solicitó a los participantes colocar el puntero en la zona del bosque donde podría encontrarse Caperucita (i.e., respuesta de localización). Los grupos independientes de estudiantes universitarios recibieron puntos por sus respuestas correctas, pero también diferentes consecuencias verbales: (a) correcto/incorrecto, (b) especificación de parámetros del error, y (c) consecuencias autoadministradas. Un grupo control solo recibió puntos por sus respuestas correctas. Los resultados muestran mayor precisión de la respuesta de localización en los participantes que recibieron consecuencias que especificaban los parámetros del error, en las trayectorias horizontal y vertical, y con las demoras más breves. Se discute la función disposicional de las consecuencias verbales como mediadoras de la percepción de trayectorias

To evaluate the effects of different types of verbal con-sequences on trajectory perception, a task of "finding a lost mobile object" was used. In that task, Little Red Riding Hood was presented on a computer screen, walking towards a forest, following different paths (horizontal, vertical, diagonal at 15º, diagonal at 45°, and zigzag). Few seconds after her entry and disap-pearance in the forest (delays of 1, 2, or 4 seconds), participants were asked to place the pointer on the area of the forest where she might be found. Indepen-dent groups of university students received different verbal consequences for their responses: a) correct/incorrect, b) specification of error parameters, and c) self-administered consequences. A control group only received points for their correct responses. The results show higher accuracy in the participants who received consequences that specified the error parameters in the horizontal and vertical trajectories with the shortest de-lays. The dispositional function of verbal consequences as mediators in trajectory perception is discussed

Para avaliar o efeito de diferentes tipos de consequên-cias verbais na percepção de trajetórias, foi utilizada a tarefa de "encontrar o objeto móbil perdido", que con-siste em apresentar "chapeuzinho vermelho" na tela de um computador caminhando em direção a uma floresta seguindo diferentes trajetórias (horizontal , vertical, 15º diagonal, 45º diagonal e ziguezague). Após algum tempo decorrido desde a entrada e desaparecimento na floresta (atrasos de 1, 2 ou 4 segundos), os participantes foram solicitados a colocar o ponteiro na área da flores-ta onde chapeuzinho vermelho poderia ser encontrada (ex. resposta de localização). Grupos independentes de estudantes universitários receberam pontos por suas respostas corretas, mas também diferentes consequên-cias verbais: a) correto / incorreto, b) especificação de parâmetros de erro, e c) consequências autoadminis-tradas. Um grupo de controle só recebeu pontos por suas respostas corretas. Os resultados mostram maior precisão da resposta de localização nos participantes que receberam consequências que especificaram os parâmetros de erro, nas trajetórias horizontal e vertical, e com os menores atrasos. Discute-se a função dispo-sicional das consequências verbais como mediadoras da percepção das trajetórias

Validación de instrumento para evaluar la prevalencia y consecuencias de los embarazos en la adolescencia del área de influencia del centro de salud macuma zona indígene shuar / Validation of aniInstrument to evaluate the prevalence and consequences of adolescent pregnancy in the area of influence of the macuma health center in the shuar indigenous zone

Existen varios estudios sobre embarazos en adolescentes, factores de riesgo, consecuencias de los embarazos, prevalencias, pero ninguno cuenta con un documento validado para recolectar información pertinente y así poder abordar el problema. Objetivo: Validar un documento donde se pueda recoger datos para mostrar a la comunidad los problemas de salud que los aquejan, dando a expertos en el tema, un instrumento cualitativo con preguntas categorizadas y formuladas para abordar a los grupos de enfoque. Materiales y Métodos: Investigación de tipo mixta cuanti- cualitativa, transversal, descriptiva, de campo, retrospectivo, sobre datos en base RDACCA. Demográficamente se entrevistó a un total de 6 personas, 2 por cada grupo focal. La técnica que utilizada fue la entrevista a profundidad. Creando preguntas para iniciar una conversación normal, se organizaron 3 categorías codificadas, para evitar manipulación de la información, por parte de los participantes o intervinientes. El instrumento fue validado por expertos en el tema hasta conseguir una puntuación de 100 o dentro del rango aceptable. Resultados: La calificación otorgada por expertos obtuvo 95,83 considerando el instrumento como, ´´Muy confiable´´ Conclusión: La validación del instrumento dio como resultado que el instrumento es muy confiable, lo que significa que puede ser aplicado por el investigador para recoger datos que sean relevantes para evaluar la prevalencia y consecuencias de los embarazos en la adolescencia del área de influencia del centro de salud Macuma zona Indígena Shuar(AU)

There are several studies on teenage pregnancy, risk factors, consequences of pregnancy, prevalence, but none has a validated document to collect relevant information to address the problem. Objective: Validate a document where data can be collected to show the community the health problems that afflict them, giving experts on the subject, a qualitative instrument with categorized and formulated questions to address the focus groups. Materials and Methods: Qualitative, cross-sectional, descriptive, descriptive, field, retrospective, mixed quantitative-qualitative research on RDACCA data. Demographically, six people were interviewed, two for each focus group. The technique used was the in-depth interview. By creating questions to initiate a normal conversation, three coded categories were organized to avoid manipulation of the information by the participants. The instrument was validated by experts in the field until a score of 100 or within the acceptable range was achieved. The results: The rating given by the experts was 95.83, considering the instrument as ''Very reliable. Conclusion: The validation of the instrument resulted in the instrument being very reliable, which means that the researcher to collect data that are relevant to assess the prevalence can apply it and consequences of adolescent pregnancy in the area of influence of the Macuma health center in the Shuar indigenous zone(AU)

Trago junto comigo: consequências da violência sexual / I bring it with me: consequences of sexual violence / Lo llevo conmigo: consecuencias de la violencia sexual

Este artigo, realizado por meio de um estudo de caso explanatório, teve como objetivo compreender as consequências da violência sexual. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com duas mulheres, sendo uma que vivenciou violência sexual e outra que atua como profissional nos atendimentos a esta questão. Os dados foram analisados qualitativamente, por meio da técnica de análise de conteúdo temática, resultando em duas categorias nomeadas de: "A violência refletida: as consequências da VS" e "Redes de apoio: a busca por suporte e o acolhimento a quem sofreu VS". Os impactos da violência sexual são globais na vida de quem sofre este tipo de violência, atingindo todos os contextos, de forma direta ou indireta. Faz-se necessária a discussão sobre a violência sexual, de modo livre, sem tabus, incentivando a problematização das questões de gênero envolvidas.

The aim of this article is to understand the consequences of sexual violence, and, for this purpose, an explanatory case study was undertaken. The data were collected from semi-structured interviews with women involved in this issue and were investigated according to the content analysis method, resulting in three categories: "Thinking about violence: consequences of sexual violence on victim's behavior"; "Social support networks: a search for support and an embrace of those who suffered sexual violence" and "Global impact of sexual violence". Finally, one can observe that sexual violence has serious effects on those who have suffered it, affecting all aspects of life, directly or indirectly. The effects and the occurrences of this kind of violence are influenced by social gender issues.

Este artículo fue realizado por medio de un estudio de caso explicativo y tuvo como objetivo comprender las consecuencias de la violencia sexual. Fueron realizadas entrevistas semi estructuradas con dos mujeres, siendo una de ellas víctima de violencia sexual y la otra una profesional que actúa en la atención a estos casos. Los datos fueron analizados cualitativamente por medio de la técnica de análisis de contenido temática, resultando en dos categorías nombradas: "La violencia reflejada: las consecuencias de VS" y "Redes de apoyo: la búsqueda por atención y la acogida a quién sufrió VS". Los impactos de la violencia sexual son globales en la vida de quién la sufre, afectándola en todos los contextos, de modos directos o indirectos. Es necesaria la discusión sobre la violencia sexual de modo libre, sin tabúes, incentivando la discusión de las cuestiones de género relacionadas.

Consecuencias del embarazo en la adolescencia en la zona de influencia del Centro de Salud Macuma / consequences of adolescent pregnancy in the area of influence of the Macuma Health Center

Las consecuencias del embarazo en la adolescencia son múltiples, en el ámbito social como la repetición del círculo de pobreza, abandono escolar, predisposición a la violencia y repercusiones en el estado de salud como los partos prematuros, niños con bajo peso, multiparidad incluso en la adolescencia. Objetivo: El siguiente estudio tiene como objetivo reconocer las consecuencias del embarazo en la adolescencia en la zona de influencia de la parroquia Macuma, una comunidad Shuar de auto identificación indígena. Materiales y métodos: La metodología utilizada fue la de un estudio cuantitativo y cualitativo, de campo, transversal, documental. Resultados: Los resultados esperados representan la incidencia de los embarazos en la adolescencia en la zona, las consecuencias que tuvieron estos embarazos, y las precepciones de los profesionales que se desenvuelven en este ambiente donde ocurren los hechos, también los diferentes actores y las personas de la comunidad. Conclusión: Se impone una profunda reflexión y elaboración de nuevas estrategias que incluyan la activa participación de todos los sectores de la sociedad, con vistas a enfrentar con efectividad esta crucial problemática y lograr que la reducción del embarazo en la adolescencia deje de ser una asignatura pendiente(AU)

Las consecuencias del embarazo en la adolescencia son múltiples, en el ámbito social como la repetición del círculo de pobreza, abandono escolar, predisposición a la violencia y repercusiones en el estado de salud como los partos prematuros, niños con bajo peso, multiparidad incluso en la adolescencia. Objetivo: El siguiente estudio tiene como objetivo reconocer las consecuencias del embarazo en la adolescencia en la zona de influencia de la parroquia Macuma, una comunidad Shuar de auto identificación indígena. Materiales y métodos: La metodología utilizada fue la de un estudio cuantitativo y cualitativo, de campo, transversal, documental. Resultados: Los resultados esperados representan la incidencia de los embarazos en la adolescencia en la zona, las consecuencias que tuvieron estos embarazos, y las precepciones de los profesionales que se desenvuelven en este ambiente donde ocurren los hechos, también los diferentes actores y las personas de la comunidad. Conclusión: Se impone una profunda reflexión y elaboración de nuevas estrategias que incluyan la activa participación de todos los sectores de la sociedad, con vistas a enfrentar con efectividad esta crucial problemática y lograr que la reducción del embarazo en la adolescencia deje de ser una asignatura pendiente(AU)

Tomar alcohol antes de salir: la previa en adolescentes argentinos y su relación con normas sociales y motivos de previa / Drinking before going out: prepartying in Argentinean adolescents and its association with drinking norms and prepartying motives

Resumen La previa (i.e., el consumo de alcohol antes de asistir al evento de la salida en el que puede, o no, consumirse más alcohol) incrementa marcadamente el riesgo de experimentar consecuencias negativas asociadas al consumo de alcohol. Aunque el consumo de alcohol es muy prevalente entre los adolescentes argentinos, son escasos los trabajos centrados en la previa. Este trabajo describe el consumo de alcohol y la conducta de previa en adolescentes argentinos (13 a 18 años), identifica el efecto de las normas descriptivas y los motivos de previa sobre la frecuencia de previa y la cantidad de alcohol consumido durante esta práctica, y examina variaciones en el consumo general de alcohol y en la cantidad de consecuencias negativas derivadas, en función de realizar, o no, la previa. Participaron 402 adolescentes (52.7 % mujeres) que completaron una encuesta sobre consumo de alcohol, consecuencias negativas asociadas, conducta y motivos de previa, y normas descriptivas sobre estos encuentros. El 60 % de los adolescentes reportó conducta de previa en el último año en la que consumieron, en promedio, 70 gramos de alcohol. El 85 % continuó tomando alcohol después de la previa. Quienes exhiben conducta de previa, comparados con quienes beben pero no hacen previa, consumen significativamente más alcohol y experimentan más consecuencias negativas derivadas de este consumo. A nivel multivariado, las normas descriptivas fueron el mejor predictor de los indicadores de previa. Los hallazgos sugieren que la previa sería un factor de riesgo para tener trayectorias de consumo problemático y sería beneficioso prevenir este tipo de prácticas.

Abstract In Argentina, alcohol is the most consumed psychoactive substance among adolescents and, similar to other western countries, rates of alcohol use markedly increase during this developmental stage. Arguably more concerning, heavy episodic drinking (HED, a.k.a. binge drinking) is also highly prevalent. Heavy episodic drinking can be defined as the consumption of a large quantity of alcohol (i.e., ≥ 42/70 g of pure alcohol, depending on sex and age) in one, rather brief, single setting. HED is associated with greater occurrence of a myriad of negative consequences such as alcohol-induced increments in impulsivity and risk-taking behaviors, blackouts, drunk driving, sleep and eating impairments, and the development of tolerance. Prepartying (i.e., the consumption of alcohol before attending a social event where more alcohol might, or might not, be available) is a high-risk drinking practice due to its robust association with alcohol-related negative consequences. Different factors influence alcohol use and preparty behavior. Many adolescents overestimate the drinking behaviors of their peers (descriptive norms) which, in turn, is associated with heavier alcohol use. Additionally, previous work found that one of the main reasons or motives for engaging in preparty behavior is the desire of getting intoxicated. Although alcohol use is highly prevalent among Argentinean adolescents, studies focused on prepartying are very scarce. The present study (i) describes alcohol consumption and prepartying behaviors in Argentinean adolescents (13 to 18 years old), (ii) examines the effect of descriptive norms and prepartying motives on prepartying outcomes (i.e., frequency of prepartying and drinking quantity when prepartying) and (iii) examines variations in alcohol drinking outcomes as a function of prepartying. Participants were 402 adolescents (52.7 % women) that completed a pencil and paper survey that measured alcohol consumption, prepartying outcomes, descriptive norms for prepartying, prepartying motives and alcohol-related negative consequences. Most of the sample (83 %) reported lifetime alcohol use and 64 % reported last-month alcohol use. More than half of the sample (57 %) reported engaging in prepartying behavior within the last year where they consumed an average of 70 grams of alcohol. Most of the adolescents who prepartied (85 %) continued drinking alcohol at the event. Adolescents who engaged in preparty behavior, compared to their drinking peers who did not, consumed significantly more alcohol and experienced more alcohol-related negative consequences. Specifically, 90 % of the adolescents who engaged in preparty behavior reported to engaged in heavy drinking episodes within the previous month while 68 % of drinkers who did not preparty reported to engage in that drinking pattern. At the multivariate level, descriptive norms, but not prepartying motives, were significantly associated with preparty behavior. The present results suggest that prepartying could be a risk factor for the involvement in problematic trajectories of alcohol use and, therefore, it would be beneficial to prevent adolescents from engaging in this type of drinking practice. Additionally, the present findings suggest promising avenues for intervention, such as those aimed at targeting descriptive norms. Adolescents tend to overestimate drinking behaviors among their peers, a bias that is associated with heavier alcohol use. Interventions aimed at correcting these biases have shown promising results at reducing drinking behaviors.