Correlation analysis of cardiopulmonary exercise test indices and conditions of overweight patients with obstructive sleep apnea: a retrospective study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The cardiopulmonary function of patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is significantly lower than that of patients with simple snoring and is significantly related to the severity of OSA. Currently, only a few studies have been conducted on cardiopulmonary exercise testing in overweight patients with OSA. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the correlation between cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) indices and the condition of overweight patients with OSA. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective study in Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine. METHODS: This study included 73 hospitalized overweight patients. The patients were divided into no, mild, moderate, and severe OSA groups. Differences in the CPET indices among the four groups were compared. The correlation between the CPET indices and conditions was analyzed. RESULTS: No, mild, moderate, and severe OSA groups had 18 men and 5 women, 11 men and 3 women, 12 men and 2 women, and 21 men and 1 woman, respectively (P > 0.05). No significant difference was observed in resting pulmonary function among the four groups (P > 0.05). In the CPET, the anaerobic threshold, maximum oxygen uptake, and oxygen pulse were significantly lower in the severe OSA group than those in the normal OSA group (P < 0.05). Moreover, CPET indices negatively correlated with the apnea-hypopnea index. CONCLUSION: Changes in CPET indices occurred earlier than changes in resting pulmonary function in patients with OSA. CPET might be a potential method for evaluating the severity of OSA combined with overweight status.

Comparison of Quality Change During Processing Process of Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix from Different Origins Based on Color-component Correlation Analysis / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTaking Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix（ABR） from different origins as samples， to quantitatively analyze the chemical composition and chromaticity of ABR with different processing degrees， and clarify the correlation and change law between color and composition in the processing process of ABR， so as to provide reference for the quality evaluation of processed products of ABR. MethodThe colorimeter is used to measure the chromaticity values of three kinds of processing degrees of ABR in different origins to show the color value change trend during the processing process， and the color parameters of wine-processed and salt-processed products of ABR with different processing degrees were analyzed by principal component analysis（PCA）， orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis（OPLS-DA） and other analysis methods. The contents of eight representative components of ABR were measured by high performance liquid chromatography（HPLC）， the correlation between chromaticity and each representative component was analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis， and the applicability of the selected eight representative components was further verified by Fisher linear discriminant analysis， and the wine-processed and salt-processed products of ABR with different processing degrees were grouped according to the degree of processing， and 48 samples of wine-processed and salt-processed products with different processing degrees were used as training samples. Taking the contents of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural， polypodine B， β-ecdysterone， 25R-inokosterone， 25S-inokosterone， ginsenoside Ro， chikusetsusaponin Ⅳa and polysaccharides as variables， the discriminant function was established respectively， and 12 samples of wine-processed and salt-processed products of ABR with different processing degrees were back-tested to verify the discriminant function and test the reliability of the function. ResultPCA and OPLS-DA results showed that ABR samples with different processing degrees were classified into clusters， and the results could significantly distinguish different processed products. During the process of wine and salt processing， the contents of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural， ginsenoside Ro， and chikusetsusaponin Ⅳa gradually increased with the deepening of the processing degree， while the contents of polypodine B， β-ecdysterone， 25R-inokosterone， 25S-inokosterone and polysaccharides showed a gradual decreasing trend， indicating these 8 components increased and decreased to different degrees in the process of wine and salt processing. The results of Pearson correlation analysis showed that the 5-hydroxymethylfurfural content of the samples with different processing degrees of wine-processed and salt-processed products were negatively correlated with the brightness value（L*） and the total color difference value（E*ab）（P<0.01）， and positively correlated with the red-green value（a*） and the yellow-blue value（b*）（P<0.01）， and that the content of polypodine B and polysaccharides were positively correlated with L* and E*ab（P<0.01）. The discriminant functions of wine-processed and salt-processed products of ABR were established by Fisher linear discriminant analysis， and their accuracy rates in the training samples were 93.75% and 95.83%， respectively. Twelve test samples of wine-processed and salt-processed products with different processing degree were back substitution， and the correct rate was 100%. ConclusionThe trend of composition and color changes of ABR with different processing degrees in different production areas is relatively consistent， and the color value can better distinguish ABR with different processing degrees， and the color of ABR is related to some representative components in the processing process， indicating that the color can provide reference for the identification of the processing degree of ABR and the prediction of component content.

Correlation between Content of Active Ingredients of Aurantii Fructus and Soil Factor / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo study the correlation between the content of active ingredients of Aurantii Fructus in different main production areas and soil factors， so as to provide a theoretical basis for implementing ecological regulation of soil， improving the quality of Aurantii Fructus， and revealing the origin of genuine medicinal materials. MethodThe content of naringin， neohesperidin， total flavonoids， volatile oil， total nitrogen， total phosphorus， total potassium， and 17 soil factor-related indicators in 25 batches of Aurantii Fructus from different production areas were determined. The main soil factors affecting the content of active ingredients of Aurantii Fructus were analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis， principal component analysis， and grey correlation analysis. ResultThe pH value of the soil is between 4.83 and 8.21， and the soil is weakly acidic and neutral in general. Soil fertility exceeds the average. Pearson correlation analysis shows that the soil factors most related to the four active ingredients of Aurantii Fructus are total phosphorus， available copper， available zinc， exchangeable magnesium， available sulfur， available phosphorus， and available molybdenum. Principal component analysis shows that total nitrogen， alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen， organic matter， available phosphorus， and available zinc are the main characteristic factors in soil. Grey correlation analysis shows that the main soil factors affecting the active ingredients of Aurantii Fructus are total phosphorus， total nitrogen， available zinc， available copper， exchangeable magnesium， and pH. ConclusionIn the cultivation of Aurantii Fructus， the medicinal material quality of Aurantii Fructus could be improved by adjusting the level of beneficial factors in the soil and improving the soil texture.

Lactic Acid Inhibits the Cytotoxicity of NK-92 Cells via Activating the Lactate Receptor GPR81

Aims: Lactate acid functions as not only an energy source but a signaling molecule through the lactate receptor GPR81 under physiological conditions. However, the pathological role of lactic acid in the tumor microenvironment remains unclear, particularly for immune cells. Methodology: NK-92 cells were treated with L-lactic acid solutions at final concentrations of 10, 20, 30, and 40 mM, and its cell viability and cytotoxicity on A549 cells and A375 cells were evaluated by CCK8 assay and crystal violet assay, respectively. Furthermore, qPCR was used to assess the expression of GPR81 and cytotoxicity-related genes in NK-92 cells treated with antagonist and agonist. And their relationship between lactate/GPR81 pathway and cytotoxicity-related genes were analyzed by Pearson’s correlation. Results: The viability of NK-92 cells was inhibited by L-lactic acid with increasing concentration. Additionally, the cytotoxic activity against tumor cells of NK-92 cells treated with L-lactic acid decreased with increasing concentration. Moreover, qPCR results demonstrated that GPR81 can be activated by lactic acid or agonist (3,5-DHBA) and downregulate the expression cytotoxicity-related genes which included FASLG gene(Fas Ligand),TNF-? gene(Tumor necrosis factor-?), INFG gene (Interferon-?), RPF1 gene (Perforin 1), GZMA gene (Granzyme A), GZMB gene (Granzyme B), GZMH gene (Granzyme H), GAMK gene (Granzyme K) and GZMM gene (Granzyme M). And the expression of GPR81 returned to near-control level when treated with L-lactic acid in the presence of antagonist (3-OBA), the expression of cytotoxicity-related genes did as well. Pearson’s correlation analysis of cytotoxicity-related genes with GPR81 revealed that their correlation coefficient seems negative. Conclusion: Lactic acid can activate the GPR81 to downregulate the expression of cytotoxicity-related genes, subsequently lower the cytotoxicity of NK-92 cells.

Assisted training model for improving the three-point shootout in basketball / Modelo de treinamento assistido para aperfeiçoamento da cesta de três pontos no basquetebol / Modelo de entrenamiento asistido para mejorar las canastas de tres puntos en baloncesto

ABSTRACT Introduction The outcome of basketball games is based on scoring, and basketball rules are discussed from a qualitative point of view. The three-point basket is the key to the game's success; improving this shot's percentage will ensure success. Objective Explore the key elements of a successful three-point shot, discussing its effective improvements. Methods This paper randomly selects 26 students from a particular basketball class as volunteers for the research. Before starting the experiment, the subjects were divided into control and experimental groups; they were grouped according to their test scores. Four data of three-point shot rate, jump shot, and shot after dribbling are analyzed according to the grouping of players. The data were statistically treated for better appreciation of the results. Results Although the throws improved in both groups, the improvement was insignificant (P>0.05). After nine weeks of exercise, the success rate of three-point baskets in both the experimental and control groups improved. The improvement in the three-point basket was the greatest in the experimental group (P<0.05). Conclusion Functional strength training can significantly improve the rate of long-range 3-point baskets in basketball players. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução O resultado dos jogos de basquetebol é baseado na pontuação e as regras do basquete são discutidas de um ponto de vista qualitativo. A cesta de três pontos é a chave para o sucesso do jogo e melhorar a porcentagem desse lançamento garantirá o sucesso na partida. Objetivo Explorar os elementos-chave de uma tacada de três pontos de sucesso, discutindo suas melhoras efetivas. Métodos Este artigo seleciona aleatoriamente 26 alunos de uma determinada turma de basquetebol como voluntários para a pesquisa. Antes de iniciar a experiência, os sujeitos foram divididos em grupos controle e experimental, foram agrupados de acordo com os resultados do teste. Analisa-se quatro dados de taxa de lance com três pontos, lance com salto e lance após drible, de acordo com o agrupamento de jogadores. Os dados foram tratados estatisticamente para melhor apreciação dos resultados. Resultados Embora os lances tenham melhorado em ambos os grupos, a melhoria não foi significativa (P>0,05). Após nove semanas de exercício, a taxa de sucesso de cestas com três pontos, tanto no grupo experimental quanto no grupo de controle demonstrou um aperfeiçoamento. A melhora na cesta em três pontos foi a maior no grupo experimental (P<0,05). Conclusão O treinamento de força funcional pode melhorar significativamente a taxa de cestas de 3 pontos de longo alcance nos jogadores de basquetebol. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción El resultado de los partidos de baloncesto se basa en la puntuación y las reglas del baloncesto se discuten desde un punto de vista cualitativo. La canasta de tres puntos es la clave del éxito del juego y mejorar el porcentaje de este tiro asegurará el éxito en el juego. Objetivo Explorar los elementos clave de un tiro de tres puntos exitoso, discutiendo sus mejoras efectivas. Métodos Este trabajo selecciona al azar a 26 estudiantes de una clase particular de baloncesto como voluntarios para la investigación. Antes de comenzar el experimento, los sujetos se dividieron en grupos de control y experimentales, y se agruparon en función de las puntuaciones obtenidas en las pruebas. Se analizan cuatro datos de la tasa de tiros de tres puntos, de los tiros en salto y de los tiros después de driblar según la agrupación de jugadores. Los datos fueron tratados estadísticamente para una mejor apreciación de los resultados. Resultados Aunque los lanzamientos se optimizaron en ambos grupos, la mejora no fue significativa (P>0,05). Después de nueve semanas de ejercicio, la tasa de éxito en las canastas de tres puntos, tanto en el grupo experimental como en el de control, mostró una mejora. La mejora en la canasta de tres puntos fue mayor en el grupo experimental (P<0,05). Conclusión El entrenamiento de fuerza funcional puede mejorar significativamente el índice de canastas de 3 puntos de largo alcance en jugadores de baloncesto. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Multivariate correlation analysis of T1S and C7S / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To determine whether C7 angles (C7 slope, C7S) could replace T1 angles (T1 slope, T1S) by correlation analysis of T1S and C7S.@*METHODS@#A total of 442 patients from July 2015 to July 2020 in outpatient and inpatient department were enrolled retrospectively, and 259 patients who could identify the upper endplate of T1 were screened out . Of them, there were 145 males and 114 females, aged from 20 to 83 years old with an average of (58.6±11.2) years, including 163 patients with cervical spine surgery and 96 non-surgical patients. Patients were stratified by sex, age, cervical kyphosis, cervical alignment imbalance, and cervical spine surgery. These 259 patients included 145 cases in the male group, 114 cases in the female group;76 cases in the youth group (<40 years old), 109 cases in the middle-aged group (40 to 60 years old), and 74 cases in the elderly group(>60 years old); 92 cases in the cervical kyphosis group, 167 cases in the non-kyphosis group;51 cases in the cervical sequence imbalance group, 208 cases in the non-imbalance group;163 cases in the cervical surgery group, 96 cases in the non-operation group. The correlations of C7S and T1S in various modalities groups were analyzed.@*RESULTS@#Of 442 patients, the recognition rate of upper endplate of T1 was 58.6%(259/442), and that of C7 was 90.7%. The mean T1S and C7S of the 259 patients were (24.5±8.0)° [(25.9±7.7)° in the male group and (23.7±6.9)° in the female group] and (20.8±7.3)° [(22.5±7.5)° in the male group and(19.7±5.8)° in the female group], respectively. The total correlation coefficient between C7S and T1S was r=0.89, R2=0.79, and the linear regression equation was T1S=0.91×C7S+4.35. In the above general information and the grouping of deformity factors, T1S was highly correlated with C7S(r value 0.85 to 0.92, P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#There is a high correlation between T1S and C7S in different factor groups. For cases where T1S cannot be measured, C7S can be used to provide guidance and reference for evaluating the sagittal balance of the spine, analyzing the condition, and formulating surgical plans.

Correlation Analysis Between Material Basis and Color Characteristics of Polygoni Multiflori Radix Decoction Pieces During Ancient Classical Nine-time Repeating Steaming and Sun-drying Processing / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo analyze the dynamic changes of the main chemical components and color characteristics of Polygoni Multiflori Radix（PMR） during the process of ancient classical nine-time repeating steaming and sun-drying， and to explore the correlation between the changes. MethodHigh performance liquid chromatography（HPLC） was used to determine the contents of gallic acid， stilbene glycoside， emodin-8-O-β-D-glucoside， physcion-8-O-β-D-glucoside， emodin and physcion in PMR during the process of nine-time repeating steaming and sun-drying， and electronic eye technology was used to objectively characterize the color of PMR during the process. Partial least squares（PLS） was used to analyze the correlation between the content of main components and the color characteristics. ResultDuring the nine-time repeating steaming and sun-drying process of PMR， the content of gallic acid gradually increased with the increase of steaming and sun-drying times， and the contents of other components showed fluctuating changes， with an overall decreasing trend in the contents of stilbene glycoside， emodin-8-O-β-D-glucoside and physcion-8-O-β-D-glucoside， and an overall increasing trend in the contents of emodin and physcion. The results of electronic eye analysis showed that the color of PMR became dark， red and blue in the process of nine-time repeating steaming and sun-drying. The results of hierarchical cluster analysis（HCA） and principal component analysis（PCA） of the contents of six main components and the colors showed that the samples steamed and sun-dried for one to four times could be grouped into one category， the other five categories of samples could be grouped into another category. Gallic acid and stilbene glycoside were significantly correlated with the color indexes of PMR during the process of nine-time repeating steaming and sun-drying. ConclusionThe general changes of material basis and color characteristics of PMR during the process of ancient classical nine-time repeating steaming and sun-drying have certain rules， and the establishment of the correlation model between color and index components can realize the judgment and quality evaluation of processing degree of PMR decoction pieces.

Serum lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 level is positively correlated with the recurrence risk of acute ischemic cerebral infarction in hypertensive patients / 南方医科大学学报

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the relationship between serum lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) level and the risk of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) recurrence in hypertensive patients.@*METHODS@#This retrospective case-control study was conducted among 211 hypertensive patients with AIS treated in Foshan First People's Hospital, including 35 patients with recurrence of AIS during the 1-year follow-up as confirmed by head CT/MR. In the overall patients, 60 had grade 1 hypertension (including 5 recurrent cases), 76 had grade 2 hypertension (with 11 recurrent cases), and 75 had grade 3 hypertension (with 19 recurrent cases). Univariate analysis, multivariate logistic regression analysis, trend analysis, and smooth curve fitting analysis were performed to explore the correlation between serum Lp-PLA2 level within 24 h after admission and the risk of AIS recurrence. The predictive efficacy of serum Lp-PLA2 level for AIS recurrence in different hypertension grades was evaluated using ROC curve analysis.@*RESULTS@#Serum Lp-PLA2 level, age, NIHSS score at admission, mRS scores at 7 days, homocysteine level and smoking status differed significantly between patients with and without AIS recurrence (P < 0.05). After adjustment for confounding factors, multivariate regression analysis showed that the highest tertile of Lp-PLA2 level was associated with a 4.13-fold increase of AIS recurrence risk compared with the lowest tertile (OR=5.13, 95% CI: 1.35-19.40), and each 1 ng/mL increase of Lp-PLA2 level was associated with a 1% increase of AIS recurrence risk (OR= 1.01, 95% CI: 1.01-1.02). Serum Lp-PLA2 level was shown to positively correlate with AIS recurrence risk, and in patients with grade 3 hypertension, its areas under the ROC curve for predicting AIS recurrence was 0.869 with a specificity of 0.893 and a sensitivity of 0.737.@*CONCLUSION@#Serum Lp-PLA2 concentration is an independent risk factor and potentially an effective predictor for AIS recurrence in patients with grade 3 hypertension.

Gait characteristics of middle-aged and eldrly people with mild cognitive impairmentin in community / 中风与神经疾病杂志

Gait characteristics of middle-aged and eldrlypeople with mild cognitive impairmentin in community@#Objective To explore the change of gait of middle-aged and elderly people with mild cognitive impairment in the community,the correlation between gait and cognitive domain,and the role of gait in early recognition of cognitive decline. Methods 140 people over 40 years old in Tongxing Village,Yancheng City,Jiangsu Province were enrolled.The subjects were divided into normal cognitive group (n=64) and mild cognitive impairment group(n=76)through the Montreal Cognitive Assessment and the Minimum Mental State Examination,and gait tests were conducted at the same time.The data were collected and statistically analyzed to explore the difference of gait indicators between the two groups,the relationship between gait indicators and cognitive domains,and the ability of gait indicators to recognize mild cognitive impairment. Results The gait of the mild cognitive impairment group was worse than that of the normal cognitive group in terms of space (stride length,step height,step width) and time (step speed,stride speed,swing speed).Partial correlation analysis showed that step width was negatively correlated with delayed recall;Step size,step width and delayed recall,step height and naming were positively correlated.The logistic regression model constructed by step speed,stride length,stride speed,swing speed,step height and step width can reliably identify the existence of MCI (AUC=0.761,95%CI 0.683-0.840,P<0.05). Conclusion In the middle-aged and elderly community,the spatial and temporal performance of gait of patients with mild cognitive impairment is worse than that of the normal cognitive population.There is a close relationship between spatial indicators and delayed recall and naming.The temporal and spatial characteristics of gait have the potential to identify cognitive decline at an early stage.

Expression and Clinical Significance of NAMPT in Bone Marrow of Patients with Multiple Myeloma / 中国实验血液学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To study the expression level of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) in multiple myeloma (MM), its relationship with clinical indicators, prognosis and potential role.@*METHODS@#Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expression of NAMPT in bone marrow biopsies of patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM) and patients with iron deficiency anemia (IDA) hospitalized during the same period. According to the median expression level of NAMPT, NDMM patients were divided into high expression group and low expression group. The correlation between NAMPT expression level and clinical baseline data was analyzed, and survival analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between NAMPT expression level and prognosis. The GSE24080 and GSE19784 datasets were used to analyze the effect of NAMPT on the prognosis. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) explored the possible mechanism of NAMPT involved in MM cell function.@*RESULTS@#The mean staining intensity of NAMPT in bone marrow tissue of 31 NDMM patients was 0.007±0.002, and that of 10 IDA patients was 0.002±0.002 (P < 0.05). The median expression level of NAMPT was 0.0041 in NDMM patients, and the mean staining intensity of high expression group and low expression group was 0.007±0.005 and 0.002±0.001, respectively (P < 0.001). There were certain differences in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), C-reactive protein (CRP) and ISS staging between high expression group and low expression group (P < 0.001), while no significant differences in other indicators. The overall response rate (ORR) of high expression group was significantly lower than that of low expression group (P < 0.001). The median survival time of patients in high expression group was significantly shorter than that in low expression group (P =0.024). The results of bioinformatics analysis showed that the event-free survival (EFS) rate and overall survival (OS) rate of low NAMPT group were both higher than high NAMPT group (P =0.037, P =0.009), and NAMPT was an independent prognostic factor for EFS and OS (P =0.006, P =0.020). GSEA suggested that NAMPT might affect MM cell function through mTORC1 signaling pathway.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The expression level of NAMPT in bone marrow of NDMM patients is significantly higher than that of IDA patients, and the high expression of NAMPT may be correlated with late ISS stage, and high level of LDH and CRP. Patients with high expression of NAMPT have worse response to bortezomib and survival time may be shorter. NAMPT may be involved in the occurrence and development of MM through mTORC1 signaling pathway.

Correlation analysis of Cobb angle and linear spinous process angle in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To analyze the correlation between Cobb angle and spinous process angle (SPA) on X-ray film and body surface in patients with mild to moderate adolescent idiopathic scoliosis(AIS). To explore the possibility of linear SPA to assess scoliosis.@*METHODS@#Retrospective study for correlation of Cobb angle and linear SPA on X-ray film. AIS patients treated and taken full spine anteroposterior X-ray from January 2019 to December 2021 were analyzed correlation of Cobb angle and linear SPA on X-ray film. Prospective study for correlation of Cobb angle and body linear SPA. AIS patients treated and taken full spine anteroposterior X-ray from December 1 to December 9 this year were analyzed correlation of Cobb angle and body linear SPA.@*RESULTS@#A total of 113 AIS patients with age an average of (14.02±2.16) years old(ranged from 10 to 18 years old) were recruited in retrospective study, involving 26 males and 87 females;there were 71 patients with mild AIS and 42 patients with moderate AIS. Cobb angle in AIS patients was significantly inversely associated with SPA(r=-0.564, P<0.001), the linear regression equation was:Cobb angle=169.444-0.878×SPA. Cobb angles in patients with mild scoliosis were significantly and inversely associated with SPA(r=-0.269, P=0.012), the linear regression equation was:Cobb angle=46.832-0.185×SPA. Cobb angles in patients with moderate scoliosis were also clearly correlated with SPA(r=-0.417, P=0.003), the linear regression equation was:Cobb angle=113.889-0.516×SPA. Thirty-eight patients were recruited in prospective study. The mean Cobb angle and body linear SPA were(18.70±6.98)°, ranged from 11.3° to 36.0° and (170.34±4.57)°, ranged from 162.1° to 177.7° respectively. There was significantly negative correlation(r=-0.651, P<0.001), the linear regression equation is:Cobb angle=187.91-0.99×SPA.@*CONCLUSION@#Linear SPA on X-ray film or on the body was significantly negatively correlated with Cobb angles, but the regression equation fits poorly, so it's not suitable for diagnosis of scoliosis;however, linear SPA is appropriate for self-controlled assessment of scoliotic therapy or for dynamic assessment of spinal flexibility.

Association between airborne particulate matter（PM 2.5） concentration and the incidence of allergic rhinitis in Shanghai / 临床耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective:To explore the impact of PM 2.5 concentration in Shanghai on the incidence of allergic rhinitis（AR） in the population, and provide strategies for early warning and prevention of AR. Methods:Collect daily average concentrations of atmospheric pollutants monitored in Shanghai from January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2019, and clinical data of AR patients from five hospitals in Shanghai during the same period. We used a time-series analysis additive Poisson regression model to analyze the correlation between PM 2.5 levels and outpatient attendance for AR patients. Results:During the study period, a total of 56 500 AR patients were included, and the daily average concentration of PM 2.5 was（35.28±23.07）μg/m³. There is a correlation between the concentration of PM 2.5 and the number of outpatient attendance for AR cases. There is a positive correlation between the daily average number of outpatient for AR and levels of PM 2.5 air pollution（（P<0.05）） . We found that every 10 μg/m³ increase in PM 2.5, the impact of on the number of AR visits was statistically significant on the same day, the first day behind, and the second day behind, with the strongest impact being the exposure on the same day. Every 10 μg/m³ increases in PM 2.5, the number of outpatient visits increased by 0.526% on the same day（95%CI 1.000 50-1.010 04）. Conclusion:The atmospheric PM 2.5 concentration in Shanghai is positively correlated with the number of outpatient for AR, and PM 2.5 exposure is an independent factor in the onset of AR. This provides an important theoretical basis for AR.

Correlation Analysis of Molecularly-Defined Cortical Interneuron Populations with Morpho-Electric Properties in Layer V of Mouse Neocortex / 神经科学通报·英文版

Cortical interneurons can be categorized into distinct populations based on multiple modalities, including molecular signatures and morpho-electrical (M/E) properties. Recently, many transcriptomic signatures based on single-cell RNA-seq have been identified in cortical interneurons. However, whether different interneuron populations defined by transcriptomic signature expressions correspond to distinct M/E subtypes is still unknown. Here, we applied the Patch-PCR approach to simultaneously obtain the M/E properties and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of >600 interneurons in layer V of the mouse somatosensory cortex (S1). Subsequently, we identified 11 M/E subtypes, 9 neurochemical cell populations (NCs), and 20 transcriptomic cell populations (TCs) in this cortical lamina. Further analysis revealed that cells in many NCs and TCs comprised several M/E types and were difficult to clearly distinguish morpho-electrically. A similar analysis of layer V interneurons of mouse primary visual cortex (V1) and motor cortex (M1) gave results largely comparable to S1. Comparison between S1, V1, and M1 suggested that, compared to V1, S1 interneurons were morpho-electrically more similar to M1. Our study reveals the presence of substantial M/E variations in cortical interneuron populations defined by molecular expression.

Analysis on Changes of Aquaporin and Intestinal Flora in a Rat Model with Spleen-Yin Deficiency Syndrome / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of spleen-Yin deficiency on gastrointestinal absorption， water metabolism and intestinal flora in rats with spleen-Yin deficiency syndrome. MethodA rat model of spleen-Yin deficiency syndrome was established by using the composite factors， including irregular meat and vegetable diet， weight-bearing fatigue swimming and gavage with warm-heat injury-Yin drugs. The changes of body weight， food intake， water intake and duration of swimming in the blank and model groups were observed. Hematoxylin-eosin（HE） staining was used to observe the histopathological damage of the stomach and colon. Urinary excretion rate of D-xylose was determined by phloroglucinol method. The content of gastrin（GAS） in serum was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay（ELISA）. The relative expression levels of vasoactive intestinal peptide（VIP）， aquaporin 3（AQP3） and AQP4 in gastric tissues were detected by Western blot. The relative mRNA expression levels of VIP， AQP3 and AQP4 in gastric tissues were detected by Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction（Real-time PCR）， and the changes of intestinal flora were analyzed by 16S rDNA sequencing. ResultCompared with the blank group， the results of general physical signs showed that the body weight and food intake of rats in the model group were significantly decreased， the water intake was significantly increased（P<0.05， P<0.01）， and the duration of swimming was significantly decreased（P<0.01）. Pathological examination results showed that in the mucosa of gastric tissues of rats in the model group appeared to be misaligned， the mucosa of colonic tissues could be seen to be obviously thinned or mutilated， and the epithelial cells appeared to be necrotic or even exfoliated. Compared with the blank group， the urinary D-xylose excretion rate of rats in the model group was significantly decreased（P<0.01）， and the serum GAS content was significantly decreased（P<0.05）. Compared with the blank group， Western blot results showed that the relative expression level of VIP protein in gastric tissues of rats in the model group was significantly decreased， while the relative expression levels of AQP4 and AQP3 proteins were significantly increased（P<0.01）. Compared with the blank group， Real-time PCR results showed that the relative expression level of VIP mRNA in gastric tissues of rats in the model group was significantly decreased（P<0.01）， and the relative mRNA expression levels of AQP3 and AQP4 were significantly increased（P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with the blank group， the results of intestinal flora analysis showed that the number of operational taxonomic units（OTUs） and α-diversity increased and β-diversity decreased significantly in the model group， the abundance of Porphyromonadaceae was increased significantly， and the abundance of Oscillibacter_ruminantium was decreased significantly（P<0.05）. Spearman correlation analysis showed that Porphyromonadaceae was significantly positively correlated with AQP4 protein level， while Oscillibacter_ruminantium was significantly positively correlated with VIP protein level， and negatively correlated with AQP3 and AQP4 protein levels（P<0.05）. Linear discriminant analysis effect size（LEfSe） analysis results showed that there were significant differences in a variety of intestinal bacteria between groups， and the intestinal bacteria of the model group were significantly enriched in the phylum/order/family/genus of Elusimicrobia， Betaproteobacteria， Burkholderiales， Sutterellaceae and Parasutterella（P<0.05）. ConclusionSpleen-Yin deficiency syndrome can weaken the digestion and absorption capacity of gastrointestinal tract， and cause the disturbance of water metabolism and intestinal flora. AQP4， AQP3 and VIP protein levels of gastric mucosa are closely related to Porphyromonadaceae and Oscillibacter_ruminantium. And AQP4， AQP3 and VIP may be involved in the regulation of intestinal flora in order to affect the physiological function of spleen governing transportation and transformation.

Selection and application of statistical methods in medical research / 上海预防医学

Statistics plays an important role in medical research， and the selection of appropriate statistical methods is crucial for drawing reliable and valuable conclusions. This paper provides a brief introduction to commonly used statistical analysis methods for medical data， covering descriptive analysis， parametric test， nonparametric test， correlation analysis， regression analysis， and analysis of survival data. It focuses on discussing the assumptions of multiple linear regression， logistic regression and Cox proportional risk regression， as well as how to choose the appropriate statistical methods for analyzing and interpreting medical data based on different research objectives and data types.

Quality Evaluation of Aurantii Fructus from Sichuan by Specific Chromatogram Combined with Chemometrics and Grey Correlation Analysis / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveHigh performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） was used to establish the specific chromatograms of Aurantii Fructus from different origins， and the quality variability of Aurantii Fructus from Sichuan was analyzed and evaluated by combining entropy weighting method and grey correlation method. MethodHPLC was performed on an Agilent Eclipse Plus C18 column （4.6 mm×250 mm， 5 μm） with a gradient elution of methanol （A）-0.1% phosphoric acid aqueous solution as the mobile phase （0-12 min， 25%-33%A； 12-21 min， 33%-41%A； 21-30 min， 41%-42%A； 30-40 min， 42%-59%A； 40-53 min， 59%-72%A； 53-60 min， 72%A； 60-65 min， 72%-100%A； 65-70 min， 100%A； 70~71 min， 100%-25%A； 71-80 min， 25% A） at a flow rate of 1.0 mL·min-1， the injection volume was 10 μL and the detection wavelength was 330 nm. Fifty batches of Aurantii Fructus samples from different origins （Sichuan， Chongqing， Jiangxi and Hunan） were tested， and the similarity evaluation software is used to generate characteristic profiles and compare them with control profile for peak identification， and then to evaluate the similarity of the samples. IBM SPSS 19.0 and SIMCA 14.1 were used to perform multivariate statistical analysis on the results of the samples， and then the entropy weighting method and grey correlation were used to calculate the overall quality score of samples from Sichuan. ResultHPLC specific chromatogram of Aurantii Fructus was established， and 14 common peaks were identified as eriocitrin， neoeriocitrin， narirutin， naringin， hesperidin， neohesperidin， meranzin hydrate， poncirin， meranzin， marmin， nobiletin， 3，3′，4′，5，6，7，8-heptamethoxyflavone， tangeretin and auraptene. And the similarities between the samples from Sichuan and the control chromatogram were all above 0.980. The samples could be classified into four categories according to their main origins by chemical pattern recognition， and the results of cluster analysis， principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis were all able to discriminate the samples of different main origins effectively. The comprehensive evaluation results of entropy weighting method combined with grey correlation showed that the quality of Aurantii Fructus from Sichuan varied greatly among different origins， and the quality of Aurantii Fructus from Sichuan was ranked as Bazhong>Luzhou>Chongqing>Neijiang. ConclusionIn this study， the characteristic mapping of Aurantii Fructus from Sichuan is established， and combined with the analytical methods of chemometrics and grey correlation， the quality of samples from different origins can be effectively differentiated， which can provide a reference for the comprehensive evaluation and control of the quality of Aurantii Fructus from Sichuan.

Effect of Rhizophagus intraradices on growth of Salvia miltiorrhiza / 中国中药杂志

The study aimed to explore the effects of inoculation of Rhizophagus intraradices on the biomass, effective component content, and endogenous hormone content of Salvia miltiorrhiza through pot experiments. The number of leaves, plant height, dry weight of aboveground and underground parts, branch number, root number, root length, root diameter, and other biomass were mea-sured by weighing and counting methods. The content of salvianolic acid B, caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, tanshinone Ⅰ, tanshinone Ⅱ_A, cryptotanshinone, and other effective components was determined by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography. The content of ABA and GA_3 was determined by triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. The correlations between biomass and effective components and between effective components and plant hormones ABA and GA_3 were analyzed. The results showed that R. intraradices significan-tly increased the aboveground dry weight, leaf number, and root number of S. miltiorrhiza by 0.24-0.65 times, respectively. The content of salvianolic acid B and rosmarinic acid in the aboveground part and the content of salvianolic acid B, caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, tanshinone Ⅰ, and tanshinone Ⅱ_A in the underground part were significantly increased by 0.44-1.78 times, respectively. R. intraradices infection significantly increased the GA_3/ABA values of aboveground and underground parts by 3.82 and 76.47 times, respectively. The correlation analysis showed that caffeic acid, the effective component of the aboveground part, was significantly positively correlated with plant height, tanshinone Ⅱ_A, the effective component of the underground part, was significantly positively correlated with biomass root number, cryptotanshinone, and dry weight, while rosmarinic acid was significantly negatively correlated with dry weight. There were significant positive correlations between cryptotanshinone and ABA, tanshinone Ⅱ_A and ABA and GA_3, and caffeic acid and GA_3. In conclusion, R. intraradices can promote the accumulation of biomass and secondary metabolites of S. miltiorrhiza and regulate the balance between plant hormones ABA and GA_3, thereby promoting the growth of S. miltiorrhiza.

Medicinal plant resources in Inner Mongolia autonomous region of China and Mongolia: a comparative study / 中国中药杂志

Inner Mongolia autonomous region of China and Mongolia are the primary regions where Chinese and Mongolian medicine and its medicinal plant resources are distributed. In this study, 133 families, 586 genera, and 1 497 species of medicinal plants in Inner Mongolia as well as 62 families, 261 genera, and 467 species of medicinal plants in Mongolia were collected through field investigation, specimen collection and identification, and literature research. And the species, geographic distribution, and influencing factors of the above medicinal plants were analyzed. The results revealed that there were more plant species utilized for medicinal reasons in Inner Mongolia than in Mongolia. Hotspots emerged in Hulunbuir, Chifeng, and Tongliao of Inner Mongolia, while there were several hotspots in Eastern province, Sukhbaatar province, Gobi Altai province, Bayankhongor province, Middle Gobi province, Kobdo province, South Gobi province, and Central province of Mongolia. The interplay of elevation and climate made a non-significant overall contribution to the diversity of plant types in Inner Mongolia and Mongolia. The contribution of each factor increased significantly when the vegetation types of Inner Mongolia and Mongolia were broadly divided into forest, grassland and desert. Thus, the distribution of medicinal plant resources and vegetation cover were jointly influenced by a variety of natural factors such as topography, climate and interactions between species, and these factors contributed to and constrained each other. This study provided reference for sustainable development and rational exploitation of medicinal plant resources in future.

Analysis of Suitable Processing Time of Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata Processed with Amomi Fructus and Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium Based on UPLC-Q-TOF-MS / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate the relative content changes of differential metabolites and reducing sugars during the processing process of Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata （RRP） processed with Amomi Fructus （AF） and Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium （CRP）， and to lay the foundation for revealing the processing principle of this characteristic variety. MethodThe samples of the 0-54 h processing process of RRP processed with AF and CRP were taken as the research object， and their secondary metabolites were detected by ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry （UPLC-Q-TOF-MS）. The 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution （A）-acetonitrile （B） was used as the mobile phase for gradient elution （0-1 min， 1%-3%B； 1-10 min， 3%-9%B； 10-15 min， 9%-12%B； 15-22 min， 12%-18%B； 22-31 min， 18%-24%B； 31-35 min， 24%-100%B； 35-36 min， 100%-5%B； 36-40 min， 5%-1%B； 40-45 min， 1%B）， column temperature was 40 ℃， injection volume was 3 μL， flow rate was 0.3 mL·min-1. Electrospray ionization （ESI） was used to scan and collect MS data in the negative ion mode， the scanning range was m/z 50-1 250. Data analysis was carried out using PeakView 1.2 software， and the chemical composition of RRP processed with AF and CRP was identified by combining the literature information and chemical composition databases. The MS data were normalized by MarkerView 1.2， and then the multivariate statistical analysis was applied to screen the differential metabolites， and the changes of the relative contents of the differential metabolites with different processing times was analyzed， finally， correlation analysis was performed between the differential metabolites， the change of the reducing sugar content was combined to determine the most suitable processing time of RRP processed with AF and CRP. ResultA total of 121 compounds were identified from RRP processed with AF and CRP at different processing times， and 12 differential metabolites were screened out by multivariate statistical analysis， including catalpol， hesperidin， isoacteoside， acteoside， narirutin， echinacoside， isomartynoside， decaffeoylacteoside， 6-O-E-feruloylajugol， dihydroxy-7-O-neohesperidin， jionoside D， and rehmapicroside. With the prolongation of processing time， the relative contents of these 12 differential metabolites and reducing sugars changed slightly at 52-54 h. ConclusionUPLC-Q-TOF-MS can comprehensively and accurately identify the chemical constituents of RRP processed with AF and CRP at different processing times， and the suitable processing time of 52-54 h is determined according to the content changes of different metabolites and reducing sugars， which provides a basis for revealing the scientific connotation of the processing principle of this variety.

Quality Difference Analysis of Raw and Steamed Products of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium Based on Electronic Eye Technique and Chemical Fingerprint / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo explore the quality differences between steamed products and raw products of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium（CRP）. MethodThe color of steamed products and raw products of CRP was determined from the perspective of appearance by electronic eye technique， and the quality differences between them was objectively characterized by the luminous value（L*）， yellow-blue value（b*）， red-green value（a*） and total chromatic value（E*ab）. Based on this， ultra-high performance liquid chromatography（UPLC） was used to establish a fingerprint evaluation method with the mobile phase of acetonitrile（A）-0.1% formic acid aqueous solution（B） for gradient elution（0-5 min， 5%A； 5-30 min， 5%-20%A； 30-60 min， 20%-52%A）， detection wavelength at 270 nm， flow rate of 0.3 mL·min-1 and column temperature of 30 ℃. The quality differences between steamed products and raw products of CRP were compared from the perspective of chemical composition， and correlation analysis was used to reveal the correlation between the difference in appearance color and the difference in internal chemical composition. ResultAfter being steamed， L*， b* and E*ab of CRP showed an overall decreasing trend， indicating that the color of the steamed products darkened and deepened from yellow to blue but still tended to be yellow， while a* showed an overall increasing trend， indicating that the color of the steamed products tended to red. A total of 24 peaks were identified in the fingerprint profiles of raw products and steamed products of CRP， and 13 of the main peaks were identified. The precision， stability and repeatability studies showed that compared with the reference peak （peak 14， hesperidin）， the relative standard deviations（RSDs） of the relative peak area and relative retention time of the remaining peaks were<3.0%.The results of chemometric statistical analysis showed that there were some differences between raw products and steamed products of CRP， and 7 main differential components were identified， among which 5-hydroxymaltol（peak 1） and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural（peak 2） were the characteristic components of steamed products. The correlation analysis results showed that， in addition to the above two characteristic components， four components of peak 4， peak 10 （vicenin-2）， peak 23 （tangeretin） and peak 24 （5-demethylnobiletin） also correlated significantly with the color change （E*ab） of the samples （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionBefore and after steaming， not only the chemical composition changes， but also the color. Comparing the characteristic peaks of chemical composition difference and color difference before and after steaming of CRP， it is found that 5-hydroxymaltol， 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and peak 4 are common characteristic difference components， which can provide a reference for establishing the characteristic quality control method of steamed products， and quickly evaluating the quality difference between raw products and steamed products of CRP.