Physiological response of Cucurbita pepo var. pepo mycorrhized by Sonoran desert native arbuscular fungi to drought and salinity stresses

ABSTRACT Plants response to symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) under water stress is important to agriculture. Under abiotic stress conditions native fungi are more effective than exotics in improving plant growth and water status. Mycorrhization efficiency is related to soil fungi development and energy cost-benefit ratio. In this study, we assessed the effect on growth, water status and energy metabolism of Cucurbita pepo var. pepo when inoculated with native AMF from the Sonoran desert Mexico (mixed isolate and field consortium), and compared with an exotic species from a temperate region, under drought, low and high salinity conditions. Dry weights, leaf water content, water and osmotic potentials, construction costs, photochemistry and mycorrhization features were quantified. Under drought and low salinity conditions, the mixed isolate increased plant growth and leaf water content. Leaf water potential was increased only by the field consortium under drought conditions (0.5-0.9 MPa). Under high salinity, the field consortium increased aerial dry weight (more than 1 g) and osmotic potential (0.54 MPa), as compared to non-mycorrhized controls. Plants inoculated with native AMF, which supposedly diminish the effects of stress, exhibited low construction costs, increased photochemical capacity, and grew larger external mycelia in comparison to the exotic inoculum.

Estimation of design and construction costs of third level health centers in colombia / Estimativa de custos de construção e desenho de centros de saúde de terceiro nível na colômbia

Resumen En este artículo se presenta el costo promedio por metro cuadrado en Colombia para el diseño y construcción de hospitales de tercer nivel de complejidad mediante la comparación del costo de diseño y construcción por metro cuadrado obtenido en otros países y en proyectos nacionales. Debido al total de la población colombiana y al número de camas disponibles existe un déficit del 42.3%, teniendo 1.5 camas por cada mil habitantes. De acuerdo con lo recomendado por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) este debe ser de 2.6 camas por cada mil habitantes. Por consiguiente, se requieren más proyectos de diseño y construcción de hospitales en los próximos años.

Abstract This article states the average cost per square meter in Colombia for the design and construction of third level complexity hospitals by comparing the design and construction square meter cost obtained in other countries and national projects. Due to the Colombian population and the number of beds there is a deficit of 42.3%, having 1.5 beds per thousand habitants. As recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) which is 2.6 beds per thousand inhabitants. Therefore, more hospital design and construction projects are required in years to come.

Resumo Neste artigo obtém-se o custo promédio por metro quadrado na Colômbia para o desenho e construção de hospitais de terceiro nível de complexidade, mediante a comparação do custo de desenho e construção por metro quadrado obtido em outros países e em projetos nacionais. Devido à população Colombiana e ao número de camas há um déficit de 42.3%, tendo 1.5 camas por cada mil habitantes. De acordo com o recomendado pela OMS que é 2.6 camas por cada mil habitantes. Pelo que se requerem mais projetos de desenho e construção de hospitais nos próximos anos.