Una pequeña historia de la medicina del trabajo en Venezuela / A short history of occupational medicine in Venezuela

Se presenta una recopilación de hechos relacionados con la salud y seguridad en el trabajo, en forma de aproximación, sin intentar un análisis histórico, siguiendo un hilo transversal del rol de la medicina, en lo que ha significado a través del tiempo la salud física y mental del trabajador. Se discute la contradicción entre la salud y el trabajo, intentando dar una explicación de cómo los diferentes sistemas económicos han intentado mediar en esta contradicción. El artículo hace hincapié en las circunstancias, que en el caso venezolano, condujeron al desarrollo de hecho y de derecho de la atención de la salud de quien trabaja, primero de nuestros ancestros, los indios americanos, luego de los esclavos negros y con el pasar del tiempo, de los trabajadores de las minas en el siglo XIX y delos trabajadores petroleros en el siglo XX, siglo que a partir de 1950, con la graduación en Inglaterra del primer médico ocupacional venezolano, el Dr. Emigdio Cañizales Guédez, vio crecer exponencialmente los profesionales que se sumaron a este campo del ejercicio profesional, que incluyó servicios en las empresas, gremios, y finalmente, los postgrados. Se trae a la memoria a personas de todo el país, que, desde su lugar de acción, dieron su aporte para que la Medicina del Trabajo o Medicina Ocupacional ocupe hoy un lugar estratégico en lo que significa la empresa nacional, sea pública o privada(AU)

A compilation of facts related to health and safety at work is presented, in the form of an approximation, without attempting a historical analysis, following a transversal thread of the role of medicine in what physical and mental health has meant over time. Who works the contradiction between health and work is discussed, trying to explain how different economic systems have tried to mediate this contradiction. The article emphasizes the circumstances that in the Venezuelan case led to the de facto and legal development of health care, first of our ancestors, the American Indians, then of the black slaves and over time of the workers of the mines in the 19th century and of the oil workers in the 20th century, a century that from1950, with the graduation in England of the first Venezuelan occupational doctor, Dr. Emigdio Cañizales Guédez, will see the professionals who joined grow exponentially. To this field of professional practice, which will include services in companies, trade unions and finally postgraduate courses. The article brings to mind people from all over the country, who from their place of action, gave their contribution so that Occupational Medicine or Occupational Medicine now occupies a strategic place in what the national company means, whether public or private(AU)

Contribuições da clínica de linguagem para uma discussão psicanalítica sobre a contradição nos dizeres / Contributions of the language clinic for a psychoanalytic discussion on contradiction in speech

RESUMO: A partir da constatação de contradições cotidianas e de sua recepção na lógica clássica, onde não são admitidas, este trabalho teórico interroga, junto a outros campos, fenômenos linguageiros considerados indesejáveis e, consequentemente, descartáveis em descrições e análises. A discussão reconhece na Lógica paraconsistente avanços importantes para a abordagem das contradições em sistemas lógicos. Na Clínica de Linguagem, tropeços e embaraços são tratados como dados de subjetividade relevantes para elaborações teórico-clínicas; ali encontramos contribuições para discutir a contradição na Psicanálise. Resta dizer que o interesse pela questão decorre da afirmação de Freud de que a vida psíquica é composta de contradições.

ABSTRACT: Based on the observation of everyday contradictions and their reception in classical logic, where they are not admitted, this theoretical work interrogates, together with other fields, linguistic phenomena considered undesirable and disposable in descriptions and analyses. The discussion recognizes in Paraconsistent Logic important advances for the approach of contradictions in logical systems. At the Language Clinic, stumbling blocks and embarrassments are treated as relevant subjectivity data for theoretical-clinical elaborations; there we find contributions to discuss the contradiction in Psychoanalysis. It remains to be said that the interest in the question stems from Freud's assertion that psychic life is made up of contradictions.

A Study on Intellectual Property Protection of Chinese Traditional Medicine in the Context of COVID -19 Epidemic: Starting from the Practice Dilemma of Four Pairs of "Contradictions" / 中国医学伦理学

As an important part of Chinese history and culture, traditional medicine is the sum of diagnosis and treatment knowledge, skills and practice methods that have been verified to be effective and of great value through thousands of years of practice. Since the global outbreak of the COVID -19 epidemic, "traditional medicine" has flourished in China, but has also been doubted by different cultural fields overseas. Based on traditional medicine, facing the realistic situation of "ice and fire", focusing on the contrasting four pairs of traditional medicine "contradictions", it was proposed that the approach choice of the strategic mode of intellectual property rights of traditional medicine should aim at "precision", "institutionalization" and "internationalization", and jointly promote it from the three-dimensional perspective of macroscopic pattern "strategic depth, strategic breadth, strategic height", so as to explore the strategic protection mode of intellectual property rights of traditional medicine with "Chinese characteristics and world level".

Relatos de vida de estudiantes adolescentes en contexto de contradicción cultural al interior del aula / Life Stories of Teenage Students in the Context of Cultural Contradiction within the Classroom

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar las vivencias de adolescentes con respecto a su paso por la escuela, caracterizando la contradicción cultural al interior del aula en contextos de vulnerabilidad social y pobreza económica. Desde un enfoque biográfico se entrevistaron 42 estudiantes de octavo año básico de siete escuelas de la provincia de Concepción (Chile). Los resultados muestran características de un sentido de identidad cultural y de diferenciación respecto del rol y la posición del estudiante en la escuela, la cultura escolar y la forma en que se expresa en el aula, a través de sus profesores. Para algunos estudiantes la escuela es complementaria a "proyectos de vida". Para otros, la cultura de la escuela representa el lugar donde no se sienten libres, generando interpretaciones contradictorias a su identidad cultural.

Abstract The objective of this work was to analyze the experiences of adolescent students with respect to their schooling by characterizing the cultural contradiction within the classroom in those that operate in the contexts of social vulnerability and economic poverty. 42 eighth-grade students from seven educational establishments from the area of Concepción, Chile, were interviewed with a focus on utilizing the biographical method. The results show characteristic features of a sense of cultural identity, as well as a sense of differentiation regarding the role and position of the student at the school, the culture which that position represents, and how it manifests itself in the classroom via the teachers. For some students, the school as complementary to "life projects". For other students, school represents some misinterpretations with respect to their cultural identity.

Fundamental contradiction and coordination mechanism of health economic evaluation between social perspective and hospital perspective / 中国卫生政策研究

This study analyzed the inconsistences between health economic evaluation of social perspective and hospital perspective,and based on the relevant theories of health economic evaluation demonstrated that for health technology,especially innovative ones, there was contradiction between study results of the social perspective and hospitals,leading to pricing decision-making problems. This article believes that involving multiple stakeholders in hospital decision making process and non-bundled pricing method for innovative health technology could be optional mechanisms for resolving this contradiction.

Analysis of Moral Psychology of Contemporary Medical Professionals in China:Based on Network Medical Negative Incidents / 中国医学伦理学

Problems such as frequent medical disputes and lack of mutual trust between doctors and patients re -quire us to pay more attention to the medical professionals ' moral ethics practice .By means of deepening the un-derstanding of medical professionals ' moral psychology , it expected to promote medical ethics education and medi-cal management smoothly , meanwhile , alleviate medical disputes .This paper analyzed medical professionals ' com-ments on the Selfie in Operating Room Incident using a qualitative study .By analyzing their moral psychology be-hind these comments , it depicted three mental representations of medical professionals ' ethics practice , namely conflict,responsibility and concerns .

Analysis of Moral Psychology of Contemporary Medical Professionals in China:Based on Network Medical Negative Incidents / 中国医学伦理学

Problems such as frequent medical disputes and lack of mutual trust between doctors and patients re -quire us to pay more attention to the medical professionals ' moral ethics practice .By means of deepening the un-derstanding of medical professionals ' moral psychology , it expected to promote medical ethics education and medi-cal management smoothly , meanwhile , alleviate medical disputes .This paper analyzed medical professionals ' com-ments on the Selfie in Operating Room Incident using a qualitative study .By analyzing their moral psychology be-hind these comments , it depicted three mental representations of medical professionals ' ethics practice , namely conflict,responsibility and concerns .

Analyse on Several Apparent Links in the Process of Medical Services / 中国医学伦理学

In the process of medical service, there are several apparent links such as medical etiquette, doctor-patient psychological protecting wall, and early intervention to patients′emotion, medical ethics and patient ethics, the principle of no harm, palliative care and doctor virtues. This article analyzes and discusses these apparent links in detail.

Practice of Clinical Pharmacists Participating in Anti-infective Treatment for A Patient with Tropical Candi-demia / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To explore the role of clinical pharmacists participating in drug therapy for patients with severe infec-tions. METHODS:Clinical pharmacists participated in drug treatment for a patient with tropical candidemia and assisted physicians to adjust anti-infective treatment plan. According to the results of blood culture,clinical pharmacists suggested Piperacillin sodium and tazobactam sodium for injection 3.75 g,ivgtt,q8 h+Caspofungin acetate for injection 50 mg (initial dose of 70 mg),ivgtt, qd,for symptomatic treatment;increased the daily dose of Caspofungin acetate for injection to 50 mg,ivgtt,bid due to plasma ex-change;Caspofungin acetate for injection 50 mg,ivgtt,qd+Amphotericin B for injection 0.1 mg/kg,ivgtt,qd for anti-infective plan due to the possible“contradiction”of echinocandins;closely monitored ADR,such as allergy,erythra,renal function injury. RE-SULTS:Physicians adopted the suggestions of clinical pharmacists,vital sign of patient kept stable,and tropical candidemia was not detected in the blood culture;the patient was transferred to general ward for further treatment. CONCLUSIONS:Based on the results of blood calture,clinical symptoms and the characteristics of drug effects,clinical pharmacists participated in the treatment for the patient with severe infection,retrieved related treatment guideline,assisted physicians to adjust anti-infective plan and close-ly monitored possible ADR so as to guarantee the effectiveness and safety of anti-infective treatment.

La certeza y la modulación de certidumbre en el Witz / Modulation of confidence and certainty

La fundamentación de la certeza configura el punto de apoyo no meramente de los edificios teóricos de las distintas disciplinas sino también, y lo que es más, de cualquier praxis, sea que ella se ocupe o no en considerarlo. Uno de los momentos de la historia más celebrados en que se ha hecho cuestión de un tal basamento por la influencia y los efectos que ha llegado a tener es el de las meditaciones cartesianas sobre filosofía primera, punto de partida -cuanto a lo que a proceder con la certidumbre se refiere- de la moderna ciencia. Como lo ha hecho notar Jacques Lacan, Freud procede asimismo revisando también los tales fundamentos, no por ello convergiendo en la derrota del filósofo francés, pues no se aviene a sacrificar por la afirmación del ser el campo de los pensamientos, y sin apelar tampoco a lugares comunes. Retomando esas indicaciones, en el presente artículo se señalan pues cuestiones básicas atinentes al lugar de la certidumbre y la certeza en el psicoanálisis y en las ciencias deductivas, punto en que se da el deslinde de sus respectivos campos

The principles of certainty constitutes not only merely the toehold of the different disciplines\' theoretical buildings but also, what is more important, of any praxis, regardless whether such a praxis takes them into account or not. One of the most celebrated moments in history when such basis were called into question, due to the influence and effects they have achieved, is the one of Cartesian considerations, starting point of modern science as far as proceeding with confidence is concerned. As pointed out by Jacques Lacan, Freud also proceeds examining such principles, but not in the same way as the philosopher, since he did not resolve to sacrifice for the affirmation of being the field of thoughts, but without the need to resort to common places. Resuming those indications, the present article underlines basic questions concerning the place of confidence and certainty in psychoanalysis and deductive sciences, the starting point from where their different fields branch out.

Uma neurose infernal / An infernal neurosis

A respeito de O homem dos ratos, Malraux dizia se tratar de um grande romance deste século. Freud queixa-se, contudo, de ter dado conta apenas imperfeitamente dessa grande obra de arte da natureza humana que é a neurose obsessiva. O homem dos ratos continua sendo, nos dias de hoje, o texto princeps sobre a neurose obsessiva. Ambivalência, conflito psíquico, erotismo anal, paixão pela contradição, primeira descoberta da contratransferência... a riqueza da escrita freudiana não perdeu nada de sua fecundidade, nem de sua atualidade. Avalia-se como a neurose em si, sem ser necessário evocar formas psicopatológicas mais graves, é o reino da violência da coisa psíquica.

Regarding the Rat man, Malraux used to say that it was a great novel of the century. Freud, however, used to complain having only imperfectly covered this great masterpiece of human nature that is the obsessional neurosis. The rat man is still, today, the most important text on obsessional neurosis. Ambivalence, psychic conflict, anal eroticism, passion for contradiction, first discovery of countertransference... the richness of Freud’s writings has lost none of its, neither its relevance. It is estimated how the neurosis itself, without having to evoke more severe psychopathological forms, is the realm of violence of the psychic thing.

A respecto del Hombre de las ratas, Malraux decía que era una gran novela del siglo. Freud se quejaba, sin embargo, de haber tratado sólo de manera imperfecta esta gran obra maestra de la naturaleza humana que es la neurosis obsesiva. El hombre de las ratas es todavía, hoy en día, el texto princeps sobre la neurosis obsesiva. Ambivalencia, conflicto psíquico, erotismo anal, pasión por la contradicción, primer descubrimiento de contratransferencia... la riqueza de la escritura de Freud no ha perdido nada de su fecundidad, ni de su relevancia. Se estima que la propia neurosis, sin tener que evocar formas psicopatológicas más graves, es el reino de la violencia de lo psíquico.

Hacia un enfoque sistémico de las contradicciones en la investigación educativa / Towards a system approach to dialectical contradictions in research in education

Se fundamenta una concepción sistémica de las contradicciones a tener en cuenta en la investigación educativa, en la que se incluyen las de esencia lógico formal y las de índole dialéctica (externas e internas). Se trabajó con métodos propios del nivel teórico del conocimiento para sistematizar información proveniente de la bibliografía consultada y de las experiencias en la formación de doctores en Pedagogía registradas por el autor. Se ofrecen pautas metodológicas básicas para valorar las contradicciones develadas al comunicar los resultados científicos.

A systemic conception of the contradictions to keep in mind in the educational investigations is presented. In this general understanding the contradiction type logical - formal and of dialectical nature (external and intern) are included. Methods of the theoretical level of the knowledge (analytic - synthetic, inductive - deductive, historical - logical and the system focus) were utilized to systematize information coming from the consulted bibliography and of experiences in Ph. D. in Pedagogy tuition, registered by the author. Some basic methodological rules are offered to value the devalued contradictions when communicating the scientific results.

The clinical treatment of the contradiction symptoms of TCM / 国际中医中药杂志

This article discussed about contradiction symptoms of TCM.Take the deficiency of Yin and damp-heat symptoms and the heat in the upper and cold in the lower symptoms for example,under the guidance of TCM theory,we arrived at a conclusion that the principle for treating the deficiency of Yin and damp-heat symptoms should be based on the treatment of Yin deficiency,with the treatment of damp-heat syndrome secondly; and the heat in the upper and cold in the lower symptoms should be based on guiding Yin to Yang.For conclusion,to treat the contradiction symptoms of TCM,we must review of etiology before prescription,adjust the cold and heat at the same time,consider of both the sthenia and asthenia syndrome.

A Psicologia no Brasil: um ensaio sobre suas contradições / Psychology in Brazil: an essay on its contradictions / La Psicología en el Brasil: un ensayo sobre sus contradicciones

Este artigo tem a finalidade de expor o percurso histórico da Psicologia no Brasil na perspectiva da tridimensionalidade do tempo, entendendo que a apreensão de sua concreticidade implica a compreensão do passado, que estrutura o presente e se projeta para o futuro. A compreensão da historicidade da Psicologia no Brasil como construção social, neste texto, tem como foco a análise das contradições que estiveram presentes nos diversos períodos, como condição para a compreensão das possibilidades de superação que permitiram saltos de qualidade no desenvolvimento da Psicologia, quer como conhecimento, quer como prática. Serão apresentadas, para cada período da história da Psicologia no Brasil, uma breve descrição de suas características e a análise de algumas produções, sejam elas teóricas, sejam práticas, que revelam suas contradições, sobretudo o confronto das concepções coexistentes em um mesmo tempo histórico, que demonstram o processo constitutivo dos saberes psicológicos e da Psicologia no Brasil a partir de distintos posicionamentos sociopolíticos e epistemológicos. Busca-se contribuir para a compreensão da constituição da Psicologia no Brasil a partir da dinâmica engendrada pelas e nas contradições históricas dessa área do saber, entendida como construção eminentemente social...

This essay has the aim to explain the historical route of psychology in Brazil in the perspective of the tridimensionality of time, assuming that this aprehension implies the understanding of the past, that structures the present and projects itself into the future. The comprehension of psychology historicity in Brazil as a social construction has as focus the analysis of the contradictions that were present in the various periods, as a condition for the comprehension of the transcendence of the possibilities that permitted better quality in the development of psychology, be it knowledge, be it practice. A short description of the characteristics and the analysis of some productions, theoretical or practical, will be presented, revealing the contradictions of each period of the history of psychology in Brazil, mainly the confrontation of the conceptons present in the same historical time, that demonstrate the process that constitutes the psychological knowledge and psychology itself in Brazil from the dynamic generated by the historical contradictions of this area, which is seen as a social construction...

Este artículo tiene la finalidad de exponer el recorrido histórico de la psicología en el Brasil en la perspectiva de la tridimensionalidad del tiempo, entendiendo que la aprensión de su carácter de concreto implica la comprensión del pasado, que estructura el presente y se proyecta para el futuro. La comprensión de la historicidad de la psicología en el Brasil como construcción social, en este texto, tiene como foco el análisis de las contradicciones que estuvieron presentes en los diversos períodos, como condición para la comprensión de las posibilidades de superación que permitieron saltos de calidad en el desarrollo de la Psicología, ya sea como conocimiento, o como práctica. Serán presentadas, para cada período de la historia de la psicología en el Brasil, una breve descripción de sus características y el análisis de algunas producciones, sean ellas teóricas o prácticas, que revelan sus contradicciones, sobre todo el enfrentamiento de concepciones coexistentes en un mismo tiempo histórico, que demuestran el proceso constitutivo de los saberes psicológicos y de la psicología en el Brasil a partir de distintos posicionamientos sociopolíticos y epistemológicos. Se busca contribuir para la comprensión de la constitución de la psicología en el Brasil a partir de la dinámica engendrada por las y en las contradicciones históricas de esa área del saber, entendida como construcción eminentemente social...

La dialéctica en la psicologia del desarrollo: relevancia y significacion en la investigacion / Dialectic in developmental psychology: its importance and significance in research

El presente artículo examina la significación y la relevancia de la dialéctica en la obra psicológica de Piaget y de Vigotsky. Por un lado se analiza una metodología dialéctica común, presente en las unidades de análisis de las investigaciones. Por otro, se exponen los rasgos peculiares que adquiere la dialéctica en la explicación del desarrollo en ambos desarrollo. Finalmente, en base a los análisis realizados, se caracterizan los rasgos de la dialéctica. También se discute su unicidad y su carácter apriori en la Psicología del Desarrollo y en las Ciencias Humanas, justificándose su diversidad, en función de las temáticas que se indagan, así como a ciertos límites en el uso de esa categoría en la indagación empírica. Su implementación exige que adopte formas diferentes, pertinentes a los distintos problemas y focos teóricos.

The present article analyses the signficance and relevance of dialectic in Piaget's and Vigotsky's psychological studies. On one hand, it highlights the common dialectical methodology present in units of analysis in research. On the other hand, it focuses on the peculiar features dialectic acquires within both authors' explanation of psychological development. Lastly, a characterization of dialectic features based on previous analysis is introduced. The present article argues against the unique dialectic and its a priori features in Developmental Psychology and Human Sciences areas. It also justifies its diversity in relation to the subject matters under investigation as well as the existence of certain limits in the use of that category in empirical research. The use of dialectics requires the adoption of diverse forms regarding different issues and theoretical focuses.

Compartilhamento do conhecimento nas organizações: possibilidades e limitações / Knowledge sharing in organizations: possibilities and delimitations

A literatura tem sido pródiga a respeito da gestão do conhecimento e, nela, do compartilhamento do conhecimento. Afirma a existência de uma era do conhecimento e a importância da captura e transferência do conhecimento individual e coletivo. De tão repetidas, essas ideias revestiram-se de legitimidade, pouco provocando discussões acerca das circunstâncias que suportam o compartilhamento e dos motivos grupais que podem, ou não, fazê-lo acontecer. Eis aí a lacuna percebida que motivou o presente estudo. Baseado em uma metodologia desconstrucionista, ele levanta a seguinte questão: que circunstâncias e motivos podem facilitar ou dificultar o compartilhamento do conhecimento nas organizações? Em outras palavras: quais as possibilidades e limitações de tal compartilhamento? Com base na extensa literatura clássica e contemporânea a respeito de grupos na organização, assim como na pesquisa de campo levada a efeito em duas organizações, o estudo conclui que grupos, indivíduos e organizações sofrem e exercem, permanentemente, ações contraditórias e que ações organizacionais que visam ao compartilhamento do conhecimento devem admiti-las. Elementos polares, como cooperação e competição, individualidade e conformidade, liberdade de expressão e inibição de sentimentos caracterizam circunstâncias e motivos que podem, de um lado, se apresentar como possibilidades de compartilhamento do conhecimento e, de outro, como limitações.

The literature has been prodigal regarding knowledge management and share of knowledge. It states the existence of an age of knowledge and the relevance of capture and transference of individual and collective knowledge. Due to its continued repetition, these ideas have been legitimated, not establishing, however, a debate upon the circumstances that support the share of knowledge and which collective reasons can stimulate sharing the knowledge. Here is the perceived gap that motives the present study. Supported by a deconstructive methodology, it raises the following question: which circumstances and reasons can facilitate or difficult the share of knowledge within organizations? In other words, what are the possibilities and limitation of this share of knowledge? Based on extent classic and contemporaneous literature which address focus on groups within organizations, as well as on a field research conducted inside two organizations, the study concludes that groups, individuals and organizations suffer and exercise contradictory actions, so that organization initiatives aiming the share of knowledge can not disregard them. Polar elements, such as cooperation and competition, individuality and conformity, freedom for expression and inhibition of feelings characterize circumstances and reasons that can be seen as possibilities and also limitation for sharing knowledge.

On the Structural Changes,Problems,and Countermeasures of the Higher Medical Education in a Context of Mass Education / 中华医学教育探索杂志

The institute of higher medical education has witnessed an apparent development along with the context of mass education.However,new problems and contradictions have meanwhile limited its normal development.After an analysis of a series of structural contradictions,the writer of the present paper has put forward several measures centering around the innovative education so as to completely promote the education quality and the healthy development of the higher medical education.

Analysis on the logical contradiction of the basic conception of modern Chinese medicine / 中华中医药杂志

There is a very serious logical contradiction among the basic conceptions in Chinese medicine such as syndrome,symptoms and signs,pathogens and pathogenesis.And the situation get worse after the new conceptions melt in,which include key pattern elements,syndrome pattern,pattern,pattern of syndrome differentiation and so on.It is urgent and necessary for signifi cant and basic Chinese medicine research that we should unify,normalize and purify the basic conceptions in Chinese medicine,by merging,accepting and rejecting of the conceptions or the terms concerned on the basis of the defi nition of the connotation anew.

An analysis on logical problems of zang-fu viscera syndromes in"Guidance principle of clinical study on new drug of traditional Chinese medicine" / 中华中医药杂志

Differentiation of syndromes by zang-fu viscera is the core of syndrome differentiation of Traditional Chinese Medicine.The logical contradiction which is very difficult to be solved due to the same-position relationship,cause-result relationship and subordinate relationship between the various zang-fu viscera syndromes,however,often lead to a relatively serious side effect on the system of syndrome differentiation in clinic.The aim of this paper is to reveal the logical contradictory relationship between the zangfu viscera syndromes,to invite the scientific field to pay attention on the problem and solve it.

Ethical Reflection on of Patients′ Rights of Informed Consent in Special Medical Examination / 中国医学伦理学

The right to informed consent in special medical examinations contains a lot of ethical values and principles.The authors describe ethical principles of medical examinations,put forward some ethical requirements for implementing the patient′s rights of informed consent in medical examinations,and analyze some ethical conflicts in the implementation of informed consent in special medical examinations.