Reflections on nomenclature and expansion of surgical indications for endoscopic spinal surgery / 国际外科学杂志

In recent years, with the development and maturity of endoscopic technique, endoscopic spinal surgery represented by water media and optical rigid endoscope has been widely used in the treatment of many disorders in the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine. Endoscopic spinal surgery shows similar clinical effects as traditional open surgery or other minimally invasive procedures, and is favored by spinal surgeons due to its advantages of less trauma and rapid recovery after surgery. However, the large-scale application of endoscopic technique brings problems such as non-standard nomenclature and unreasonable indications. Therefore, this article will summarize the surgical nomenclature and indications of endoscopic spinal surgery, in order to provide a reference for spinal surgeons to understand and apply endoscopic technology reasonably.

Contributing to the advancement of the state-of-the-art in biodiversity research: the role of FAPESP in the last 60 years / Contribuindo para o avanço do estado da arte da pesquisa em biodiversidade: o papel da FAPESP nos últimos 60 anos

Abstract Since its creation in 1960, the São Paulo State Research Foundation (FAPESP) has been supporting biodiversity research; however, in the early years, this large umbrella was still divided into botany, ecology, and zoology. This support became more effective by the establishment of the Research Program on Characterization, Conservation, and Sustainable Use of the Biodiversity of São Paulo State, better known as the BIOTA/FAPESP Program, in 1999. The program adopted the definition of biodiversity of the Convention on Biological Diversity and focused on 4 priorities: a) advancing scientific knowledge about Brazilian biodiversity; b) training high-level personnel (master's degrees, PhDs and postdocs) to carry out biodiversity research; c) transferring the advancement of knowledge to improve public policies on biodiversity conservation and restoration; and d) transferring private sector knowledge to economically explore the potential of Brazilian biodiversity by using it sustainably. This paper summarizes the major achievements of the BIOTA/FAPESP Program, now entering its third decade of existence.

Resumo: Desde sua criação em 1960, a Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) vem apoiando a pesquisa em biodiversidade, embora nos primeiros anos este grande guarda-chuva tenha sido dividido em botânica, ecologia e zoologia. Este apoio tornou-se mais efetivo com a criação em 1999 do Programa de Pesquisa em Caracterização, Conservação e Uso Sustentável da Biodiversidade do Estado de São Paulo, mais conhecido como Programa BIOTA/FAPESP. O Programa adotou a definição de biodiversidade da Convenção sobre Diversidade Biológica, e focalizou em 4 prioridades: a) o avanço do conhecimento científico sobre a biodiversidade brasileira, b) o treinamento pessoal de alto nível (mestrado, doutorado e pós-doutorado) para a realização de pesquisas em biodiversidade, c) a transferência do avanço do conhecimento para melhorar as políticas públicas de conservação e restauração da biodiversidade, d) a transferência para o setor privado do conhecimento para explorar economicamente o potencial da biodiversidade brasileira, utilizando-o de forma sustentável. Este documento resume as principais realizações do Programa BIOTA/FAPESP, atualmente denominado Programa de Pesquisa em Caracterização, Conservação, Restauração e Uso Sustentável da Biodiversidade, agora entrando em sua terceira década de existência.

Implementation of UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in public and private schools in three districts of Uganda

The study was grounded in the recent developments of implementing the United Nations Convention on the Right of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD) in schools in Uganda, leading to a renewed interest in the questionings about inclusive education. Objectives: The inclusive approach was evaluated in terms of: (1) how public or private schools in Uganda understand inclusive education; (2) how schools implement inclusive education under the influence of the UN Convention; and (3) what determines the course of action and school routine of private and state schools. Methods: This exploratory qualitative research included interviews with six schools purposively selected in Mukono, Wakiso and Kampala districts of Central Uganda. The selected schools comprised three private and three state schools (i.e. representing primary and secondary schools and a vocational training institute). Results: The research demonstrated that 'inclusive education practice' that was upheld by all the schools, was ironically stained with exclusion, for example, by non-admission of students with visual and hearing impairment, inaccessible physical environment, inadequate funding and separation of students according to abilities. However, whilst all schools followed the regular curriculum, some schools developed their own ways of teaching learners with diverse learning needs. Conclusion: Some schools in Uganda have developed meaningful approaches of including students with disabilities but there are still many challenges for many. Enforcing Uganda's disability policies adapted from the CRPDs could enable learners with disabilities to enjoy their legal rights. Contribution: Since the intention of inclusion of students with disabilities stands in contrast to the reality of practice found in many schools, there seems to be a need to carry out regular assessments and measures of support for a sustainable inclusive school development

Explorando el sistema de protección de la niñez en Honduras / Exploring the child protection system in Honduras / Explorando o sistema de proteção infantil em Honduras

Resumen (analítico): Se exploran las prácticas institucionales que facilitan u obstaculizan la protección de derechos de niños, niñas y adolescentes en el sistema de protección de la niñez en Honduras a través de sus diferentes etapas. Desde un diseño de Etnografía Institucional, se realizaron entrevistas a catorce trabajadores de instituciones que trabajan con niñez, y a tres residentes en un domicilio de protección. Como resultado, se identificaron múltiples instancias de denuncia, y una estrecha comunicación entre las mismas. Sin embargo, existe carencia de recursos en el sistema, y prejuicios contra adolescentes de la comunidad LGTBIQ; así como prácticas alimentadas por una concepción tradicional de la niñez. El sistema no solamente parece incumplir con algunos principios de la Convención, sino que se encuentra desbordado por precarias condiciones del contexto nacional.

Abstract (analytical) This study explores institutional practices that either facilitate or hinder the protection of the rights of children and adolescents in the child protection system in Honduras. The research focuses on the different stages that users go through when they request services. Using an institutional ethnography design, semistructured interviews were held with 14 workers from institutions that work with users in the system, as well as with three adolescents living in a protection home were conducted. The main results found that there are multiple mechanisms for reporting cases of child abuse, as well as close communication between the different mechanisms. However, there is a lack of resources in the system as well as prejudice against adolescents from the LGTBIQ community; also, practices are fed by a traditional conception of childhood. The system doesn't just violate some of the principles of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, but that its work is overwhelmed by the precarious conditions in the national context.

Resumo (analítico) Este estudo teve como objetivo explorar práticas institucionais que facilitam ou dificultam a proteção dos direitos das crianças e adolescentes no sistema de proteção à criança em Honduras, através das diferentes etapas. Para isso, com base no desenho de Etnografia Institucional, foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com quatorze trabalhadores de instituições governamentais e não governamentais e com três adolescentes residentes em um lar de proteção. Entre os principais resultados, constatou-se que existem várias instâncias para relatar casos de abuso infantil, bem como uma estreita comunicação entre elas. No entanto, havia também falta de recursos nas instituições que compõem o sistema, bem preconceitos contra adolescentes da comunidade LGTBIQ. Na análise, muitas práticas são alimentadas por uma concepção tradicional da infância. Por outro lado, o sistema de proteção à criança parece não apenas violar alguns dos princípios da Convenção, mas que seu trabalho é sobrecarregado por precárias condições do contexto nacional.

Implementación del Convenio Marco de la Organization Mundial de la Salud para el Control del Tabaco y la Prevention del Cáncer en Colombia / Implementation in Colombia of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control to Prevent Cancer: Achievements and Challenges / Implementação do Convenção-Quadro para o Controle do Tabaco e a prevenção do cancro na Colômbia

Resumen Introducción: el tabaquismo es un problema global. Un problema tan importante que hizo que la Organización Mundial de la Salud liderara el Convenio Marco Para el Control del Tabaco, del cual son parte la gran mayoría de países del mundo. En ese contexto, Colombia ha realizado varias acciones para reducir la prevalencia del tabaquismo; estas acciones están enmarcadas en el Plan Decenal para el Control del Cáncer 2012-2021. Desarrollo: se analizó la implementación de las acciones planteadas por el Plan Decenal para el Control del Cáncer y su correlación con el Convenio Marco de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, bajo la implementación del Plan de Medidas MPOWER. Conclusiones: Colombia ha implementado varias estrategias para el control del tabaco, enmarcadas en el Plan Decenal para el Control del Cáncer. Entre estas estrategias, se encuentra un sistema de vigilancia del consumo de tabaco, políticas de control, espacios cien por ciento libres de humo de tabaco, el Programa para la Cesación del Consumo de Tabaco y Atención del Tabaquismo, advertencias sanitarias moderadas, campanas de comunicación, prohibición completa de publicidad, promoción y patrocinio, así como un aumento de los impuestos al tabaco. A pesar de estas implementaciones, el reto actual es intervenir aquellas medidas en las que menos se ha trabajado o que han tenido menor resultado para lograr que el control del tabaquismo sea más efectivo; también es necesario hacer frente al uso de cigarrillos electrónicos. Las medidas descritas deberían implementarse sin la interferencia de la industria tabacalera.

Abstract Introduction: Smoking is a global issue that motived the World Health Organization to lead the Framework Convention on Tobacco, adopted by many countries. In that context, Colombia has carried out some actions to reduce smoking prevalence, taking into account the Ten-Year Plan for Cancer Control 20122021. Development: This article analyzes the implementation of the actions proposed by the Ten-Year Plan for Cancer Control 2012-2021 and its correlation with the Framework Convention on Tobacco's MPOWER Package. Conclusion: Colombia has implemented some strategies to control smoking through the Ten-Year Plan for Cancer Control 2012-2021, such as the smoking monitoring system, control policies, smoke-free areas, the National Program for Smoking Cessation, moderate health warnings, communication campaigns, total restriction to any kind of advertisement and promotion, and raising tax of tobacco products. In spite of those achievements, it is necessary to strengthen the weakest strategies to reduce smoking, as well as facing electronic cigarette use. These actions must be carried out without tobacco industry interference.

Resumo Introdução: o tabaquismo é um problema global que orientou à Organização Mundial da Saúde a liderar o Convenção-Quadro para o Controle do Tabaco, do qual são parte a grande maioria de países. Nesse contexto, a Colômbia tem realizado várias ações para reduzir a prevalência do tabaquismo enquadradas no Plano Decenal para o Controle do Cancro 2012-2021. Desenvolvimento: se analisa a implementação das ações apresentadas pelo Plano Decenal para o Controle do Cancro e sua correlação com a Convenção-Quadro sob a implementação do Plano de Medidad MPOWER. Conclusões: a Colômbia tem implementado várias estratégias para o controle do tabaco enquadradas no Plano Decenal para o Controle do Cancro entre as que se encontra o sistema de vigilância de consumo de tabaco, políticas de controle, espaços 100 % livres de fumo de tabaco, o Programa Nacional para a Cessação, advertências sanitárias moderadas, campanhas de comunicação, proibição completa de publicidade, promoção e patrocínio e aumento dos impostos ao tabaco. Apesar do anterior, o desafio é intervir nas medidas com maior retrocesso para conseguir que o controle do tabaquismo seja mais efetivo; também é necessário enfrentar ao uso de cigarros eletrônicos. O anterior, sem interferência da indústria do tabaco.

Perspectivas del Uso de la Amalgama Dental bajo el Convenio de Minamata: Tendencias Nacionales e Internacionales / Perspectives of the Use of Dental Amalgam Under the Minamata Convention: National and International Tendencies / Perspectivas para o uso de amálgama dental sob a Convenção de Minamata: tendências nacionais e internacionais

Resumen El objetivo de este artículo de revisión es abordar el tema de la amalgama dental en relación con el Convenido de Minamata Sobre el Mercurio. Las decisiones que, al amparo de dicho convenio, se vienen tomando en el mundo, incluyendo Colombia, y que afectan la continuidad de la amalgama como material de restauración dental, siendo esto agravado por los altos niveles de prevalencia de la caries dental a nivel global. Se revisa la posición de algunas organizaciones internacionales y sus decisiones basadas en lo que la evidencia científica disponible muestra sobre la toxicidad y biocompatibilidad de la amalgama, y sus posibles materiales de reemplazo. Se revisa el panorama nacional y el impacto de las decisiones gubernamentales sobre la profesión odontológica.

Abstract The aim of this review article is to address the issue of dental amalgam in relation to the Minamata Convention on Mercury. The decisions that, under this convention, are being taken in the world, including Colombia, and which affect the continuity of amalgam as dental restoration material, this is being aggravated due to the high levels of prevalence of dental caries globally. The position of some international organizations, their decisions based on the available scientific evidence about the toxicity and biocompatibility of amalgam, and its possible replacement materials are reviewed. The national landscape and the impact of government decisions on the dental profession are reviewed.

Sumário O objetivo deste artigo de revisão é abordar a questão da amálgama dental em relação ao Acordo de Minamata sobre Mercúrio. As decisões que, sob este acordo, estão sendo tomadas no mundo, incluindo a Colômbia, e que afetam a continuidade do amálgama como material de restauração dentária, agravadas pelos altos níveis de prevalência mundial de cárie dentária. A posição de algumas organizações internacionais e suas decisões são revisadas com base no que as evidências científicas disponíveis mostram sobre a toxicidade e biocompatibilidade do amálgama e seus possíveis materiais de substituição. A paisagem nacional e o impacto das decisões do governo na profissão odontológica são revistos.

El nuevo tratamiento del régimen de la capacidad en el Código Civil peruano / E novo tratamento do regime da capacidade no Código Civil peruano / The new treatment of the capacity regime in the Peruvian Civil Code

Resumen: El Perú cuenta con un nuevo tratamiento de la capacidad en el Código Civil de 1984, logrando un acercamiento a las directrices de las Naciones Unidas en pro de la autonomía y la plena capacidad jurídica de las personas con discapacidad. Mediante las últimas modificaciones, realizadas por el Decreto Legislativo Nº 1384, se unen varios aspectos inconclusos en torno a los derechos de las personas con discapacidad, sobre la base del respeto a los derechos humanos de todos los ciudadanos, especialmente en cuanto a su dignidad, autonomía e igualdad ante la ley. El modelo social vigente remplaza el régimen de sustitución de la voluntad de las personas incapaces, por uno de asistencia a través de los denominados apoyos y salvaguardias. Toda persona, independientemente de su capacidad, es un sujeto de derecho libre de tomar y responder de sus decisiones personales.

Resumo: O Peru conta com um novo tratamento da capacidade no Código Cicil de 1984, alcançando acercar-se das diretrizes das Nações Unidas em prol da autonomia e da plena capacidade jurídica das pessoas com incapacidade. Mediante as últimas modificações realizadas pelo Decreto Legislativo Nº 1384, unem-se vários aspectos inacabados em torno dos direitos das pessoas com incapacidade sobre uma base de respeito aos direitos humanos de todos os cidadãos, especialmente quanto a sua dignidade, autonomia e igualdade perante a lei. O modelo social vigente troca o regime de substituição da vontade das pessoas incapazes por um de assistência através dos denominados apoios e salvaguardas. Toda pessoa, independentemente de sua capacidade, é um sujeito de direito livre para tomar e responder por suas decisões pessoais.

Abstract: Peru has a new capacity treatment in the Civil Code of 1984, achieving an approach to the guidelines of the United Nations in favor of the autonomy and full legal capacity of persons with disabilities. Through the latest modifications made by Legislative Decree N. 1384, several unfinished aspects are linked to the rights of persons with disabilities based on respect for the human rights of all citizens, especially in terms of their dignity, autonomy and equality before the law. The current social model replaces the regime of substitution of the will of the incapable by one of assistance through the so-called supports and safeguards. Every person, regardless of their capacity, is a subject of free right to take and respond to their personal decisions.

Estándares de protección del Derecho Humano a la salud en la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos / Standards of Protection of the Human Right to Health in the Inter-American Court of Human Rights

Resumen El derecho a la salud ha sido objeto de análisis por parte de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos, a través de los casos contenciosos donde ha interpretado su contenido y alcance, emitiendo diferentes estándares de protección por medio de una conexión e interrelación entre los derechos humanos a la vida en condiciones de dignidad e integridad personal contenidos en la Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos, así mismo ha identificado diferentes espacios convencionales derivados de las obligaciones internacionales de los Estados Partes, como la posición de garante del Estado ante los grupos vulnerables, los derechos sexuales y reproductivos y la salud mental.

Abstract The right to health has been the subject of analysis by the Inter-American Court of Human rights, through the contentious cases where it has interpreted its content and scope, by emitting different standards of protection, by means of a connection and interrelation of human rights to life in conditions of dignity, and personal integrity, which are contained in the American Convention on Human Rights. Similarly, it has also identified different conventional spaces derived from international obligations from States parties, as the guarantor of the State before the vulnerable groups, sexual and reproductive rights, and mental health.

Improved sensitivity of direct microscopy for Mycobacterium tuberculosis in lymph nodes: comparison of fluorescent microscopy and modified bleach method ZN microscopy along with conventional ZN staining method

Background: Extra pulmonary tuberculosis arises as a result of lymphatic spread from a primary focus. Fine needle aspiration cytology has assumed an important role in the evaluation of peripheral lymphadenopathy as a possible minimally invasive alternative to excisional biopsy. In most low-income countries; the only practically available bacteriologic method for diagnosing EPTB is direct smear microscopy for acid fast bacilli from the sample of the lesion. There are various methods of staining and concentration for improving sensitivity of direct microscopy for detection of tubercle bacilli in specimen.Methods: This prospective study was carried out in the Department of Pathology, Subharti Medical College and associated Chattrapati Shivaji Subharti Hospital, Meerut for a period of 2 years from July 2016 - August 2018 in 151 patients with clinical suspicion of TB and significant lymphadenopathy.Results: AFB positivity increased from 40.39% on conventional ZN stain to 48.34% on modified bleach method ZN stain and to 56.29% on Auramine-O fluorescent stain. Taking fluorescent microscopy (Auramine-O) as reference method the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and diagnostic accuracy of conventional ZN stain and modified bleach method ZN stain were calculated as 71.8%, 100%, 100%, 73.33%, 84.10% and 85.33%,100%,100% ,84.61% ,92.05%, respectively.Conclusions: The addition of fluorescent microscopy (Auramine-O) and modified bleach method ZN microscopy along with conventional ZN staining method would be an important adjunct to improve the microscopic detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in fine-needle aspirates of lymph nodes.

Normas jurídicas de prevención, control del tabaquismo y Convenio Marco para el Control del Tabaco en Cuba / Smoking control prevention juridical norms and Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in Cuba / Normes juridiques de prévention, contrôle du tabagisme et Convention-cadre pour la lutte antitabac à Cuba / Normas jurídicas de prevenção, controlo do tabagismo e Convenção sobre controlo de tabaco em Cuba

Resumen Objetivo: Identificar las normativas jurídicas vigentes para la prevención y control del tabaquismo y describir la situación actual de Cuba en relación a las medidas de reducción de la oferta y la demanda de tabaco del Convenio Marco para el Control del Tabaco y el plan de medidas MPOWER de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal, empleando como métodos, la revisión bibliográfica y análisis de contenido. Resultados: De 1976 a 2017, se establecieron 29 instrumentos jurídicos. Siete tienen alcance nacional y 22 corresponden a Organismos de la Administración Central del Estado (OACE) con alcance limitado a ellos. El tabaquismo se encuentra en 24normativas y en cinco sobre salud en general. Cuba cuenta con normas jurídicas que se relacionan con los artículos referentes a medidas de reducción de la oferta y la demanda de tabaco del Convenio Marco para el Control del Tabaco. Cumple con tres de las seis medidas MPOWER. Conclusiones: Las normativas jurídicas vigentes para la prevención y el control del tabaquismo se encuentran dispersas; las que constituyen medidas económicas son insuficientes y no cumplen con el propósito de reducir la demanda y oferta de los cigarrillos, fundamentalmente a los adolescentes y jóvenes. Una gran parte de las medidas que promulga el Convenio Marco para el Control del Tabaco se encuentran insertadas en las normativas jurídicas vigentes, sin embargo referente a las medidas MPOWER, Cuba cumple con las que precisamente no poseen un carácter legal y económico.

Abstract Objective: To identify the valid smoking and control prevention juridical norms and describe the actual situation in Cuba related to arrangement offer and demand for Framework Convention on Tobacco Control and MPOWER to World Health Organization. Materials and methods: Observational, descriptive and transversal study, employed methods: bibliographical revisions, content analysis. Results: 29 juridical instruments were set up from 1976 to 2017. Seven of them have a national range and the other 22 were set for the Central Government Organizations with limited range. Smoking was set in 24 juridical normative and five references in general health. Cuba has the juridical norms relations for the reference measure to reduce tobacco demand and offer in Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Executes three arrangement to MPOWER. Conclusions: The valid juridical norms for smoking prevention and smoking control are spread out; the economical measure is not enough and does not have the purpose to diminish the cigarette offer and demand, mainly in adolescents and young people. Great part of this measure is inserted in the current Framework Convention on Tobacco Control juridical normative, however referent to MPOWER measures, Cuba carries out into the ones which not have an economical and legal character.

Resumo Objetivo: Identificar as normas jurídicas em vigor na prevenção e no controlo de tabaco e descrever a situação atual de Cuba, em relação as medidas de redução da oferta e da procura do Marco de Convenção para o controlo do tabaco e o plano de medidas MPOWER da Organização Mundial de saúde. Materiais e métodos: Aestudo observacional, descritivo, transversal, utilizando como métodos, a revisão da literatura e a análise de conteúdo. Resultados: De 1976 a 2017, 29 instrumentos jurídicos foram elaborados. Sete tem abrangência nacional e 22 correspondem aos organismos da Administração Central do Estado (OACE) com escopo limitado. O tabagismo está descrito em 24 normativas e em cinco no ãmbito da saúde. Cuba tem legisla9áo que se relaciona com as medidas de redução da oferta e da procura de tabaco no quadro da Convenção sobre controlo de tabaco que cumprem com tres das seis medidas referidas no MPOWER. Conclusões: As normativas jurídicas vigentes para a prevenção e controlo do tabaco estão dispersas; as que constituem medidas económicas são insuficientes e não cumprem com os requisitos para reduzir a procura e a oferta de cigarros, principalmente nos adolescentes e nos jovens. Uma grande parte das medidas promulgadas no quadro da Convenção sobre controlo de tabaco estão inseridas nas normas legais vigentes, todavia em relação as medidas MPOWER, Cuba cumpre com as que precisamente não têm um caráter jurídico e económico.

Résumé Objectif: Identifier les normes juridiques en vigueur pour la prévention et le contrôle du tabagisme et décrire la situation actuelle de Cuba par rapport aux mesures visant à réduire l'offre et la demande de tabac de la Convention-cadre pour la lutte antitabac à Cuba et du programme MPOWER de l'Organisation Mondiale de la Santé. Matériel et méthodes: Étude observationnelle, descriptive et transversale, utilisant comme méthodes la revue de littérature et l'analyse de contenu. Résultats: De 1976 a 2017, 29 instruments juridiques ont été établis. Sept d'entre eux ont une portée nationale et 22 correspondent à des Organismes Centraux d'Administration de l'État (OACE), ayant donc une portée limitée a ceux-ci. Le theme du tabagisme est central dans 24 de ces règlements; dans les cinq autres il est abordé dans le cadre de la santé en général. Cuba possede des normes juridiques liées aux articles concernant les mesures de réduction de l'offre et la demande de tabac de la Convention-cadre pour la lutte antitabac. Trois des six mesures MPOWER sont prises en compte. Conclusions: Les normes juridiques en vigueur pour la prévention et le contrôle du tabagisme sont dispersées; celles qui constituent des mesures économiques sont insuffisantes et ne permettent pas de couvrir l'objectif de réduire la demande et l'offre de cigarettes, principalement aux adolescents et aux jeunes. Une grande partie des mesures promulguées par la Convention-cadre pour la lutte antitabac sont insérées dans la réglementation en vigueur; toutefois, en ce qui concerne les mesures MPOWER, Cuba ne prend en compte que celles qui n'ont pas précisément de caractere juridique et économique.

Smokeless tobacco control: Litigation & judicial measures from Southeast Asia

Recourse to litigation and positive judicial interventions is one of the most effective tools to meet public health objectives. The present review envisions compiling litigation and judicial measures in Southeast Asia Region (SEAR) while assessing their role in advancing smokeless tobacco (SLT) control, and equally highlighting, how tobacco industry has used litigation to undermine tobacco control efforts in the Region. The litigation, especially from the SEAR, up to 2017, that have facilitated SLT control or have been used by the tobacco industry to challenge an SLT control policy decision were reviewed. Most of the litigation related to SLT control from the Region are on pictorial health warnings. Bhutan has imposed a complete prohibition on sale, manufacture and import of all kinds of tobacco products and the litigation there relates to the prosecution of offenders for violating the ban. Judiciary in the Region is well informed about the ill-effects of tobacco use and remains positive to tobacco control initiatives in the interest of public health. In India, several SLT-specific litigation helped in better regulation of SLT products in the country. Litigation has compelled governments for effective enforcement of the domestic tobacco control laws and the World Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). Parties to the WHO FCTC must now use Treaty Article 19 to strengthen their legal procedures and make the tobacco industry liable, for both criminal and civil wrongs.

Content Analysis of Definition and Measurement of Disability: Based on ICF and UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities / 中国康复理论与实践

@#Objective To analyze theoretical frameworks, definitions, terminology and measurements of disability using International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), and United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), to provide a scientific basis for developing definition, classification and measurements to meet international standards.Methods Content analysis had been conducted for the definitions and measurements of disability issued by international organizations using the ICF terminology and code and the definitions of disability and people with disability by CRPD.Results The core concepts and content had been reviewed using the ICF terminology and code, and the definitions of disability and people with disability by CRPD. The contents of definitions of disability proposed by international organizations cover all components of ICF. The contents of standardized disability measurements issued by United Nations or World Health Organization cover all components of ICF and map to CRPD definitions of disability and people with disability as the framework, classification, terminology and coding system had been adopted for the development.Conclusion The definition and measurements had been developed using ICF and CRPD framework, terminology, and coding system of disability. The framework and standard of disability had been constructed. The standard of disability data will implement in the fields of health, rehabilitation, education, employment, community and social services for people with disability to promote data exchange across sectors.

Influence of Nagoya Protocol on traditional Chinese medicine / 中国中药杂志

The three objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) are the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components and the fair and equitable sharing of benefit sarising from the utilization of genetic resources.The Nagoya Protocol significantly advances the CBD's third objective by providing a strong basis for greater legal certainty and transparency for both providers and users of genetic resources.In June 2016, the Chinese government approved the accession to the Nagoya Protocol. The implementation of the Nagoya Protocol is bound to greatly influence the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) as its development relies on medical biological genetic resources.Both the protection and access of medical biological genetic resources and its related traditional knowledge and the introduction, breeding, biosynthesis and the extraction and modification of effective components of medicinal organism are with the prescribed scope of the Nagoya Protocol. In this study, we simply introduce the background and main contents of the Nagoya Protocol in first. We then explore the relationship between the Nagoya Protocol and the TCM.We also analyze the positive effects on the TCM for China to be one of the parties of the Nagoya Protocol and finally make some proposals for better implementation of the Nagoya Protocol.This study has certain reference significance to the resource economy and management of TCM.

La Argentina y la ratificación del CMCT - OMS / Ratification fundaments of the Who Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO-FCTC)

Se fundamenta la necesidad que tiene la Argentina en ratificar el Convenio Marco para el Control del Tabaquismo (CMCT-OMS), permitiéndo le proteger la salud de la población de las enfermedades relacionadas con el consumo del tabaco tanto activo como pasivo.

It is based in the need for Argentina to ratify the Who Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC), allowing improve the protection of public health in diseases related to the consumption of tobacco.

Día Mundial sin Tabaco 2016: prepárate para el empaquetado neutro, 31 de mayo de 2016 / World No Tobacco Day 2016: get ready for the neutral packaging, May 31, 2016

En este artículo se destaca que el empaquetado neutro y el Convenio Marco para el Control del Tabaco (CMCT - OMS) son parte de la campaña antitabaco 2016. Distintas estrategias se vienen realizando todos los años a favor de la salud pública.

This article emphasizes that the neutral packaging and the Who Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC). Different strategies are being made every year for improving public health.

Implementation of Biological Weapons Convention in China / 军事医学

According to the topics of general interest during the Eighth Review Conference of the Biological Weapons Convention,including the implementation of the convention,dual use research,bioterrorism and bio-technology misuse,we can become informed of the current situation of international bio-safety.In line with the reality of China's current bio-safety strategy,corresponding recommendations are made arms control,regarding implementation of the convention,legal systems,and institutional mechanism.

Study on Narcotics and Psychotropic Substances Control( Part Ⅰ):Development and Status Quo of Inter-national Narcotics and Psychotropic Substances Control / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To study the development and status quo of international narcotics and psychotropic substances (NPS)control,and to provide evidence for NPS control in China. METHODS:The development and status quo of NPS control by international organization were summarized and studied through retrieving and collecting literatures,reports and policies about NPS from domestic and foreign databases,news reports and international website. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:International narcot-ics control dated back to opium trade with China in 19th century. International narcotics control system was established preliminarily by Shanghai conference and Haiya conference. The end of World War Ⅰ,the establishment of the League of Nations and the sign-ing of a number of international treaties promoted the development of internal control system. Through World War Ⅱ,the establish-ment of the United Nations and the change of international control organization,a number of international treaties were integrated into Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs in the early 1960s,which was used as the foundation of narcotics control system all round the world. In 1970s,the adoption of Convention on Psychotropic Substances meant psychotropic substances were included in the scope of internal control. In 1980s,the signing of United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psy-chotropic Substances marked the establishment of three conventions system of international NPS control. At present,internal NPS control is based on three conventions system and NPS list by Commission on Narcotic Drugs,International Narcotics Control Board and United Nations International Drug Control Program. The vast majority of countries are parties to that. International control orga-nizations and listed control have a great influence on NPS control all round the world.

Importance of smoke-free for healthy China / 中华流行病学杂志

After WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control coming into force for 11 years,the tobacco control has made progress in the world and China.Development and implementation of tobacco control policy are fundamental for tobacco control.This paper introduces the effects of different tobacco control policies in different countries,summarizes the progress and challenges in prohibiting smoking in public place in China.In China,the goal of health for all can be only met by achieving smoke-free.

Importance of smoke-free for healthy China / 中华流行病学杂志

After WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control coming into force for 11 years,the tobacco control has made progress in the world and China.Development and implementation of tobacco control policy are fundamental for tobacco control.This paper introduces the effects of different tobacco control policies in different countries,summarizes the progress and challenges in prohibiting smoking in public place in China.In China,the goal of health for all can be only met by achieving smoke-free.