Efeito do nível nutricional antes e após a ovulação sobre a taxa de gestação e a prolificidade em ovelhas Santa Inês / Effect of the nutritional level before and after ovulation on pregnancy rate and prolificacy in Santa Ines ewes

Quarenta e três ovelhas foram distribuídas em quatro tratamentos em um delineamento de blocos casualizados. Os tratamentos consistiram no fornecimento de dietas de flushing, formuladas com farelo de soja (FFS) ou com glúten de milho e farelo de algodão (FGM+FA) por 28 dias antes da ovulação, seguido pelo fornecimento de dietas de flushing ou de uma dieta de mantença (DM) durante 28 dias após a ovulação: T1 - FFS antes e após a ovulação (n=12); T2 - FFS antes da ovulação e DM após (n=11); T3 - FGM+FA antes e após a ovulação (n=10); T4 - FGM+FA antes da ovulação e DM após (n=10). O ganho de peso e o peso final não diferiram (P>0,05) entre os animais dos tratamentos. O ECC final foi maior (P<0,05) nas ovelhas do tratamento T3 do que nas do tratamento T2. A concentração de N-ureico foi maior (P<0,05) nas ovelhas dos tratamentos T1 e T3 do que naquelas dos tratamentos T2 e T4. A taxa de gestação e a prolificidade não diferiram (P>0,05) entre os animais. As dietas de flushing antes da ovulação, seguidas pelo fornecimento destas mesmas dietas ou de uma dieta de mantença após a ovulação, não alteraram a taxa de gestação e a prolificidade.

Forty-tree ewes were assigned to four treatments in a randomized block design. The treatments consisted of two flushing diets, composed of soybean meal (SMF) or corn gluten and cottonseed meal (CG+CMF) furnished for 28 days before ovulation, and feeding with flushing diets or a maintenance diet (MD) for 28 days after ovulation: T1 - (SMF) before and after ovulation (n=12); T2 - SMF before ovulation and a MD after (n=11); T3 - CG+CMF before and after ovulation (n=10); T4 - CG+CMF before ovulation and MD after (n=10). The gain in BW and the final BW did not differ (P>0,05) between treatments. The final BC was higher (P>0,05) in ewes in T3 treatment than in those in treatment T2. The urea N concentration was higher (P<0,05) in ewes in treatments T1 and T3 than those in treatments T2 and T4. The pregnancy rate and prolificacy did not differ (P>0,05) between treatments. The flushing diets before ovulation and feeding with this same diet or a maintenance diet after ovulation did not alter the pregnancy rate and prolificacy.

Fontes de fibra de coprodutos agroindustriais protéicos para coelhos em crescimento / Fiber sources of proteic agricultural co-products for growing rabbits

Este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar a influência da fibra oriunda de diferentes fontes (feno de alfafa, farelo de linhaça e farelo proteinoso de milho) sobre o desempenho, coeficientes de digestibilidade e características da carne de coelhos em crescimento. Os animais foram distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com três tratamentos e oito repetições, sendo uma ração referência e duas rações testes: FA - ração controle, com feno de alfafa; FL - substituição total do feno de alfafa por farelo de linhaça e FP - substituição total do feno de alfafa por farelo proteinoso de milho. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste Duncan (P<0,05). A maior quantidade de hemicelulose e a baixa capacidade de hidratação das dietas FA e FP proporcionaram maior peso vivo dos animais aos 89 dias (2123 e 1934 g, respectivamente) contra 1797 g da dieta FL e melhor coeficiente de digestibilidade da MS e MO (média de 80,80 para MS e 81,76 por cento para MO, respectivamente) em relação à dieta FL (73,86 e 75,84 por cento, respectivamente). A dieta FP apresentou maior coeficiente de digestibilidade para a FDN (56,59 por cento) contra a média de 33,11 por cento para as demais dietas. A força de cisalhamento foi menor para a carne dos animais alimentados com FA e FP (1,90 e 1,63 kgf) em comparação com a FL (2,33 kgf) (P<0,05), o que indica carne mais macia. O farelo proteinoso de milho proporcionou peso vivo dos animais aos 89 dias semelhante ao do feno de alfafa. O farelo de linhaça, pela grande quantidade de fibra solúvel e alta capacidade higroscópica, prejudicou o desempenho dos animais e a maciez da carne.

The objective of this paper was to study the influence of fiber fractions from different sources (alfalfa hay, linseed bran and corn gluten meal) on performance, digestibility coefficients and meat characteristics of growing rabbits. The animals were distributed into a completely randomized design with three treatments and eight replications, with one reference and two test diets: AH- control diet, with alfalfa hay; LB- total substitution of alfalfa hay by linseed bran and GM- total substitution of alfalfa hay by corn gluten meal. The data were submitted to variance analysis and the averages were compared by Duncan test (P<.05). The largest amount of hemicellulose and the low hydration capacity of the diets AF and GM proportioned greater animals live weight at 89 days of age (2123 and 1934 g, respectively) versus 1797 g of the animals fed with the diet LB and better digestibility coeficients of DM and OM (average of 80.80 for DM and 81.76 percent for OM, respectively) in relation to diet LB (73.86 and 75.84 percent, respectively). The diet GM showed a higher digestibility coefficient of NDF (56.59 percent) against the average of 33.11 percent for the other diets. The shear force was lower for meat from animals fed with AH and GM (1.90 and 1.63 kgf) compared to LB (2.33 kgf) (P<.05), which indicates meat tenderness. The corn gluten meal proportioned live weight to the animals at 89 days of age similar to the alfalfa hay. The linseed bran, due to large amount of soluble fiber and high hydration capacity, impaired animal performance and meat tenderness.

Effects of corn gluten hydrolyzates, branched chain amino acids, and leucine on body weight reduction in obese rats induced by a high fat diet

In this study, we compared corn gluten hydrolyzates, BCAAs, and leucine for their effects on body weight reduction in high fat-induced obese rats in order to determine the major active components in the corn gluten hydrolyzates. After obesity was induced for 13 weeks with high fat diet, the overweight-induced SD rats (n = 64) were stratified according to body weight, randomly blocked into eight treatments, and raised for 8 weeks. Four groups were changed to a normal diet and the other groups remained on the high fat diet. Each of the groups within both diets was fed either casein, corn gluten hydrolyzates, leucine, or branched chain amino acids, respectively. Daily food intake, body weight gain, and food efficiency ratio were significantly lower in the corn gluten hydrolyzate groups compared to the other groups, regardless of the high fat diet or normal fat diet. The rats fed the corn gluten hydrolyzates diet had the lowest perirenal fat pad weights whereas muscle weight was significantly increased in the corn gluten hydrolyzates groups. Plasma triglyceride, hepatic total lipid, and total cholesterol contents were significantly reduced in the corn gluten hydrolyzates groups. Other lipid profile measurements were not significantly changed. Plasma triglyceride and hepatic total lipid were also significantly reduced in the BCAA and leucine groups. Leptin levels were significantly lower and adiponectin was significantly higher in the corn gluten hydrolyzates groups. Fasting blood glucose, insulin, C-peptide, and HOMA-IR levels were also significantly reduced in the corn gluten hydrozylates groups, regardless of fat level.

Farelo de glúten de milho para vacas leiteiras em pastos de azevém anual / Corn gluten meal to dairy cows grazing italian ryegrass

Neste trabalho, foi avaliado o efeito da suplementação com proteína de baixa degradabilidade ruminal (PNDR) para vacas leiteiras em pastos de azevém anual (Lolium multiflorum Lam.). Foram utilizadas 12 vacas da raça Holandesa no terço médio de lactação. Os tratamentos avaliados foram zero e 4,0kg vaca-1 dia-1 de uma mistura 60:40 de grão de milho + farelo de glúten de milho, em três períodos de avaliação de 15 dias. Os animais foram distribuídos em quatro lotes uniformes (dois por tratamento) e alocados em piquetes de azevém manejado no método rotativo, com uma oferta de 24kg de MS vaca-1 dia-1. A massa de forragem (2.325kg MS ha-1) e a altura (15,8cm) antes da entrada dos animais foram semelhantes nos piquetes dos animais suplementados e não suplementados. Da mesma forma, os teores médios de PB e FDN da forragem ingerida foram semelhantes entre tratamentos (18,9% e 53,0%, respectivamente). O consumo de MS da forragem não variou com o uso da suplementação (média=8,5kg vaca-1 dia-1). O consumo de MS total aumentou 3,0kg vaca-1 dia-1 e o de energia metabolizável aumentou 42MJ vaca-1 dia-1. A produção de leite aumentou 4,0kg vaca-1 dia-1 com o uso da suplementação, mas os teores de gordura e de proteína não variaram entre tratamentos, sendo observados valores médios de 32,8g kg-1 e 29,2g kg-1, respectivamente. Em baixa oferta de forragem, a suplementação com alimento concentrado (22% PB) contendo farelo de glúten de milho eleva a produção de leite na ordem de 1kg por kg de concentrado. A resposta a esse tipo de suplementação em condição de oferta de forragem não-limitante deve ser estudada.

The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of undegradable protein supplementation to dairy cows grazing Italian ryegrass. Twelve Holstein cows in the mid lactation were used and treatments were 0 (zero) and a mixture (60:40) of ground corn + corn gluten meal (4.0kg cow day-1) evaluated along three periods of fifteen days. Cows were distributed in four groups (two per treatment) and assigned to Italian ryegrass plots submitted to intermittent grazing with a herbage allowance of 24kg of DM cow day-1. Pre-grazing herbage mass (2325kg of DM ha-1) and sward surface height (15.8cm) were similar on plots and crude protein and NDF of ingested forage were 18.9 and 53,0%, respectively. Supplementation did not affect herbage DM intake (mean=8.5kg cow day-1) but, both, total DM intake and metabolisable energy increased 3.0kg and 42MJ cow day-1, respectively. Supplementation increased milk production (4.0 kg.cow.day-1) but did not change protein and fat milk content (32.8 and 29.2g kg-1). At low herbage allowance, supplementation with corn ground meal (22% of crude protein) increase milk production on proportion of 1:1 and studies should be done at conditions of non- limitant herbage allowance.

Effect of corn gluten and its hydrolysate consumptions on weight reduction in rats fed a high-fat diet

This study examined the effects of corn gluten (CG) and its hydrolysate consumptions on weight reduction in rats fed a high-fat diet. Eight-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=40) were fed a high-fat diet (40% calorie as fat) for 4 weeks. They were then randomly divided into four groups and fed the isocaloric diets with different protein sources for 8 weeks. The protein sources were casein (control group), intact CG (CG group), CG hydrolysate A (CGHA group, 30% of protein as peptides and 70% as free amino acids) and CG hydrolysate P (CGHP group, 93% of protein as peptides and 7% as free amino acids). Body weight gain, adipose tissue weights, nitrogen balance, absorptions of energy, protein and fat, lipid profiles in plasma, liver and feces and hepatic activities of carnitine palmitoyl transferase (CPT), fatty acid synthase (FAS), malic enzyme (ME) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) were assessed. The CGHA diet had the highest amount of BCAAs, especially leucine, and most of them existed as free amino acid forms. The CGHA group showed significant weight reduction and negative nitrogen balance. Protein absorption and apparent protein digestibility in the CGHA group were significantly lower than those in other groups. Adipose tissue weights were the lowest in the CGHA group. Activity of CPT tended to be higher in the CGHA group than in other groups and those of FAS, ME and G6PDH were significantly lower in the CGHA group than in other groups. In conclusion, the CGHA diet which had relatively high amounts of free amino acids and BCAAs, especially leucine, had a weight reduction effect by lowering adipose tissue weight and the activities of FAS, ME and G6PDH in experimental animals, but it seemed to be a negative result induced by lowering protein absorption, increasing urinary nitrogen excretion and protein catabolism.