Factores de riesgo relacionados con el síndrome poscovid-19 en pobladores pinareños / Risk factors related to postcovid­19 syndrome in residents from Pinar del Río i: en

Introducción: Las posibilidades de padecer el síndrome poscovid-19 crecen en la medida en que se expande la pandemia. Objetivo: Identificar los factores de riesgo relacionados con el síndrome poscovid-19 en pobladores pinareños. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de casos y controles, que incluyó a convalecientes de covid-19, atendidos en la consulta multidisciplinaria del Policlínico Luis Augusto Turcios Lima de la provincia de Pinar del Río durante el 2022, quienes fueron incluidos de forma aleatoria en 2 grupos, a razón de 1:2 (100 casos y 200 controles). El análisis estadístico se basó en una estrategia univariada, que consistió en la determinación del odds ratio para cada factor de riesgo, así como en la estimación de los intervalos de confianza al 95 % y la prueba de la Χ2, con un nivel de significación de p<0,05. Resultados: En el estudio predominaron el sexo femenino, la diabetes mellitus, el tratamiento farmacológico, el soporte ventilatorio, la presencia de secuelas establecidas y las complicaciones. Conclusiones: A pesar de identificar los factores de riesgo más frecuentes relacionados con el síndrome poscovid-19, este continúa siendo un desafío para los profesionales de la salud.

Introduction: The possibilities to suffer from the postcovid-19 syndrome grow as the pandemic expands. Objective: To identify the risk factors related to the postcovid-19 syndrome in residents from Pinar del Río. Methods: A cases and controls study that included covid-19 convalescents was carried out. They were assisted in the multidisciplinary service of Luis Augusto Turcios Lima Polyclinic of Pinar del Rio province during 2022 that were included in 2 groups at random, at a ratio of 1:2 (100 cases and 200 controls). The statistical analysis was based on an univaried strategy, for which the odds ratio was determined for each risk factor and the confidence intervals were considered at 95 %, as well as the chi-square test, with a significance level of p<0,05. Results: In the study there was a prevalence of the female sex, diabetes mellitus, pharmacological treatment, ventilation support, the presence of established sequels and complications. Conclusions: In spite of identifying the most frequent risk factors related to the postcovid-19 syndrome, it is still a challenge for health professionals.

O Sistema CEP/Conep e as pesquisas em ciências humanas e sociais: outras éticas, outras semânticas / The CEP/Conep System and research in human and social sciences: other ethics, other semantics / El Sistema CEP/Conep y las investigaciones en ciencias humanas y sociales: otras éticas, otras semánticas

Esta nota de conjuntura tem o objetivo de evidenciar algumas questões importantes sobre como se configura o Sistema CEP/Conep e as implicações dessa regulação no campo das ciências humanas e sociais. Primeiro, explicito o que consiste esse sistema para, em seguida, esboçar as controvérsias provenientes desse controle, que tem como aspecto central, ser regido pelo que a análise do Estado e sua organização burocrática chamam de lógica cartorial

This note aims to highlight some important questions about the configuration of the CEP/CONEP System and the implications of this regulation in the field of human and social sciences. First, I will explain what is this system, and then I will outline the controversies resulting from this control, which has as central aspect, to be governed by the so-called notarial logic, according to the analysis of the State and its bureaucratic organization

Esta nota de coyuntura tiene como objetivo poner en evidencia algunas cuestiones importantes sobre como es configurado el Sistema CEP/CONEP y las implicaciones de esta normativa para el campo de las ciencias humanas y sociales. Primero explicaré en que consiste ese sistema y, en seguida, esbozaré las controversias que surgen de ese control, que tiene como aspecto central ser regido por lo que el análisis del Estado y su organización burocrática denominan lógica notarial

Influence of mixing parameters in STAR automatic sample processing instruments on the detection results of internal controls / 中国输血杂志

【Objective】 To explore the significance of blending internal controls by automatic sample processing instruments in the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). 【Methods】 The internal controls were vortexed and mixed before the test, and then were added to the same ELISA plate by the STAR automatic sample processing instruments under the same detection conditions. The difference of S/CO value of internal controls with and without sufficient blending via the sampling needle and their frequency distribution were compared. Internal controls that were greatly affected by mixing parameters were submitted to the same test with different batches of reagents from the same manufacturer, and the results were analyzed for consistency. 【Results】 The S/CO value of anti-HCV internal controls without blending using adding sample needle was significantly lower than that of quality control samples with sufficient blending (P<0.000 1). The S/CO values of unmixed internal controls concerning anti-TP and anti-HIV detection given by some detection systems were also different from the values of mixed internal controls (P<0.05). Some of the S/CO values of the anti-HCV internal controls without mixing were distributed within the interval of less than 2. Different batches of reagents from the same manufacturer were used to detect anti-HCV internal controls, and there were differences in the partial detection values between the mixed and unmixed internal controls (P<0.05). 【Conclusion】 Although the internal controls were mixed by vortex shock before the test, the detection results of some internal controls will still be affected when the STAR automatic sample processing instruments does not set the mixing parameters for internal controls.

Can Drug Price Controls Help Patients Get a Better Deal? A SWOT Analysis

@#Introduction: Due to the increasing rate of drug prices and overall healthcare inflation, stakeholders from the pharmaceutical industry and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) are voicing their concerns about the possible reciprocal effects in the long run. Drug price controls (DPCs) regulation is crucial to ensure affordability and indirectly reduce congestion in public healthcare facilities. This study aims to identify the SWOT analysis of the DPCs in Malaysia and how it will impact the drug supply chain. Methods: The study adopted a subjective environmental scanning method and a SWOT analysis tool to examine the Malaysian pharmaceutical DPCs in the healthcare supply chain (HSC) ecosystem through both intrinsic and extrinsic perspectives. Results: The immediate effect of DPCs would be beneficial, especially to the patients and the government. Balancing the right amount of control and liberalization of the market is seen to be the biggest factor contributing to the policy’s effect on the drug supply chain. The main concern would be the long-term effect as mixed results are coming from a group of countries that had implemented a similar policy. Conclusion: Notwithstanding the qualitative methodology of the paper, the findings could provide a better understanding of the price of drugs in Malaysia’s HSC and serve as a foundation for future studies. This paper proposes a new way to diversify the DPCs economy by entering the HSC chain industry.

Diagnostic performance of the RSNA-proposed classification for COVID-19 pneumonia versus pre-pandemic controls

Abstract Objective To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the Radiological Society of North America (RSNA) classification system for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia compared to pre-pandemic chest computed tomography (CT) scan images to mitigate the risk of bias regarding the reference standard. Materials and methods This was a retrospective, cross-sectional, diagnostic test accuracy study. Chest CT scans, carried out from May 1 to June 30, 2020, and from May 1 to July 17, 2017, were consecutively selected for the COVID-19 (positive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction [RT-PCR] for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 result) and control (pre-pandemic) groups, respectively. Four expert thoracic radiologists blindly interpreted each CT scan image. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated. Results A total of 160 chest CT scan images were included: 79 in the COVID-19 group (56 [43.5-67] years old, 41 men) and 81 in the control group (62 [52-72] years old, 44 men). Typically, an estimated specificity of 98.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] 98.1%-98.4%) was obtained. For the indeterminate classification as a diagnostic threshold, an estimated sensitivity of 88.3% (95% CI 84.7%-91.7%) and a specificity of 79.0% (95% CI 74.5%-83.4%), with an area under the curve of 0.865 (95% CI 0.838-0.895), were obtained. Conclusion The RSNA classification system shows strong diagnostic accuracy for COVID-19 pneumonia, even against pre-pandemic controls. It can be an important aid in clinical decision-making, especially when a typical or indeterminate pattern is found, possibly advising retesting following an initial negative RT-PCR result and streamlining early management and isolation.

Noise exposure abatement: a perspective from industry occupational health risk assessment reports

Background: Occupational health risk assessments are building blocks for occupational health programmes, allowing for the rating of identified risks and the continuous re-evaluation of the effectiveness of abatement measures. In South African industry, occupational health risk assessments are formally documented in reports, which can be presented as demonstration of legal compliance with legislation. Objective: To identify noise abatement measures recorded in noise risk assessment reports of four manufacturing companies and to rate their effectiveness. Methods: We analysed the occupational health risk assessment reports from 21 operational facilities in four South African companies from the manufacturing and utilities sectors to evaluate, through document analysis, the recorded noise abatement measures. Noise abatement measure effectiveness was rated using a preassigned effectiveness percentage scale. Results: Administrative controls and hearing protection devices were the most commonly used noise exposure abatement measures, but hearing conservation programmes were generally poorly formulated. There were inter- and intra-company differences in the qualitative risk assessment approaches used for rating or ranking the noise risk, which led to different risk conclusions and prioritisation outcomes. The calculated control effectiveness of the abatement measures showed that noise exposure remained largely unacceptable: 16 of the 21 operational units had unacceptable noise exposures, four had tolerable exposures, and one had broadly acceptable exposures. Conclusion: The four companies' common noise abatement measures, as elements of formalised hearing conservation programmes, which included administrative controls and hearing protection devices, were not effective in reducing noise exposure to the broadly acceptable level, reflective of limited use of engineering controls.

Association of homocysteine with ankylosing spondylitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract Background: Hyperhomocysteinemia is associated with autoimmune diseases such as ankylosing spondylitis (AS), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Current findings regarding plasma/serum homocysteine (HCY) levels in AS patients are inconsistent. This study aims to systematically evaluate the association between circulating HCY levels and AS. Methods: Online electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, ScienceDirect, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Wanfang data) were used to retrieve all relevant articles published up to May 7, 2020. The pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated using the random-effect model, Stata16 software. Results: Nine articles containing 778 AS patients and 522 controls were included in this meta-analysis. No significant differences in HCY levels were found between AS and control groups (pooled SMD = 0.46, 95% CI = − 0.30 to 1.23, P = 0.23). However, subgroup analysis suggested that HCY levels were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the AS group treated with methotrexate (MTX) compared with the control group. In contrast, HCY levels were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in the AS group receiving anti-TNF-α treatment compared with the control group. No significant differences were detected between HCY levels and disease activity scores (Bath AS disease activity index, BASDAI), and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T genotype. Conclusion: This meta-analysis indicates that HCY levels are similar between AS and controls, and do not correlate with disease activity. However, different medical treatments cause fluctuations of circulating HCY levels in AS patients. Further and larger-scale studies are needed to confirm these findings. Trial registration: This study was registered at international prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO), registration number: CRD42020184426.(AU)

Impacto del número de controles periódicos en la salud bucal de los pacientes atendidos en la Clínica de Odontopediatría / Impacto do número de controles periódicos na saúde bucal dos pacientes atendidos na Clínica de Odontologia Pediátrica / Impact of the number of periodic dental checkups on oral health at a university pediatric dentistry clinic

Resumen La Clínica de Odontopediatría desarrolla un modelo de atención con énfasis en promoción, educación y rehabilitación destacándose su control y mantenimiento. No hay información sobre el impacto de los controles periódicos. Objetivo: Evaluar la asociación del número de controles y la salud bucal de niños entre 5 y 10 años. Estudio transversal, descriptivo (2017-18) y retrospectivo (hasta 2014) en dos subpoblaciones: G1=controles y G2=primera vez, evaluando diferencias de piezas afectadas Resultados: 115 niños, 44 en G1 y 71 en G2. El 100% presentaron biopelícula. G1 presentó un valor significativamente menor del IPV>20% (p<0.001), de lesiones cavitadas (p<0.001). G1 con 2 o más controles el promedio de lesiones iniciales fue de 2,6 y G2 de 4,5 (p<0.001). Conclusiones: Los niños con dos o más controles presentaron mejor situación de salud bucal que quienes consultaron por primera vez. Se confirma la importancia del control programado para el mantenimiento de la salud bucal.

Resumo A Clínica de Odontologia Pediátrica desenvolve um modelo de cuidado com ênfase na promoção, educação em saúde e reabilitação destacando seu controle e manutenção. Não há informações que sustentem o impacto que os controles regulares. Objetivo: Avaliar a associação do número de controles anuais e da saúde bucal de crianças entre 5 e 10 anos. Estudo transversal e descritivo (2017-18) e retrospectiva (até 2014) em duas subpopulações: G1-controle e G2-primeira vez. Resultados: 115 crianzas: G1-44 e G2-71. 100% do de crianças apresentaram biofilme. G1 apresentou valor de IPV>20% e lesões cavitadas significativamente menor (p<0,001). G1 com 2 ou mais controles a média de lesões iniciais foi de 2,6 e no G2 4,5 (p <0,001). Conclusões: Crianças que assistem a 2 ou mais controles têm uma melhor situação de saúde bucal em comparação com aquelas que consultam pela primeira vez. Confirma-se a importância do controle programado para manutenção da saúde bucal.

Abstract The Pediatric Dentistry Clinic at the School of Dentistry, Universidad de la República, has a care model that focuses on promotion, health education and rehabilitation, and aims to support health control and maintenance. There is no information on the impact of periodic checkups. Objective: To evaluate the association between the number of checkups and oral health in children aged between 5 and 10. Cross-sectional, descriptive (2017-18) and retrospective (up to 2014) study in two subpopulations: G1 = checkups, and G2 = first visit. We evaluated the differences in the number of teeth affected. Results: The sample included 115 children: 44 in G1 and 71 in G2. All of them had biofilm. G1 presented significantly lower values regarding visible plaque index (VPI) (>20%) (p < 0.001) and cavitated lesions (p < 0.001). G1 members, who had attended two or more checkups, had 2.6 initial lesions on average, and G2 members, 4.5 (p < 0.001). Conclusions Children who had attended two or more checkups had better oral health than those seeking care for the first time. This confirms the importance of scheduled checkups for maintaining oral health.

Comparative Analysis of Serum Lipoprotein (a) in Hypothyroid and Healthy Subjects

This study is taken up to estimate and compare the level of serum Lp(a) in hypothyroid patients and in healthy controls. A total of 50 hypothyroidpatients within aged group 20-60 years and total of 50 healthy controls within 20-60 years were enrolled in the study after taking written consent. Thyroid profile and Lp(a) were measured by CLIA and immune turbidemetric method respectively. Data collected was analysed using Stata version 14.1 software. Result shows an increased level of Lp(a) among hypothyroid patients when compared to healthy controls

Estudios de cohortes especiales / Special cohort studies

Resumen Como se comentó en el artículo anterior (Estudios de cohortes. 1ª parte. Descripción, metodología y aplicaciones), los estudios de cohortes se caracterizan por ser observacionales, longitudinales y analíticos; y en todos ellos se debe considerar una exposición o "factor de exposición", un período de seguimiento, eventuales pérdidas de seguimiento y el desenlace de un resultado. Se han propuesto modificaciones y variantes al diseño del estudio de cohortes tradicional. Se describen de forma resumida, las características principales de los estudios de cohortes con base poblacional, de cohortes bidireccional o ambispectivo; y de otras variantes: según número de cohortes (única y múltiple), de acuerdo al tipo de reclutamiento de la población a estudio (cerrada y abierta), según el tipo de exposición (fija y dinámica); estudio de casos y controles anidado, cohorte-caso; y cohortes ocupacionales (simple con población de referencia externa, simple con grupo de referencia interna y de cohortes múltiples). Finalmente, se desarrollan algunos ejemplos de la literatura de las variantes de cohortes más frecuentes. El objetivo de este manuscrito fue generar un documento de estudio referente a las modificaciones y variantes del diseño del estudio de cohortes.

As we mentioned in a previous article (Cohort studies. 1st part. Description, methodology and applications), cohort studies are characterized by being observational, longitudinal and analytical studies; and in all of them an exposure, a follow-up period, eventual loss of follow-up; and an outcome should be considered. A number of modifications and variants to the traditional cohort study design have been proposed. A summary with the main characteristics of population-based cohort studies, bidirectional cohorts, and of other variants according: to the number of cohorts (single and multiple), to the recruitment of the study population (closed and open), to the exposure (fixed and dynamic); nested case-control study, cohort-case, and occupational cohorts (simple with external reference population, simple with internal reference group and multiple cohorts), are described. Finally, examples of the literature of the most frequent cohort variants are developed. The aim of this manuscript was to generate a study document referring to some of the modifications and variants of cohort studies.

A prospective hospital based study of relation between carotid artery intimal medial thickness in patients with type 1 diabetes

Background: The aim of this study was to found association between Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Carotid Arterial Intimal Thickness (CIMT).Methods: Study design: It was a prospective case control hospital-based study. One hundred type 1 diabetes patient between the age group 3-36 years were taken. The association between type 1 diabetes with CIMT was studied. All the measurements were standardized. 50 age and sex matched controls were taken for comparison.Results: There is positive correlation between type 1 diabetes and CIMT (p<0.0001). The correlation further extends between duration of diabetes, glycemic control, age of onset, frequency and severity of diabetic related complication with CIMT.Conclusions: Carotid atherosclerosis as measured by CIMT has definite association with type 1 diabetes.

Discussion of Correlation Between Chronic Psychological Stress Induced Liver Depression and Spleen Deficiency Syndrome and Microbiota-gut-brain Axis and Study on Intervention Mechanism of Xiaoyaosan / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Psychological stress （pressure） has gradually become an important factor affecting human physical and mental health， and is one of the important factors in the progression of clinical chronic refractory diseases. Psychological stress response can be attributed to the category of emotional illness in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）. In the theory of TCM， the liver controls dispersion and regulates mental activity. Relevant scholars believe that the liver is the core of psychological stress response in the TCM theory. When being stimulated by chronic or repeated psychological stress， the body can gradually change from the initial depression and anxiety-rela behaviors to the gastrointestinal dysfunctions， which is similar to the formation process of the syndrome of liver depression and spleen deficiency with liver-spleen disharmony. The syndrome of liver depression and spleen deficiency is also the common syndrome of TCM for psychological stress-related diseases. With the effect in soothing liver and invigorating spleen， Xiaoyaosan has been regarded as the classic formula for anti-stress. Modern studies have showed that gut microbiota not only get involved in the movement， structure and function of the digestive tract， but also affect the brain function and behavior of the host through the gut-brain axis. Therefore， the microbiota-gut-brain axis has become an important part of psychological stress to trigger the body's gastrointestinal symptoms and abnormal brain behaviors. Focusing on psychological stress， the authors explored the correlation between the syndrome of liver stagnation and spleen deficiency and the microbiota-gut-brain axis， and the intervention mechanism of Xiaoyaosan， so as to enrich the scientific connotation of the syndrome of liver stagnation and spleen deficiency.

Chemistry, manufacturing and control considerations of rAAV-based gene therapy products / 药学学报

Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV)-based vector has shown great promise for human gene therapy, due to its advantage in eliciting long-term transgene expression, absence of adverse effect, infection ability to both dividing and non-dividing cells, non-genomic integration, and low immunotoxity. To date, three AAV-based products have been authorized to enter European and American markets, and more than 200 rAAV-based candidates are in the process of clinic trails. Nevertheless, domestic industry is facing the challenge of manufacturing clinical grade rAAV vector, and regulatory agencies are lack of practical experience in assessing such products. Herein, this paper summarizes the latest research progress of rAAV-based gene therapy products, and discusses some quality assessment concerns in raw materials, manufacturing process and quality control, expecting to promote its clinical transformation and application.

Biomedical engineering and erectile restoration: Design considerations for urologic prosthetics / 亚洲男科学杂志(英文版)

For patients with moderate-to-severe erectile dysfunction, implantable penile prostheses continue to be a viable treatment. Medical device developers apply design controls during the development cycle to ensure that a product performs as intended in the final use environment. This process relies heavily on the principles of systems engineering and documents every facet of performance, unmet need, and risk. To better understand design philosophy, it is important to frame benchmarked performance outcomes in the context of the ideal state. Careful consideration of erectile anatomy and physiology, including flaccid state, transitional phases, and full tumescence, informs penile prosthesis design philosophy and provides the foundation for product advancement.

Biomedical engineering and erectile restoration: design considerations for urologic prosthetics / 亚洲男科学杂志(英文版)

For patients with moderate-to-severe erectile dysfunction, implantable penile prostheses continue to be a viable treatment. Medical device developers apply design controls during the development cycle to ensure that a product performs as intended in the final use environment. This process relies heavily on the principles of systems engineering and documents every facet of performance, unmet need, and risk. To better understand design philosophy, it is important to frame benchmarked performance outcomes in the context of the ideal state. Careful consideration of erectile anatomy and physiology, including flaccid state, transitional phases, and full tumescence, informs penile prosthesis design philosophy and provides the foundation for product advancement.

"Mão na cabeça!": abordagem policial, racismo e violência estrutural entre jovens negros de três capitais do Nordeste / "Hands up!": Police stop-and-frisk, racism and structural violence among black youth from three capitals in the Brazilian Northeast

Resumo A intersecção entre raça, classe social, pertencimento territorial e perfil etário tem sido determinante na produção dos critérios de suspeição na prática policial brasileira. Jovens negros, pobres e moradores de favelas configuram o público alvo das abordagens policiais. Propõe-se, neste artigo, apresentar os resultados do estudo que explorou experiências e percepções de jovens negros(as) pertencentes a bairros socialmente vulneráveis e/ou com altos índices de violência nas cidades de Salvador, Recife e Fortaleza, relacionadas com abordagem policial. A pesquisa foi guiada pelas seguintes questões: como jovens negros vivenciam e (re)significam a relação com a polícia e, mais especificamente, a abordagem policial? Em que medida marcadores de pertencimento social, tais como perfil racial, classe e território, influenciam no processo de abordagem? Foi realizado um estudo qualitativo através de grupos focais, rodas de conversa e entrevistas semiestruturadas com jovens negro(as) de 15 a 29 anos, moradores de bairros periféricos das três capitais referidas. Os dados revelaram que a segregação racial e o racismo, presentes na estrutura e dinâmicas relacionais da sociedade brasileira, assim como sua negação e/ou certa naturalização, influenciam a "tomada de decisão" e o modo de atuar da polícia frente à juventude negra nas três capitais investigadas.

Abstract The intersection between race, social class, territorial belonging and age profile has been decisive in producing the criteria of suspicion employed by Brazilian police. Young blacks who are poor and inhabit favelas are a prime target for police control actions such as the stop-and-frisk. This article presents the results of a study exploring the experiences and perceptions of police approach as voiced by young blacks from neighborhoods that are socially vulnerable and/or have high levels of violence. The study was carried out in the cities of Salvador, Recife and Fortaleza. The research was guided by the following questions: how do young blacks experience and (re)signify their relationship with the police and, more specifically, the police approach? To what extent do social belonging markers, such as racial profile, class and territory, influence the stop-and-frisk process? A qualitative study was carried out by means of focus groups, conversation circles and semi-structured interviews with black youths aged 15 to 29 living in peripheral neighborhoods of the three aforementioned capitals. The data revealed that racial segregation and racism present in the structure and relational dynamics of Brazilian society - as well as its denial and/or naturalization - influence the police's "decision-making" and way of dealing with black youth in the three investigated capitals.

Factors associated with low birthweight: a case-control study in a city of Minas Gerais / Fatores associados ao baixo peso ao nascer: estudo caso-controle em cidade de Minas Gerais

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the many factors regarding socioeconomic and healthcare-related variables linked to maternal diseases and the possible impact of the environmental disaster of Mariana, given the prenatal exposure to different water sources for human consumption that were associated with low birthweight in full-term live births in the Municipal Hospital of Governador Valadares, Minas Gerais. METHODS Case-control study, carried out with live births at the Municipal Hospital of Governador Valadares, from May 2017 to July 2018. The case group consisted of full-term live births and low birthweight, and the control group consisted of full-term live births with adequate weight, matched by gender and date of birth. For each case, two controls were selected. Data collection was performed through interviews with the puerperal women, and complementary information was obtained by analyzing the prenatal card and medical records. For data analysis, logistic regression was performed. RESULTS The study included 65 live births from the case group and 130 from the control group. After the analysis was adjusted for other factors under study, we found that the higher risks of low birthweight are associated with the first childbirth (OR = 2.033; 95%CI = 1.047-3.948; p = 0.036), smoking during pregnancy (OR = 2.850; 95%CI = 1.013-8.021; p = 0.047) and consumption of water supplied by the municipalities affected by the tailings from the Fundão dam failure (RC = 2.444; 95%CI = 1.203-4.965; p = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS The variables "water consumed during pregnancy," "previous pregnancies" and "maternal smoking" were associated with low birthweight in the population studied. The importance of epidemiological studies that assess water quality and its adverse health effects is reinforced, as well as greater prenatal control of first-time pregnant women and greater support of policies against smoking, especially during pregnancy.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar os fatores socioeconômicos, demográficos, ambientais, reprodutivos, comportamentais, de assistência à saúde, doenças maternas e, sobretudo, o possível impacto do desastre ambiental ocorrido em Mariana, pela exposição pré-natal a diferentes fontes de água para consumo humano, associados ao baixo peso ao nascer em nascidos vivos a termo no Hospital Municipal de Governador Valadares, Minas Gerais. MÉTODOS Estudo caso-controle, realizado com nascidos vivos no Hospital Municipal de Governador Valadares, no período de maio de 2017 a julho de 2018. O grupo caso foi composto por nascidos vivos a termo e baixo peso ao nascer e o grupo controle, por nascidos vivos a termo e com peso adequado, pareados por sexo e data de nascimento. Para cada caso foram selecionados dois controles. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de entrevista com as puérperas e informações complementares foram obtidas pela análise do cartão de pré-natal e prontuários. Para análise dos dados, foi realizada regressão logística. RESULTADOS Participaram do estudo 65 nascidos vivos pertencentes ao grupo caso e 130 ao grupo controle. Após a análise ajustada para os demais fatores em estudo, verificou-se que os riscos mais elevados de baixo peso ao nascer estão associados aos primeiros filhos (RC = 2,033; IC95% = 1,047-3,948; p = 0,036) e aos nascidos vivos cujas mães utilizaram cigarro durante a gestação (RC = 2,850; IC95% = 1,013-8,021; p = 0,047) e consumiram a água fornecida pelos serviços de abastecimento dos municípios atingidos pelos rejeitos provenientes do rompimento da barragem de Fundão (RC = 2,444; IC95% = 1,203-4,965; p = 0,013). CONCLUSÕES A água consumida na gestação, primiparidade e tabagismo materno apresentaram associação com baixo peso ao nascer na população estudada. Reforça-se a importância de estudos epidemiológicos, que avaliem a qualidade da água e seus efeitos adversos na saúde, assim como maior controle no pré-natal das gestantes que terão o primeiro filho e maior apoio das políticas contra o tabagismo, especialmente durante a gravidez.

Algunas consideraciones sobre aplicación, cálculo e interpretación de odds ratio y riesgo relativo / Some considerations on application, calculation and interpretation of odds ratio and relative risk

El riesgo relativo y el odds ratio son dos medidas de la fuerza de asociación en las investigaciones clínicas y epidemiológicas. El riesgo relativo corresponde a la razón de dos tasas de incidencia, las personas expuestas a un posible factor de riesgo y la de los no expuestos a ese factor. El odds corresponde a la razón entre dos odds y un odds. Este último es un cociente entre la probabilidad de que ocurra un evento determinado y la probabilidad de que no ocurra dicho evento. El riesgo relativo puede ser estimado en diseños prospectivos y retrospectivos, mientras que el odds ratio se puede calcular en estudios prospectivos, retrospectivos y transversales analíticos, y bajo ciertas condiciones pueden reemplazar al riesgo relativo. Por medio de algunas interrogantes y ejemplos didácticos, este artículo expone las bases metodológicas y estadísticas de manera sencilla, acerca de estas dos medidas, con el propósito de que en el ámbito de las ciencias de la salud, los investigadores puedan hacer una correcta interpretación y uso de ellos(AU)

Relative risk and odds ratio are two measures of the association strength in clinical and epidemiological investigations. The relative risk corresponds to the ratio of two incidence rates, those exposed to a possible risk factor and those not exposed to that factor. Odds correspond to the ratio of two odds to one odds. The latter is a quotient between the probability that a certain event occurs and the probability that said event does not occur. Relative risk can be estimated in prospective and retrospective designs, while odds ratio can be calculated in analytical prospective, retrospective and cross-sectional studies, and under certain conditions they can replace relative risk. Relative risk can be estimated in prospective and retrospective designs, while odds ratio can be calculated in analytical prospective, retrospective and cross-sectional studies, and under certain conditions they can replace relative risk. By means of some questions and didactic examples, this article presents the methodological and statistical bases about these two measures, in a simple way, aiming to help researchers to make a correct interpretation and use of them, in the field of health sciences(AU)

A comparative study of lipid profile in patients with and without infective hepatitis

Background: Liver plays a central role in lipid metabolism. Liver carries out some important functions in lipid metabolism like liver facilitates the digestion and absorption of lipids by the production of bile, which contains cholesterol and bile salts synthesized within the liver de novo or from uptake of lipoprotein cholesterol, the liver has active enzyme system for synthesizing and oxidizing fatty acids and for synthesizing triacylglycerols and phospholipids, synthesis of the ketone bodies, it plays an integral part in the synthesis and metabolism of plasma lipoproteins. The objective was to compare lipid profile in patients with and without infective hepatitis.Methods: Hospital based cross sectional comparative study was carried out among 112 cases. The patients were divided as having infective hepatitis (69) called cases and not having infective hepatitis (43) called controls. Concentration of serum total cholesterol was determined by Carr and Drekter method. Concentration of serum HDL cholesterol was determined by Carr and Drekter method. Concentration of serum triglyceride level was determined by enzymatic end point peroxidase coupled method.Results: Total cholesterol, VLDL, LDL and triglycerides have been found to be significantly higher in cases of infective hepatitis compared to control. The HDL value was also significantly deranged i.e. significantly lower in cases compared to controls (p <0.05). Thus, it was clear that infective hepatitis deranges the lipid profile of the patients.Conclusions: Lipid profile can be used as sensitive indicators of hepatic function and may have diagnostic and prognostic importance in infective hepatitis.

Utilidad del oleozón tópico en la gingivitis crónica fibroedematosa / Usefulness of topic Oleozón® in chronic fibro-edematous gingivitis

RESUMEN Introducción: La constante y diversa disponibilidad de nuevos fármacos, nos ofrece opciones alternativas de tratamiento. El oleozón tópico es un medicamento aun en experimento y validación de sus indicaciones. Existen suficientes evidencias de su efecto antimicrobiano y cicatrizante. Objetivo: evaluar la eficacia del oleozón tópico en el tratamiento de la gingivitis crónica fibroedematosa. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio experimental y aleatorizado. El período de estudio fue de septiembre de 2015 a junio de 2017. Se tomó una muestra de 60 pacientes pertenecientes al municipio de Palmira, entre 18 y 35 años, con diagnóstico de gingivitis crónica fibroedematosa que acudieron a los servicios en el período comprendido, luego de cumplir los criterios de inclusión y consentimiento informado, se dividieron de forma aleatorizada simple en dos grupos: estudio y control. Se utilizaron métodos del nivel teórico, histórico- lógico, documental en la revisión bibliográfica y teórica del tema de investigación, inducción - deducción para el análisis de los propósitos y pasos lógicos de la investigación. Resultados: a pesar de no encontrar diferencias significativas entre los grupos de pacientes tratados con oleozón tópico y clohexidina, recomendamos su inclusión en las Guías Prácticas de Estomatología, como tratamiento alternativo de la gingivitis crónica fibroedematosa. Conclusiones: no se encontraron diferencias significativas respecto a la eficacia del oleozón tópico y clohexidina en el tratamiento de la gingivitis crónica fibroedematosa, ambos tratamientos fueron resolutivos por igual en la mayoría de los casos.

ABSTRACT Introduction: the constant and diverse availability of new drugs offers alternative options of treatment. The topic Oleozón® is a drug that is still being tested and validated. There are evidences enough of its antimicrobial and healing effect. Objective: to evaluate the efficacy of topic Oleozón® in the treatment of chronic fibro-edematous gingivitis. Material and method: an experimental randomized study was carried out. The studied period was September 2015-June 2017. The sample were 60 patients living in the municipality of Palmira, aged 18-35 years old, with diagnosis of chronic fibro-edematous gingivitis who assisted the dental services in the before mentioned period and fulfilled the inclusion criteria and gave their informed consent. They were randomly divided into two groups: the study and the control groups. There were used methods of the theoretic, logic-historical and documental level in the bibliographic and theoretical review of the research theme, the induction-deduction method for the analyses of the purposes and logical steps of the research. Results: although there were not found significant differences between the groups of patients treated with topic Oleozón® and clorhexidine, the authors recommend their inclusion in Guias Prácticas de Estomatología as an alternative treatment of the chronic fibro-edematous gingivitis. Conclusions: there were not found significant differences between the groups of patients treated with topic Oleozón® and clorhexidine in the treatment of chronic fibro-edematous gingivitis; both treatments were decisive at the same level in most of the cases.