A new method for calculating copper content and determining appropriate copper levels in foods

ABSTRACT Since the amount of food can affect the copper content, the copper content of different amounts of food (except foods without copper) is different. The copper content of some foods is inappropriately calculated per 100 kcal, 100 g or 100 mL, or the reference amount customarily consumed (RACC). Thus, making some food choices based on these calculations to achieve adequate copper intake may increase the risk of some chronic diseases. Calculating the copper content and determining appropriate copper levels (to achieve adequate copper intake) based on U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC), and the proposed method were performed in 7,379 food items. Making some food choices based on the FDA and CAC per serving (the serving is derived from the RACC) or CAC per 100 g or 100 mL to achieve adequate copper intake exceeded energy needs, which could lead to overweight or obesity. Making some food choices based on the CAC per 100 kcal or CAC per 100 g or 100 mL to achieve adequate copper intake did not meet copper requirements, which could lead to copper deficiency. Some foods that met copper requirements were not appropriate food choices based on the CAC per 100 g or 100 mL or CAC per serving to achieve adequate copper intake. On the basis of the proposed method, calculating the copper content and determining appropriate copper levels in foods are performed by considering RACCs and the energy content of foods. Thus, making food choices based on the proposed method met copper requirements and did not exceed energy needs.

RESUMEN Dado que la cantidad de alimento puede afectar el contenido de cobre, el contenido de cobre de diferentes cantidades de alimentos (excepto los alimentos sin cobre) puede ser diferente. El contenido de cobre de algunos alimentos se calcula incorrectamente por 100 kcal, 100 g o 100 mL, o la cantidad de referencia habitualmente consumida (RACC). Por lo tanto, elegir algunos alimentos en función de ellos para lograr una ingesta adecuada de cobre puede aumentar los riesgos de algunas enfermedades crónicas. El cálculo del contenido de cobre y la determinación de los niveles apropiados de cobre (para lograr una ingesta adecuada de cobre) en 7.379 alimentos según métodos de la Administración de Drogas y Alimentos de los Estados Unidos (FDA), la Comisión del Codex Alimentarius (CAC) y por el método propuesto en este trabajo. La elección de alimentos basadas en la FDA y el CAC por porción (la porción se deriva del RACC) o CAC por 100 g o 100 ml, para lograr una ingesta adecuada de cobre, excedió las necesidades energéticas, lo que podría provocar sobrepeso u obesidad. La elección de alimentos basadas en el CAC por 100 kcal o CAC por 100 g o 100 ml para lograr una ingesta adecuada de cobre no cumplió con los requisitos de cobre, lo que podría conducir a una deficiencia de cobre. Algunos alimentos que cumplían con los requisitos de cobre no eran opciones de alimentos adecuadas según el CAC por 100 g o 100 ml o el CAC por porción, para lograr una ingesta adecuada de cobre. Sobre la base del método propuesto, el cálculo del contenido de cobre y la determinación de los niveles apropiados de cobre en los alimentos se realizaron considerando las RACC y el contenido energético de los alimentos. Por lo tanto, la elección de alimentos basada en el método propuesto cumplió con los requisitos de cobre y no excedió las necesidades energéticas.

Fenótipo distinto da doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica em pacientes com níveis reduzidos de cobre livre e ceruloplasmina / Distinct phenotype of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with low levels of free copper and of ceruloplasmin

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Copper deficiency has been linked to alterations in lipid metabolism and hepatic steatosis. Oxidative stress plays a role in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). One of the enzymes that neutralize oxidative stress is Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase, which depends on the availability of adequate amounts of copper. OBJECTIVE: Correlate the levels of ceruloplasmin and of non-ceruloplasmin-bound copper (NCBC) with clinical, biochemical and histological parameters of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients. METHODS: Data from 95 consecutively admitted NAFLD patients who underwent liver biopsy composed the groups based on ceruloplasmin levels lower than 25 mg/dL and on negative NCBC. The risk factors for NAFLD in each group were compared. RESULTS: Body mass index was lower in patients with ceruloplasmin <25 mg/dL (29.1±3.47 vs 32.8±6.24 kg/m2; P=0.005) as were the levels of LDL, HDL and total cholesterol, when compared with their counterparts with ceruloplasmin >25 mg/dL (101±38 vs 116±35 mg/dL, P=0.05; 43±9 vs 51±16 mg/dL, P=0.01; 174±43 vs 197±39 mg/dL, P=0.01, respectively). Mean serum ferritin levels were higher in the ceruloplasmin <25 mg/dL group (343±327 vs 197±190 ng/mL; P=0.02). Otherwise, patients with negative NCBC had higher HOMA-IR (8.2±14.7 vs 4.6±3.7; P=0.03). Age, gender, hypertension and diabetes showed no statistical difference. CONCLUSION: Patients with NAFLD had different clinical and biochemical markers according to the levels of NCBC and ceruloplasmin.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: A deficiência de cobre tem sido relacionada a alterações no metabolismo lipídico e esteatose hepática. O estresse oxidativo desempenha um papel fundamental na fisiopatologia da doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica. Uma das enzimas que neutralizam o estresse oxidativo é a Cobre/Zinco superoxido dismutase, que depende da disponibilidade de quantidades adequadas de cobre. OBJETIVO: Correlacionar os níveis de ceruloplasmina e de cobre não ligado à ceruloplasmina (NCBC) com parâmetros clínicos, bioquímicos e histológicos de pacientes com doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica (DHGNA). MÉTODOS: Dados de 95 pacientes com DHGNA internados consecutivamente e submetidos à biópsia hepática compuseram os grupos com base em níveis de ceruloplasmina inferiores a 25 mg/dL e em NCBC negativo. Os fatores de risco para DHGNA em cada grupo foram comparados. RESULTADOS: O índice de massa corporal foi menor nos pacientes com ceruloplasmina <25 mg/dL (29,1±3,47 vs 32,8±6,24 kg/m2; P=0,005), assim como os níveis de LDL, HDL e colesterol total, quando comparados aos seus pares com ceruloplasmina >25 mg/dL (101±38 vs 116±35 mg/dL, P=0,05; 43±9 vs 51±16 mg/dL, P=0,01; 174±43 vs 197±39 mg/dL, P=0,01, respectivamente). Os níveis médios de ferritina sérica foram maiores no grupo ceruloplasmina <25 mg/dL (343±327 vs 197±190 mg/mL; P=0,02). Os pacientes com NCBC negativo apresentaram maior HOMA-IR (8,2±14,7 vs 4,6±3,7; P=0,03). Idade, sexo, hipertensão e diabetes não mostraram diferença estatística. CONCLUSÃO: Pacientes com DHGNA apresentaram diferentes marcadores clínicos e bioquímicos de acordo com os níveis de NCBC e ceruloplasmina.

Degenerative axonopathy associated with copper deficiency in pigs / Axonopatia degenerativa associada com deficiência de cobre em suínos

The epidemiological, clinic and morphological (pathological and ultrastructural) aspects of four outbreaks of copper deficiency affecting 21- to 90-day-old pigs in the Northeast region of Brazil are reported. Clinical signs began with paraparesis and ataxia and progressed to flaccid or spastic paralysis of the pelvic and thoracic limbs, followed by sternal and/or lateral recumbence. In addition, some animals showed dog-sitting position and intention tremors. The clinical manifestation period was 5-20 days. Significant gross lesions were not observed; however, microscopically, symmetrical degeneration of the white matter with ballooned myelin sheaths containing occasional macrophages was observed, mainly in the spinal cord. Two pigs presented with necrosis ad loss of Purkinje cells and ectopic Purkinje cells in the granular layer and cerebellar white matter. A ultrastructural analysis showed different degrees of damage of myelinated axons in the spinal segments, including an absence of the axoplasm structures with only axonal residues remaining. The myelin sheaths were degenerated and often collapsed into the space previously occupied by the axon. These results suggest that myelin degeneration is secondary to the axonal lesion. Finally, the concentration of copper in the liver was determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry and was found to be low (ranging from 2.2 to 10.8 ppm). In conclusion, in the Brazilian semiarid region, Cu deficiency occurs in 21 to 90-day-old pigs that ingested different types of waste in their food.(AU)

São relatados os achados epidemiológicos, clínicos e morfológicos (patológicos e ultraestruturais) de quatro surtos de deficiência de cobre em suínos afetados entre 21 e 90 dias de idade na região Nordeste do Brasil. Os sinais clínicos iniciaram com paraparesia e ataxia, que progrediu a paralisia flácida ou espástica dos membros pélvicos e torácicos, seguido de decúbito esternal e/ou lateral. Além disso, alguns animais apresentaram posição de cão sentado e tremores de intenção. O período de manifestação clínica variou de 5-20 dias. Não foram observadas lesões macroscópicas significativas; no entanto, microscopicamente, foi observada degeneração simétrica da substância branca com fragmentação das bainhas de mielina, contendo ocasionais macrófagos, principalmente na medula espinal. Dois suínos apresentaram necrose e perda de células de Purkinje e células de Purkinje ectópicos na camada granular da substância branca cerebelar. A análise ultraestrutural mostrou diferentes graus de lesões em axônios mielinizados em segmentos da medula espinhal, incluindo o desaparecimento de estruturas do axoplasma, restando apenas restos axonais. A bainha de mielina encontrava-se degenerada e muitas vezes, colapsada dentro do espaço previamente ocupado pelo axônio. Esses resultados sugerem que a degeneração da mielina é secundária à lesão axonal. Finalmente, a concentração do cobre no fígado foi determinada usando espectrometria de absorção atômica e revelou baixos valores (variando de 2,2-10,8ppm). Conclui-se que na região semiárida do Brasil ocorre deficiência de cobre em suínos de 21 a 90 dias de idade alimentados com diferentes tipos de resíduos.(AU)

Histopathological and biochemical findings of congenital copper deficiency: are these similar to those of caprine arthritis-encephalitis?

This study was done after identifying animals with a twisted carpal joint in goat herd. These included a kid goat walking on its articulus carpii and a newborn goat with a stiff leg. Necropsies of the diseased goats revealed swollen carpal joints that were twisted backwards. Arthritis was observed during microscopic examination of the carpal joints. Very low levels of eosinophil, leucocyte, and lymphocyte cell infiltration were found in the central nervous system and meninges. Serum copper levels were significantly decreased in most of the animals. All of these results led us to diagnose the animals with swayback disease.

Teores séricos e hepáticos de cobre, ferro, molibdênio e zinco em ovinos e caprinos no estado de Pernambuco / Serum and liver concentrations of copper, iron, zinc and molybdenum in sheep and goats in the state of Pernambuco

O trabalho objetivou conhecer os teores de Cu, Mo, Fe e Zn em soro e fígado de ovinos e caprinos criados na região semiárida do estado de Pernambuco e abatidos nas épocas da chuva e seca, e estabelecer se a carência de Cu é causada por deficiência primária de Cu ou secundária à ingestão de quantidades excessivas de Fe ou Mo. Amostras de soro e fígado de 141 ovinos e 141 caprinos foram submetidas à digestão úmida em ácido nítrico-perclórico e, posteriormente, analisados em espectrofotômetro de absorção atômica indutivamente acoplado (ICPOES). A concentração sérica de Cu em caprinos teve uma média de 9,85±2,71µmol/L e em caprinos de 11,37±2,57µmol/L, enquanto que a concentração hepática média foi de 158,45±83,05mg/kg para ovinos e 152,46±79,58mg/kg para caprinos. Os teores séricos de Fe foram de 35,58± 14,89µmol/L em ovinos e de 25,06±8,10µmol/L em caprinos e as concentrações no fígado foram de 156,10±55,99mg/ kg em ovinos e 210,53±121,99mg/kg em caprinos. As concentrações médias séricas de Mo foram de 0,28±0,11µmol/ L em caprinos e 0,31±0,16µmol/L em ovinos, enquanto que no fígado sua concentração foi de 6,53±4,13mg/kg e 8,10± 4,01mg/kg, respectivamente. A concentração sérica de Zn foi de 11,9±6,07µmol/L em ovinos e 11,79±7,42µmol/ L em caprinos e a concentração no fígado foi de 126,43 ±51,50mg/kg e 132,91±55,28mg/kg em ovinos e caprinos, respectivamente. Verificou-se variação na concentração destes minerais considerando os fatores de variação, como o período sazonal, espécie e sexo. Baseado nos valores observados, considerados marginais, e na ocorrência de surtos de ataxia enzoótica em caprinos e ovinos na região, recomenda-se a suplementação com Cu em animais a campo, tanto na seca quanto na chuva. Considerando as concentrações séricas e hepáticas de Fe e Mo, sugerese que as concentrações marginais de Cu não estejam diretamente relacionadas com o excesso destes minerais. Não foram encontradas diferenças significantes nas concentrações séricas e hepáticas...

The aim of this research was to determine serum and liver concentrations of Cu, Mo, Fe and Zn in sheep and goats slaughtered in the semiarid region of the state of Pernambuco, northeastern Brazil, during the rainy and dry seasons, and to establish if Cu deficiency which occurs in the region is primary or secondary to high levels of Mo and/or Fe. Serum and liver samples from 141 goats and 141 sheep were submitted to wet digestion in nitric-perchloric acid and analyzed by coupled plasma atomic absorption spectrophotometry (ICPOES). The mean serum concentrations of Cu were 9.85±2.71µmol/L in sheep and 11.37±2.57µmol/L in goats. Mean Cu liver concentrations were 158.45±83.05mg/kg in sheep and 152.46±79.58mg/ kg in goats. Mean serum concentrations of Fe were 35.58±14.89µmol/L in sheep and 25.06±8.10µmol/L in goats. Mean liver concentrations of Fe were 156.10±55.99mg/kg in sheep and 210.53±121.99mg/kg in goats. Mean serum concentrations of Mo were 0.28±0.11µmol/L in goats and 0.31±0.16µmol/L in sheep. Mean liver concentrations of Mo were 6.53±4.13mg/kg in goats and 8.10±4.01mg/kg in sheep. Mean serum concentrations of Zn were 11.9±6.07µmol/L in sheep and 11.79±7.42µmol/L in goats. Mean liver concentrations of Zn were 126.43±51.50mg/kg in sheep and 132.91±55.28mg/kg in goats. Based on Cu serum and liver concentrations and on the sporadic occurrence of enzootic ataxia, Cu supplementation is recommended for grazing sheep and goats during the dry and the rainy seasons. Considering that serum and hepatic concentrations of Fe and Mo are within normal ranges or are marginal, it is suggested that the low Cu concentrations are not related with high Fe or Mo ingestion. Non significant differences were observed between serum and liver concentrations of Cu and Mo, and between serum concentrations of Fe in samples collected during the rainy season and the dry season. Liver concentrations of Fe and serum and liver concentrations of Zn were significantly higher during...

Effects of Nitric Oxide Donor Supplementation on Copper Deficient Embryos and Nitric Oxide-Mediated Downstream Signaling

One suggested mechanism underlying copper (Cu) deficiency teratogenicity is a low availability of nitric oxide (NO), a signaling molecule which is essential in developmental processes. Increased superoxide anions secondary to decreased activities of Cu-zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu-Zn SOD) in Cu deficiency can interact with NO to form peroxynitrite, which can nitrate proteins at tyrosine residues. In addition, peroxynitrite formation can limit NO bioavailability. We previously reported low NO availability and increased protein nitration in Cu deficient (Cu-) embryos. In the current study, we tested whether Cu deficiency alters downstream signaling of NO by assessing cyclic GMP (cGMP) and phosphorylated vasodilator-stimulating phosphoprotein (VASP) levels, and whether NO supplementation can affect these targets as well as protein nitration. Gestation day 8.5 embryos from Cu adequate (Cu+) or Cu- dams were collected and cultured in either Cu+ or Cu- media for 48 hr. A subset of embryos was cultured in Cu- media supplemented with a NO donor (DETA/NONOate; 20 micrometer) and/or Cu-Zn SOD. Cu-/Cu- embryos showed a higher incidence of embryonic and yolk sac abnormalities, low NO availability, blunted dose-response in NO concentrations to increasing doses of acetylcholine, low mRNA expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), increased levels of 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) compared to Cu+/Cu+ controls. cGMP concentrations tended to be low in Cu-/Cu- embryos, and they were significantly lower in Cu-/Cu- yolk sacs than in controls. Levels of phosphorylated VASP at serine 239 (P-VASP) were similar in all groups. NO donor supplementation to the Cu- media ameliorated embryonic and yolk sac abnormalities, and resulted in increased levels of cGMP without altering levels of P-VASP and 3-NT. Taken together, these data support the concept that Cu deficiency limits NO availability and alters NO/cGMP-dependent signaling in Cu- embryos and yolk sacs, which contributes to Cu deficiency-induced abnormal development.

An Anesthetic Experience in a Patient with Menkes Disease: A case report / 대한마취과학회지

Menkes disease, so-called kinky hair disease or steely hair disease, is a rare X-linked recessive disorder of intracellular copper transport protein ATP7A defect, due to mutation of ATP7A gene, resulting in copper deficiency. It is characterized by seizure, retarded neurological development, kinky hair, skeletal abnormality, recurrent infection and subnormal body temperature. In addition, gastroesophageal reflux with the risk of aspiration is another important feature. This article is the first report of anesthetic management in a patient with Menkes disease who underwent gastrostomy and bladder diverticulectomy in Korea.

Copper Deficient Anemia in Severe Protein-EnergyMalnutrition due to Child Abuse / 대한소아소화기영양학회지

An unconscious 5-year-old girl was admitted to the Intensive Care Unit. She was neglected by her parents; she suffered from inadequate nutritional, medical and emotional care. The girl appeared to be emotionally detached, dehydrated and malnourished; she had edematous extremities, moderately bruised skin and brittle coarse hair. Laboratory testing showed electrolyte imbalance, anemia, pneumonia, copper deficiency, and liver dysfunction in addition to severe protein-energy malnutrition (PEM). Medical intervention was followed by improvement of most of the symptoms. During the rehabilitation phase, the patient showed a voracious appetite and gained weight too fast. The liver became enlarged and the patient developed a mild fever due to excessive nutrition. The microcytic anemia with severe PEM did not responded to iron supplementation possibly due to the copper deficiency. Addition of copper without zinc and iron helped to improve the anemia. The patient was discharged to a childcare center where she received cognitive and psychosocial therapy.

Sobre o "ronca", doença de etiologia obscura em bovinos, caracterizada por respiração ruidosa

"Ronca", a disease of cattle occurring in the States of Piauí, Rio de Janeiro and Mato Grosso do Sul, is also known by the popular names "roncadeira" or "ronqueira", what means snoaring disease. Data on the disease were obtained through informations, own observations, clinical and postmortem examinations of 12 affected bovines, completed by histopathological examinations and chemical analyses of liver samples for microelements. The main symptoms are the snoaring sound during inspiration, which arises or is intensified the more one leades with the animal, irritability, continuous worsening of the nutritional state and death after a few months up to 2 years. Blood examinations, performed during the studies in Piauí, showed a normocytic and hypocromic condition; blood smears did not reveal any abnormality. At postmortem examination sometimes an orange discolouration of the liver and an orange-brown colour of the lymphnodes of the liver hilus was observed. Careful examinations of the nasal cavity, especially of the turbinates, and of the larynx did not disclose any lesions. Histopathological examinations revealed, as the main lesion, severe hemosiderosis of the liver, always seen, as well as of the spleen and lymphnodes. Chemical analyses of liver samples revealed in all by "ronca" affected animals of the three regions very low copper and very high iron values. Two bovines affected by "ronca" and transferred to a region where the disease does not occur, continued with the snoaring respiration during more than a year. At postmortem examination no lesions besides a few not related to the disease were found. Histopathological examinations revealed hemosiderosis in liver, spleen and lymphnodes, but less pronounced than in the animals affected by "ronca" which stayed at the original farm. Chemical anlyses of the liver samples of the two transferred animals revealed normal values for copper and high levels of iron, but these were lower than those found in the animals affected by the disease at the original farm. The investigation did not clarify the cause of the snoaring respiration. It is thought that the copper deficiency plays a role in the pathogenesis of "ronca", but that there will be other factors yet which participate in the development of the disease.

São apresentados os resultados de estudos realizados sobre uma doença de evolução crônica em bovinos, de etiologia obscura, cuja caraterística principal é uma respiração ruidosa. Esta doença é conhecida nos Estados do Piauí, Rio de Janeiro e Mato Grosso do Sul, onde a sua ocorrência foi verificada, pelos nomes populares de "ronca", "roncadeira" ou "ronqueira". Os dados mais importantes da doença, baseados nos históricos, em observações próprias, exames clínicos, necropsias de 12 bovinos, complementadas por exames histopatológicos e analises químicas de amostras de fígado para microelementos, são a respiração ruidosa na inspiração, que aparece ou se intensifica a medida que se lida com os animais, irritabilidade, emagrecimento progressivo e morte após alguns meses até dois anos. Exames de sangue, realizados nos estudos no Piauí, revelaram uma condição normo-cítica hipocrômica; esfregaços de sangue não revelaram nada digno de nota. À necropsia se constatou às vezes coloração alaranjada do fígado e coloração alaranjada/marrom dos linfonodos do hilo do fígado. Exames da cavidade nasal, especialmente dos cornetos, e da laringe, não revelaram nenhuma alteração. Os exames histopatológicos evidenciaram como lesão principal hemossiderose acentuada do fígado, sempre presente, bem como do baço e de linfonodos. Análises de amostras de fígado revelaram em todos os animais afetados pela doença, nas três regiões, valores muito baixos de cobre e muito elevados de ferro. Dois bovinos afetados pela doença, transferidos para região indene, continuaram com a respiração ruidosa durante mais de um ano. À necropsia destes animais não foram encontradas lesões, além de alguns achados não relacionáveis com a doença. Nos exames histopatológicos foi constatada hemosside-rose no fígado, baço e em linfonodos, porém menos acentuada que nos casos de "ronca" examinados no local de sua procedência. As análises de amostras de fígado revelaram valores normais para cobre e de ferro ainda altos, mas menos acentuados que nos bovinos com "ronca" no local de sua procedência. Os estudos realizados não permitiram desvendar a razão da respiração ruidosa. É levantada a suspeita, que a deficiência de cobre tenha influência na patogênese do "ronca", em que, porém, devem estar envolvidos ainda outros fatores para a formação do quadro.

Investigations on the mechanism of hypercholesterolemia observed in copper deficiency in rats.

The mechanism of hypercholesterolemia effect of Cu2+ deficiency was studied in rats. There was increased activity of hepatic hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase and increased incorporation of labelled acetate into free cholesterol of liver in the Cu2+ deficient rats. Incorporation of label into ester cholesterol was however decreased in the liver. Concentration of bile acids in the liver was not significantly altered. Increase in the incorporation of labelled acetate into serum cholesterol and increase in the concentration of cholesterol and apo B in the low density lipoproteins + very low density lipoproteins fractions were observed. Activity of lipoprotein lipase of the extrahepatic tissues decreased in the Cu 2+ deficient rats.

EFFECTS OF DIETARY COPPER DEFICIENCY ON THEENZYMATIC COMPONENTS OF THE PRIMARYFREE RADICAL DEFENSE SYSTEMAND SERUM HEMOLYSININ RATS / 营养学报

Weanling Wistar rats were fed a modified AIN-76 diet ad libitum for 25 to 57 days, either copper-deficient (0.49mg/kg; CuD) or copper-adequate (6.44mg/kg;CuA). The effects of dietary copper deficiency on the enzymatic components of the primary free radical defense system-super-oxide dismutase (SOD), catalasc (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), lipoperoxides (LPO) and serum hemolysin were examined. The amount of LPO exhibited no significant change even though SOD activity decreased significantly in the tissues of CuD rats, which indicated that Cu-ZnSOD activity responded directly to copper status of the body but the compromises in the overall protection against free radicals were not evident. The profound reduction in scrum hemolysin in CuD rats suggests that humoral immune function is copper dependent. The results also suggest that as an index of evaluating copper nutriture CuZnSOD is more sensitive than hemoglobin to copper deficiency.

HYPERLIPIDEMIA IN COPPER DEFICIENCY RATS / 营养学报

In order to investigate the interelationship between copper deficiency and lipidemia, an experiment was done in weanling rats fed normol and copper deficient diet for one month. At the end of experimental period, the growth rate, the contents of copper, zinc, cholesterol and triglyceride in plasma and the activity of monoamine oxidase (MAO) in plasma were measured. The differences between the two diets were compared by student's test and the relation between plasma copper and plasma cholesterol or MAO was ascertained by regression analysis.The results showed that a lower body weight gain and a highly significant hypercholesterolemia were found in copper deficiency rats and the plasma cholesterol concentration correlated reversely with the plasma copper (r = -0.724, p