The contribution of Alois Alzheimer and Oskar Fischer to the understanding of Pick's complex - (Historical Note) / A contribuição de Alois Alzheimer e Oskar Fischer para a compreensão do complexo de Pick - (Nota Histórica)

Arnold Pick described a series of cases with progressive aphasia, behavioural disorders, and dementia. The post-mortem examination revealed on macroscopy, beside diffuse brain atrophy, also circumscribed (lobar) atrophy of the temporal and/or frontal lobes. The histopathology was not provided. Such kind of cases were soon named after the author, being known for a time as 'Pick's disease', coming to constitute a new nosological group. A time later after the original description, Alois Alzheimer and Oskar Fischer completed microscopic examination of similar cases, where the first author found, on silver impregnation, spheric neuronal inclusions, he named 'argentophilic ball' inclusions, while the second one identified complex cortical changes he named 'spongiform cortical wasting', and additionally a type of swollen cell that was named 'ballooned neuron'. Such microscopic changes became the first histopathological markers of this group of diseases.

Arnold Pick descreveu uma série de casos apresentando, de modo progressivo, afasia, transtornos de comportamento e demência. O exame pós-morte revelou à macroscopia, além de atrofia cerebral difusa, também atrofia circunscrita (lobar) dos lobos temporais e/ou frontais. A histopatologia não foi fornecida. Tal tipo de casos foi logo denominado segundo o autor, sendo conhecido por um período como 'doença de Pick', vindo a constituir um novo grupo nosológico. Algum tempo após a discrição original, Alois Alzheimer e Oskar Fischer perfizeram exame microscópio de casos semelhantes, onde o primeiro autor encontrou inclusões neuronais esféricas à impregnação pela prata, que denominou de 'bola argirofílica', enquanto o segundo identificou alterações corticais complexas às quais denominou 'perda cortical espongiforme', além de um tipo de célula tumefeita que chamou de 'neurônio balonizado'. Tais alterações microscópicas tornaram-se os primeiros marcadores histopatológicos desse grupo de doenças.

Bases neurobiológicas de la epilepsia neonatal y sus comorbilidades / Neurobiological basis of neonatal epilepsy and its co morbilities

Resumen La aparición de convulsiones es frecuente durante el periodo neonatal debido a las características de inma durez funcional del cerebro es este periodo. La aparición de estas convulsiones puede llevar a un diagnóstico de epilepsia neonatal, que suele estar asociado a alteracio nes estructurales del cerebro durante el neurodesarrollo. Aproximadamente el 50% de las personas con epilepsia activa padecen al menos un trastorno médico comórbi do, y esto hace que cambie la evolución de la epilepsia. La presencia de trastornos neurológicos que preceden a la aparición de la epilepsia indica que alteraciones es tructurales y/o funcionales del cerebro subyacentes pue den ser causa de la predisposición a padecer epilepsia y de los procesos comórbidos de manera independiente. En esta revisión describimos los procesos cerebrales estructurales y funcionales que subyacen a la aparición de epilepsia neonatal y sus comorbilidades.

Abstract The occurrence of seizures is frequent during the neonatal period due to the functional immaturity of the brain.The presence of these seizures may lead to a diagnosis of neonatal epilepsy, which is usually as sociated with structural alterations of the brain during neurodevelopment. Approximately 50% of people with active epilepsy have at least one comorbid medical di sorder, and the existence of a comorbid process changes the course of the epilepsy. The presence of neurologic disorders preceding the onset of epilepsy indicates that underlying neurobiological alterations may indepen dently cause the predisposition to epilepsy and comor bid processes. In this review we describe the structural and functional brain processes underlying the onset of neonatal epilepsy and its comorbidities.

Diagnóstico de malformación del desarrollo cortical en embarazo gemelar monocorial: reporte de caso

Introducción: Las malformaciones del desarrollo cortical se deben a alteraciones en la migración del neuroblasto durante la formación de la corteza cerebral. Se desconoce su frecuencia en embarazos monocoriales. Objetivo: Reportar el caso de un embarazo monocorial con diagnóstico de malformación del desarrollo cortical en uno de los fetos y revisar la literatura referente a su diagnóstico y pronóstico. Método: Mujer de 19 años, embarazo monocorial biamniótico de 26 semanas, que acudió con estudio ecográfico y resonancia fetal que evidenció en uno de los fetos asimetría de los hemisferios cerebrales, hipoplasia de la cisura de Silvio izquierda con simplificación del patrón giral por focos de paquigiria y polimicrogiria, con confirmación posnatal de alteración en la migración neuronal asociada a hipoplasia vermiana. Resultados: Se encontraron en la literatura tres casos de embarazo múltiple monocorial con trastorno de la migración neuronal con recién nacidos vivos. Los hallazgos más comunes fueron microcefalia, lisencefalia e hipoplasia cerebelosa. Conclusiones: El diagnóstico prenatal del trastorno de la migración neuronal se realiza con ecografía y resonancia fetal. La más frecuente es la alteración de la migración neuronal tipo II. El pronóstico depende del tipo de alteración; sin embargo, la mayoría de los casos presentan trastornos epileptiformes con alteraciones del neurodesarrollo.

Introduction: Malformations of cortical development are the result from alterations in the neuroblast migration during the cerebral cortex formation. Its frequency in monochorial multiple pregnancies remains unknown. Objective: To report a case of monochorial multiple pregnancy with diagnosis of malformation of the cortical development in one of the fetuses. In addition, to review the literature regarding the diagnosis and prognosis of this entity. Method: A 19-year-old female with a monochorial diamniotic pregnancy of 26 weeks gestation, arrived with an ultrasound anatomy scan visit, and fetal magnetic resonance imaging, we detected asymmetry in the cerebral hemispheres one of the fetuses, hypoplasia of the left sulcus of Sylvius with simplification of the gyrus pattern due to clusters of pachygyria and polymicrogyria. Those findings were confirmed afterbirth, with a definite diagnosis of neuronal migration disorder associated with vermian hypoplasia. Results: Three cases of monochorial pregnancy with neuronal migration disorder with live newborn, common findings like microcephaly, lissencephaly and vermian hypoplasia. Conclusions: Prenatal diagnosis with neuronal migration disorder is done via ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. Neuronal migration disorders type II are the most common of them. Prognosis depends on the type of disorder; however, most patients have epileptiform activity and neurodevelopment impairment.

Acupuncture for generalized anxiety disorder: a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

During the COVID-19 outbreak, there was a sharp increase in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Acupuncture therapy has the advantages of accurate clinical efficacy, safety and reliability, few adverse reactions, and no dependence, and is gradually becoming one of the emerging therapies for treating GAD. We present a study protocol for a randomized clinical trial with the aim of exploring the mechanism of brain plasticity in patients with GAD and evaluate the effectiveness and reliability of acupuncture treatment. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) will be used to assess cortical excitability in GAD patients and healthy people. Sixty-six GAD patients meeting the inclusion criteria will be randomly divided into two groups: TA group, (treatment with acupuncture and basic western medicine treatment) and SA group (sham acupuncture and basic western medicine treatment). Twenty healthy people will be recruited as the control group (HC). The parameters that will be evaluated are amplitude of motor evoked potentials (MEPs), cortical resting period (CSP), resting motor threshold (RMT), and Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA) score. Secondary results will include blood analysis of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate (Glu), glutamine (Gln), serotonin (5-HT), and brain-derived nerve growth factor (BDNF). Outcomes will be assessed at baseline and after the intervention (week 8). This study protocol is the first clinical trial designed to detect differences in cerebral cortical excitability between healthy subjects and patients with GAD, and the comparison of clinical efficacy and reliability before and after acupuncture intervention is also one of the main contents of the protocol. We hope to find a suitable non-pharmacological alternative treatment for patients with GAD.

Influence of TMX2-CTNND1 polymorphism on cortical thickness in schizophrenia patients and unaffected siblings: an exploratory study based on target region sequencing

Objective: The advancement of neuroimaging and genetic research has revealed the presence of morphological abnormalities and numerous risk genes, along with their associations. We aimed to estimate magnetic resonance imaging-derived cortical thickness across multiple brain regions. Methods: The cortical thickness of 129 schizophrenia patients, 42 of their unaffected siblings, and 112 healthy controls was measured and the candidate genes were sequenced. Comparisons were made of cortical thickness (including 68 regions of the Desikan-Killiany Atlas) and genetic variants (in 108 risk genes for schizophrenia) among the three groups, and correlation analyses were performed regarding cortical thickness, clinical symptoms, cognitive tests (such as the N-back task and the logical memory test), and genetic variants. Results: Schizophrenia patients had significantly thinner bilateral frontal, temporal, and parietal gyri than healthy controls and unaffected siblings. Association analyses in target genes showed that four single nucleotide variants (SNVs) were significantly associated with schizophrenia, including thioredoxin-related transmembrane protein 2-catenin, cadherin-associated protein, delta 1 (SNV20673) (positive false discovery rate [PFDR] = 0.008) and centromere protein M (rs35542507, rs41277477, rs73165153) (PFDR = 0.030). Additionally, cortical thickness in the right pars triangularis was lower in carriers of the SNV20673 variant than in non-carriers (PFDR = 0.048). Finally, a positive correlation was found between right pars triangularis cortical thickness and logical memory in schizophrenia patients (r = 0.199, p = 0.032). Conclusions: This study identified regional morphological abnormalities in schizophrenia, including the right homologue of Broca's area, which was associated with a risk variant that affected delta-1 catenin and logical memory. These findings suggest a potential association between candidate gene loci, cortical thickness, and schizophrenia.

Enfermedad de Caffey: reporte de un caso clínico / Caffey's disease: report of a clinical case / Doença de Caffey: relato de um caso clínico

Introducción: La enfermedad de Caffey es una patología ósea inflamatoria, rara, autolimitada, casi exclusiva de lactantes. Objetivos: Jerarquizar el abordaje diagnóstico de una patología poco frecuente. Caso clínico: 4 meses 22 días, varón, consulta por irritabilidad y edema de miembro inferior izquierdo de 4 días de evolución. Sin traumatismos ni fiebre. Examen físico: edema indurado en tercio medio e inferior de pierna izquierda, no rubor ni calor local. Dolor a la palpación de cara anterior y lateral de tibia y peroné. Limitación funcional, no resaltos óseos. Radiografía: engrosamiento del periostio en tibia y peroné a nivel diafisario. Hemograma: Glóbulos blancos 15.380 KU/L, Hemoglobina 10,8 g/dL, Plaquetas 816.400 10/ul, proteína C reactiva 13,90 mg/dl. Con planteo de probable infección osteoarticular se inicia clindamicina ( gentamicina e ingresa a cuidados moderados. Dada la persistencia de edema e irritabilidad, al quinto día se solicita resonancia magnética: hallazgos sugerentes de un probable proceso inflamatorio- infeccioso de partes blandas con compromiso óseo. Completa 14 días de clindamicina y 7 días de gentamicina intravenosa, hemocultivo negativo. Persiste con edema, irritabilidad y dolor. A los 21 días, se revalora la presentación clínica-imagenológica, se plantea enfermedad de Caffey. Se inicia anti-inflamatorio con buena evolución. Conclusiones: La enfermedad de Caffey es una colagenopatía rara, que afecta lactantes. El diagnóstico es clínico - radiológico (irritabilidad, tumefacción de partes blandas y alteraciones radiológicas). El pronóstico a largo plazo suele ser favorable. Es importante considerar el diagnóstico en lactantes que se presentan con esta sintomatología para evitar retrasos diagnósticos e instauración de tratamientos innecesarios.

Introduction: Caffey's disease is a rare disease that is reported almost exclusively in infants. Objective: Describe the case of a rare pathology, prioritizing the diagnostic approach. Clinical case: 4 month -old, healthy male. Consultation due to irritability and edema of the left lower limb for 4 days. No trauma or fever. Physical examination: indurated edema in the left leg, no redness or local heat. Pain on palpation of the anterior and lateral aspect of the tibia and fibula. Functional limitation, no bony protusions. Leg x-ray: thickening of the periosteum in the tibia and fibula at the diaphyseal level. Hemogram: White Blood Cells 15,380 KU/L Hemoglobin: 10.8 g/dL. Platelets: 816,400 10/ul, C-reactive protein: 13.90 mg/dl. He was admitted with a suggestion of probable osteoarticular infection. Clindamycin ( gentamicin is started. Given the persistence of edema and irritability despite treatment, on the fifth day an MRI was requested: findings suggestive of a probable inflammatory-infectious process of soft tissues with bone involvement. Completed 14 days of clindamycin and 7 days of intravenous gentamicin, blood culture negative. It persists with edema, irritability and pain. After 21 days, the clinical-imaging presentation was reassessed and Caffey's disease was considered. Anti-inflammatory begins with good evolution. Conclusions: Caffey's disease is a rare collagenopathy, that affects infants. The diagnosis is clinical - radiological (irritability, soft tissue swelling and radiological alterations). The long-term prognosis is usually favorable. It is important to consider the diagnosis in infants who present with these symptoms to avoid diagnostic delays and initiation of unnecessary treatments.

Introdução: A doença de Caffey é uma patologia óssea inflamatória rara, autolimitada, quase exclusiva de lactentes. Objetivos: Priorizar a abordagem diagnóstica de uma patologia rara. Caso clínico: 4 meses 22 dias, sexo masculino, consulta por irritabilidade e edema do membro inferior esquerdo de 4 dias de evolução. Sem trauma ou febre. Exame físico: edema endurecido em terço médio e inferior da perna esquerda, sem vermelhidão ou calor local. Dor à palpação das faces anterior e lateral da tíbia e fíbula. Limitação funcional, sem saliências ósseas. Radiografia: espessamento do periósteo na tíbia e fíbula ao nível diafisário. Hemograma: Glóbulos brancos 15.380 KU/L, Hemoglobina 10,8 g/dL, Plaquetas 816.400 10/ul, Proteína C reativa 13,90 mg/dl. Com sugestão de provável infecção osteoarticular, foi iniciada clindamicina + gentamicina e internado em cuidados moderados. Dada a persistência do edema e da irritabilidade, no quinto dia foi solicitada ressonância magnética: achados sugestivos de provável processo inflamatório-infeccioso de partes moles com envolvimento ósseo. Completou 14 dias de clindamicina e 7 dias de gentamicina intravenosa, hemocultura negativa. Persiste com edema, irritabilidade e dor. Após 21 dias, o quadro clínico-imagem foi reavaliado e considerada doença de Caffey. O antiinflamatório começa com uma boa evolução. Conclusões: A doença de Caffey é uma colagenopatia rara que afeta lactentes. O diagnóstico é clínico-radiológico (irritabilidade, edema de partes moles e alterações radiológicas). O prognóstico a longo prazo é geralmente favorável. É importante considerar o diagnóstico em lactentes que apresentam esses sintomas para evitar atrasos no diagnóstico e início de tratamentos desnecessários.

BMP7 expression in mammalian cortical radial glial cells increases the length of the neurogenic period

The seat of human intelligence is the human cerebral cortex, which is responsible for our exceptional cognitive abilities. Identifying principles that lead to the development of the large-sized human cerebral cortex will shed light on what makes the human brain and species so special. The remarkable increase in the number of human cortical pyramidal neurons and the size of the human cerebral cortex is mainly because human cortical radial glial cells, primary neural stem cells in the cortex, generate cortical pyramidal neurons for more than 130 days, whereas the same process takes only about 7 days in mice. The molecular mechanisms underlying this difference are largely unknown. Here, we found that bone morphogenic protein 7 (BMP7) is expressed by increasing the number of cortical radial glial cells during mammalian evolution (mouse, ferret, monkey, and human). BMP7 expression in cortical radial glial cells promotes neurogenesis, inhibits gliogenesis, and thereby increases the length of the neurogenic period, whereas Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signaling promotes cortical gliogenesis. We demonstrate that BMP7 signaling and SHH signaling mutually inhibit each other through regulation of GLI3 repressor formation. We propose that BMP7 drives the evolutionary expansion of the mammalian cortex by increasing the length of the neurogenic period.

A Novel Retrograde AAV Variant for Functional Manipulation of Cortical Projection Neurons in Mice and Monkeys / 神经科学通报·英文版

Retrograde adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) are capable of infecting the axons of projection neurons and serve as a powerful tool for the anatomical and functional characterization of neural networks. However, few retrograde AAV capsids have been shown to offer access to cortical projection neurons across different species and enable the manipulation of neural function in non-human primates (NHPs). Here, we report the development of a novel retrograde AAV capsid, AAV-DJ8R, which efficiently labeled cortical projection neurons after local administration into the striatum of mice and macaques. In addition, intrastriatally injected AAV-DJ8R mediated opsin expression in the mouse motor cortex and induced robust behavioral alterations. Moreover, AAV-DJ8R markedly increased motor cortical neuron firing upon optogenetic light stimulation after viral delivery into the macaque putamen. These data demonstrate the usefulness of AAV-DJ8R as an efficient retrograde tracer for cortical projection neurons in rodents and NHPs and indicate its suitability for use in conducting functional interrogations.

Beneficio de la cirugía en un caso de crisis epilépticas focales motoras negativas secundarias a displasia cortical parietal / Benefit of surgery in a case of negative motor focal epileptic seizures secondary to parietal cortical dysplasia

Resumen Las crisis atónicas focales son poco reconocidas como fenómenos ictales, pueden corresponder tanto a una epilepsia generalizada como a una epilepsia focal. Las áreas del cerebro implicadas en la gestión de este tipo de crisis son: el área motora negativa y las cortezas motora primaria y somatosensitiva primaria, aunque aún la neurofisiología que las genera no está aclarada. Presentamos el caso de un paciente con crisis atónicas focales farmacorresistentes en miembro superior iz quierdo. Se realizó resonancia de cerebro con diagnóstico de displasia cortical parietal, se monitoreó con video EEG de scalp y luego a video EEG con electrodos profundos. Se definieron el área epileptógena y su relación con áreas elocuentes, se realizó resección quirúrgica de la lesión, logrando el control completo de las crisis.

Abstract Focal atonic seizures are recognized rarely as ictal phenomena, they can correspond to both generalized epilepsy and focal epilepsy. The areas of the brain in volved in the management of this type of seizure are: the negative motor area and the primary motor and primary somatosensory cortices, although the neurophysiology that generates them is still unclear. We present the case of a patient with focal atonic seizures in the left upper limb, refractory to drug treatment. Neuroimaging was performed, a parietal cortical lesion was diagnosed. A scalp Video EEG and then a Stereo EEG was performed, defining the epileptogenic area and its relationship with eloquent areas. Surgical resection of the lesion was performed, achieving complete seizure control.

Radiological Evaluation of Volar Cortical Angle in the Anatolian Population / Evaluación Radiológica del Ángulo Cortical Volar en la Población Anatoliana

SUMMARY: Distal radius fractures are the most common fractures of the upper limb. The most commonly used method in the repair of these fractures is volar locking plates. Recently, the frequency of removal of volar locking plates after surgery has increased. There are many factors in its reduction. Anatomically, incompatibility of the distal end of the radius with volar locking plates is one of them. In previous studies, different volar cortical angle (VCA) values were found in other races. For this reason, this study aimed to determine the mean values by making VCA measurements of the Anatolian population. The study was designed retrospectively. In the study, measurements were made on computed tomography (CT) images of the distal end of the radius of 53 men and 28 women. Radial width, intermediate volar angle, and radial volar angle were measured in the images. On average, the radius width was 23.35±1.96 mm, and the intermediate volar angle was 26.02±.3.83°, radial volar angle was 24±3.07°. Radial width, intermediate volar angle, and radial volar angle differed significantly by gender (p<0.001). A significant correlation was found between radius width, intermediate volar angle, and radial volar angle values (p<0.001). It has been determined that the Anatolian population has a different VCA value than the European, Asian, and other populations. When using volar locking plates in distal radius fracture surgery, volar locking plates should be selected by considering the average values of the races.

Las fracturas del radio distal son las fracturas más comunes del miembro superior. El método más utilizado en la reparación de estas fracturas son las placas de bloqueo volar. Recientemente, ha aumentado la frecuencia de extracción de placas de bloqueo volar después de la cirugía. Existen muchos factores en su reducción y anatómicamente, la incompatibilidad de la extremidad distal del radio con las placas de bloqueo volar es una de ellas. En estudios anteriores, se encontraron diferentes valores del ángulo cortical volar (VCA) en otras grupos. Por esta razón, este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar los valores medios, realizando mediciones de VCA de la población de Anatolia. El estudio fue diseñado de manera retrospectiva. En el estudio, se realizaron mediciones en imágenes de tomografía computarizada (TC) de la extremidad distal del radio de 53 hombres y 28 mujeres. En las imágenes se midieron el ancho radial, el ángulo volar intermedio y el ángulo volar radial. En promedio, el ancho del radio fue de 23,35 ± 1,96 mm, el ángulo volar intermedio fue de 26,02 ± 3,83° y el ángulo volar radial fue de 24 ± 3,07°. El ancho radial, el ángulo volar intermedio y el ángulo volar radial difirieron significativamente según el sexo (p<0,001). Se encontró una correlación significativa entre los valores del ancho del radio, el ángulo volar intermedio y el ángulo volar radial (p<0,001). Se ha determinado que la población de Anatolia tiene un valor de VCA diferente al de las poblaciones europeas, asiáticas y otras. Cuando se utilizan placas de bloqueo volar en cirugía de fractura de la extremidad distal del radio, las placas deben seleccionarse considerando los valores promedio de los individuos de diferentes grupos.

Reconstrucción mandibular con cortical autóloga auto trasplantada del sitio quirúrgico en queratoquiste, revisión de literatura y reporte de caso / Mandibular reconstruction with autologous cortical bone transplanted from the surgical site in keratocyst, literature review, and case report

El queratoquiste es un quiste odontogénico en el cual se describen diferentes opciones terapéuticas tanto conservadores como agresivas, con diferentes tasas de éxito y recidivas. Dependiendo del tratamiento, las técnicas más agresivas presentan mejores resultados, pero involucran un mayor defecto óseo en la zona tratada versus las técnicas conservadoras. El propósito de este reporte de caso es documentar una técnica quirúrgica utilizada en un paciente masculino de 17 años que, tras un tratamiento descompresivo de 8 meses, fue sometido a cirugía con enucleación de la lesión remanente más curetaje mecánico perilesional y uso de solución de Carnoy no modificada, preservando la cortical ósea vestibular mandibular tratada con solución de Carnoy no modificada y reposicionando este segmento óseo mediante osteosíntesis. Se realizó seguimiento clínico e imagenológico postoperatorio de 1 año verificando la remisión del quiste y la neoformación ósea en la zona intervenida. El uso de esta alternativa terapéutica permite evitar el colapso de los tejidos blandos en el defecto óseo subyacente y aportar tejido óseo autógeno tratado que permite una funcionalidad de tramado óseo al cual pueden migrar los elementos celulares para aportar en la regeneración tisular local.

The keratocyst is an odontogenic cyst in which different conservative and aggressive therapeutic options are described, with different success rates and recurrences. Depending on the treatment, the most aggressive techniques present better results but involve a more significant bone defect in the treated area compared to conservative techniques. The purpose of this case report is to document a surgical technique used in a 17-year-old male patient who underwent surgery after eight months of decompressive treatment with enucleation of the remaining lesion plus perilesional mechanical curettage and use of Carnoy's solution unmodified, preserving the mandibular vestibular bone cortex treated with unmodified Carnoy's solution and repositioning this bone segment by osteosynthesis. A one-year postoperative clinical and imaging follow-up was carried out, verifying the remission of the cyst and the new bone formation in the operated area. This therapeutic alternative makes possible to avoid the collapse of the soft tissues in the underlying bone defect and provide treated autogenous bone tissue that allows a bone mesh functionality to which the cellular elements can migrate to contribute to local tissue regeneration.

Historia y principios básicos de la estimulación magnética transcraneal

La estimulación magnética transcraneal (EMT) es una técnica no invasiva que consiste en la utilización de campos magnéticos para estimular a las neuronas de la corteza cerebral. Si bien la electricidad se ha pretendido emplear previamente en el campo de la medicina, la historia de la EMT se remonta al descubrimiento de la inducción electromagnética, por Faraday, en el siglo XIX. Sin embargo, no fue hasta la década de 1980 cuando Anthony Barker, en la Universidad de Sheffield, desarrolló el primer dispositivo de EMT. La EMT funciona mediante una bobina colocada en el cuero cabelludo, la cual produce un campo magnético que puede atravesar el cráneo y estimular las neuronas corticales. La intensidad y la frecuencia del campo magnético pueden ajustarse para dirigirse a zonas específicas del cerebro y producir efectos excitatorios e inhibitorios. Los principios de la EMT se basan en el concepto de neuroplasticidad, que se refiere a la capacidad del cerebro para cambiar y adaptarse en respuesta a nuevas experiencias y estímulos. Al estimular las neuronas del cerebro con la EMT, es posible inducir cambios en la actividad neuronal y la conectividad, lo que a su vez puede provocar cambios cognitivos y en el estado de ánimo.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a noninvasive technique that uses magnetic fields to stimulate neurons in the cerebral cortex. While electricity has previously been intended to be used in the medical field, the history of TMS dates back to the discovery of electromagnetic induction by Faraday in the 19th century. However, it was not until the 1980s when Anthony Barker developed the first TMS device at the University of Sheffield. TMS works by means of a coil placed against the scalp, thereby producing a magnetic field. This magnetic field can pass through the skull and stimulate cortical neurons. The intensity and frequency of the magnetic field can be adjusted to target specific areas of the brain and produce excitatory and inhibitory effects. The principles of TMS are based on the concept of neuroplasticity, which refers to the brain's ability to change and adapt in response to new experiences and stimuli. By stimulating neurons in the brain with TMS, it is possible to cause changes in neuronal activity and connectivity, which in turn can lead to cognitive and mood changes.

Desde el análisis biomecánico óseo de koch hasta el manejo contemporáneo de la fractura del fémur proximal / From koch's bone biomechanical analysis to contemporary proximal femur fracture management

Este artículo representa una revisión actual y completa de las fuerzas biomecánicas en el fémur proximal, tal como Koch presentó preliminarmente en su trabajo sobre la arquitectura ósea del fémur proximal. Su trabajo reflejó en la complejidad de las fracturas de fémur proximal y el manejo de las fracturas subtrocantéricas en paralelo con su clasificación y con la evolución de implantes. Existen múltiples formas de clasificar las fracturas subtrocantéricas; sin embargo, no existe un sistema de clasificación que se utilice para guiar el manejo quirúrgico. El tratamiento de las fracturas subtrocantéricas es la fijación quirúrgica, que implica el enclavado endomedular y placas de osteosíntesis. El tratamiento estándar es el enclavado endomedular con opciones de enclavado anterógrado y retrógrado. Aunque el enclavado anterógrado presenta una ventaja debido a las fuerzas deformantes, el enclavado retrógrado de las fracturas de fémur proximal ofrece menos tiempo quirúrgico y pérdida de sangre. Se han informado resultados similares entre los dos métodos. La toma de decisiones cuando se contempla el enclavado anterógrado versus retrógrado para las fracturas de fémur se basa principalmente en la constitución corporal y las lesiones asociadas, y no en la distancia de la fractura del fémur proximal a la región trocantérica

This article presents a current and comprehensive review of the biomechanical forces on the proximal femur, as preliminarily presented by Koch's cornerstone work on the bone architecture of the proximal femur. His work reflected on the complexity of proximal femur fractures and subtrochanteric fracture management in parallel with implant evolution and classification. Multiple ways of classifying subtrochanteric fractures exist, however, there is not one classification system that is used to guide operative management. The management of subtrochanteric fractures is surgical fixation which involves intramedullary nailing and plating (e.g., fixed angle and locking). The gold standard management is intramedullary nailing with antegrade and retrograde nail options. Though antegrade nailing presents an advantage due to the deforming forces, retrograde nailing of proximal femur fractures offers less operative time and blood loss. Similar outcomes have been reported between the two methods. Decision making when contemplating antegrade versus retrograde nailing for femur fractures is mostly driven by body habitus and associated injuries, and not by fracture distance of the proximal femur to the trochanteric region

Síndrome de Anton-Babinsky / Anton-Babinski Syndrome

Introducción: El síndrome de Anton-Babinsky es un trastorno neuropsiquiátrico poco frecuente, que se manifiesta por anosognosia y ceguera cortical, debido a lesiones en las áreas visuales asociativas de la corteza occipital sin presentar afectación en la vía visual. En adultos mayores sus manifestaciones clínicas suelen ser atípicas y la valoración geriátrica integral permite orientar el diagnóstico, que se puede asociar con síndromes geriátricos. Objetivo: Describir las manifestaciones clínicas, síndromes geriátricos, paraclínicos y tratamiento de un paciente con Síndrome de Anton-Babinsky. Caso clínico: Paciente de 85 años, quien durante un postoperatorio inmediato de cirugía ocular (pterigión) presentó alteración fluctuante del estado de conciencia, alucinaciones visuales, disminución de la agudeza visual bilateral y anosognosia. La analítica sanguínea no reportó alteraciones y la tomografía computarizada de cráneo documentó isquemia occipital bilateral, se le diagnosticó síndrome de Anton-Babinsky. Conclusiones: El síndrome de Anton-Babinsky puede tener presentación atípica a través de síndromes geriátricos. La valoración geriátrica integral permite realizar un diagnóstico y manejo multicomponente oportuno con el objetivo de influir en el pronóstico tanto a corto como a largo plazo(AU)

Introduction: Anton-Babinski syndrome is a rare neuropsychiatric disorder, with a manifestation of anosognosia and cortical blindness, due to lesions in the associative visual areas of the occipital cortex without presenting visual pathway impairment. In elderly adults, its clinical manifestations are usually atypical and a comprehensive geriatric assessment allows to guide the diagnosis, which can be associated with geriatric syndromes. Objective: To describe the clinical manifestations, geriatric syndromes, paraclinical findings and treatment of a patient with Anton-Babinski syndrome. Clinical case: This is the case of an 85-year-old patient who, during the immediate postoperative period after ocular surgery (pterygium), presented a fluctuating alteration of consciousness, visual hallucinations, decreased bilateral visual acuity and anosognosia. Blood analysis reported no alterations and cranial computed tomography documented bilateral occipital ischemia; the patient was diagnosed with Anton-Babinski syndrome. Conclusions: Anton-Babinski syndrome may have an atypical presentation through geriatric syndromes. Comprehensive geriatric assessment allows for timely multicomponent diagnosis and management with the aim of influencing both short- and long-term prognosis(AU)

Unicystic Ameloblastoma ? A Case Series

Ameloblastoma is a benign, locally aggressive neoplasm that constitutes about 1–3% of the tumors of the jaw. Wide surgical excision with adequate safe margin is the most common treatment of choice. The study aimed to manage cases with unicystic ameloblastoma while preserving the continuity of the mandible (without resection). This article presents a series of cases ranging from 18 to 40 years old patients of both sexes with unicystic ameloblastoma, especially in the mandible showing more male predilection than female. All the cases presented in this article were treated by enucleation and curettage. None of the patients presented post?operative paresthesia. None of the cases went in for resection. Post?operative recovery was uneventful in all the patients. All the patients were followed up for a period of 3.5–5 years. None of the cases reported recurrence at the date of publication.

Amyloid spell – A close mimic of transient ischemic attack!

Transient focal neurological episodes, also called amyloid spells occur as recurrent, transient episodes of spreading paresthesia seen in 14% of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) patients. An 81-year-old gentleman with coronary artery disease and a left ventricular clot was on anticoagulant treatment. He presented with three episodes of tingling in the left fingers spreading to the left arm and left leg, each lasting for 10 min. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain with susceptibility imaging showed convexity hemorrhage, and curvilinear blooming in sulcal spaces of the right cerebral convexity and left precuneus. Warfarin was stopped. He was treated with clobazam, aspirin, and atorvastatin. He improved, so was discharged after 2 days. Amyloid spells can be confused with transient ischemic attack (TIA) or its mimics and the treatment given for TIA can lead to intracranial hemorrhage in CAA patients. Radiological features aid in the diagnosis of CAA and antiplatelets need to be administered cautiously in patients with suspected TIA.

Radiographic findings in the coxofemoral joint of Australian Cattle Dogs / Achados radiográficos em articulação coxofemoral de cães da raça Australian Cattle Dog

Australian Cattle Dogs (ACD) are medium-sized animals widely used in fieldwork for managing cattle and sheep. There needs to be more information about the conditions these dogs can develop despite being well-characterized animals since the beginning of the 20th century. Hip dysplasia (HD) is a developmental abnormality between the femoral head and the acetabular fossa, which can be debilitating. However, the available literature has no studies on the prevalence of this condition in dogs of this breed. This study aimed to evaluate radiographs of ACD qualitatively and quantitatively. For this purpose, 49 dogs considered healthy without clinical signs of HD were radiographically assessed, and the animals were classified as dysplastic (D) and non-dysplastic (ND). A frequency of 46.9% of dysplastic dogs was observed, with males being more affected. The cortical index (CI) and angle of inclination (AI) could not differentiate D from ND animals; only the Norberg angle (NA) was effective in this differentiation. No correlation was observed between AI, CI, and AN.(AU)

Os cães da raça Autralian Cattle Dog (ACD) são animais de porte médio, muito utilizados no trabalho de campo para manejo de gado e ovelha. Apesar de serem animais bem caracterizados desde o início do século XX, há poucas informações sobre afecções que esses cães podem desenvolver. A displasia coxofemoral (DCF) é uma anormalidade do desenvolvimento entre a cabeça do fêmur e a fossa acetabular podendo ser debilitante. Contudo, não há estudos, na literatura disponível, sobre a prevalência desta afecção em cães dessa raça. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar qualitativamente e quantitativamente radiografias de cães da raça ACD. Para tanto, foram avaliados radiograficamente 49 cães considerados hígidos e sem sinais clínicos de DCF. Os animais foram classificados em displásicos (D) e não displásicos (ND). Observou-se a frequência de 46,9% de cães displásicos, sendo os machos mais acometidos. O índice cortical (IC) e o ângulo de inclinação (AI) não foram capazes de diferenciar os animais D dos ND, apenas o ângulo de Norberg (AN) foi eficaz nessa diferenciação. Não houve correlação entre AI, IC e AN.(AU)

Cortical thickness is related to working memory performance after non-invasive brain stimulation

Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) probing the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) has been shown to have little effect on working memory. The variability of NIBS responses might be explained by inter-subject brain anatomical variability. We investigated whether baseline cortical brain thickness of regions of interest was associated with working memory performance after NIBS by performing a secondary analysis of previously published research. Structural magnetic resonance imaging data were analyzed from healthy subjects who received transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS), and placebo. Twenty-two participants were randomly assigned to receive all the interventions in a random order. The working memory task was conducted after the end of each NIBS session. Regions of interest were the bilateral DLPFC, medial prefrontal cortex, and posterior cingulate cortex. Overall, 66 NIBS sessions were performed. Findings revealed a negative significant association between cortical thickness of the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and reaction time for both tDCS (left: P=0.045, right: P=0.037) and iTBS (left: P=0.007, right: P=0.007) compared to placebo. A significant positive association was found for iTBS and posterior cingulate cortex (P=0.03). No association was found for accuracy. Our findings provide the first evidence that individual cortical thickness of healthy subjects might be associated with working memory performance following different NIBS interventions. Therefore, cortical thickness could explain - to some extent - the heterogeneous effects of NIBS probing the DLPFC.

Estudo topográfico dos giros e sulcos e do nervo facial em cadáveres de fetos humanos / Topographic study of gyri, sulci and facial nerve in human fetus corps / Estudio topográfico de giros, surcos y nervios faciales en cadáveres de fetos humanos

Introdução: Durante o desenvolvimento do encéfalo há formação de sulcos e giros que podem sofrer alterações morfológicas similarmente ao nervo facial (NC VII) que possui funções sensitivas e motoras e sua lesão pode gerar prejuízos clínicos e estéticos. Na literatura há informações sobre essas estruturas em adultos, porém pouco definidas em fetos. Objetivo: Descrever os giros e sulcos e o trajeto do NC VII em cadáveres de fetos humanos. Métodos: Selecionou-se sete fetos humanos, de ambos os sexos, do acervo do Laboratório de Anatomia da UFMS CPTL. Realizou-se três etapas: avaliação da idade fetal, dissecação e descrição anatômica. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa, CAEE: 75069617.5.0000.5386 2022. Resultados: observou-se na face dorsolateral sulcos frontal superior e médio e pós-central, temporal superior e inferior, circular da ínsula e central da ínsula. Há giro pré-central, pós-central, temporais, superior inferior e médio. Na face medial há sulco do cíngulo duplo, paracentral, parieto occipital e giro frontal superior. Em todos os fetos, há o tronco do NC VII e seus ramos perfurando o parênquima da glândula parótida na região infratemporal antes da divisão em ramos pela face Conclusão: A topografia dos giros e sulcos dos fetos é fundamental para identificar precocemente malformações corticais. Somado a isso, o estudo morfológico do NC VII poderá fomentar estudos futuros, haja vista que são poucos os registros a respeito das características deste nervo em fetos.

Introduction: In the development of the brain there are grooves and gyri that undergo morphological changes, similarly the facial nerve (CN VII) has sensory and motor functions and its injury generates clinical and aesthetic damage. In the literature there is information about these structures in adults, but little defined in fetuses. Objective: To describe the gyri and sulci and the course of CN VII in fetal cadavers. Methods: Seven human fetuses of both sexes were selected from the collection of the Anatomy Laboratory of the UFMS CPTL. Three steps were performed: assessment of fetal age, dissection and anatomical description. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee, CAEE 75069617.5.0000.5386. Results: in the studied brains, superior and medium frontal and postcentral, superior and inferior temporal, insula circular and insula central grooves were observed on the dorsolateral surface. There are precentral, postcentral, temporal, superior, inferior, and middle gyrus. On the medial surface there is the double cingulate sulcus, paracentral, parieto occipital and superior frontal gyrus. In all fetuses, there is the trunk of CN VII and its branches piercing the parotid gland parenchyma in the infratemporal region before dividing into branches across the face. Conclusion: The topography of the gyri and sulcus of fetuses is essential for early identification of cortical malformations. Added to this, the morphological study of CN VII may encourage future studies, given that there are few records regarding the characteristics of this nerve in fetuses.

Introducción: En el desarrollo del cerebro existen surcos y circunvoluciones que sufren cambios morfológicos, de igual manera el nervio facial (NC VII) tiene funciones sensoriales y motoras y su lesión genera daño clínico y estético. En la literatura existe información sobre estas estructuras en adultos, pero poco definidas en fetos. Objetivo: Describir las circunvoluciones y surcos y el curso del NC VII en cadáveres fetales. Métodos: Siete fetos humanos, de ambos sexos, fueron seleccionados de la colección del Laboratorio de Anatomía de la UFMS CPTL. Se realizaron tres pasos: evaluación de la edad fetal, disección y descripción anatómica. El estudio fue aprobado por el Comité de Ética en Investigación, CAEE 75069617.5.0000.5386. Resultados: en los cerebros estudiados, se observaron surcos en la superficie dorsolateral frontal superior y medio y poscentral, temporal superior e inferior, insular circular e insular central. Hay circunvolución precentral, poscentral, temporal, superior, inferior y media. En la superficie medial se encuentra el doble surco cingulado, paracentral, parieto occipital y giro frontal superior. En todos los fetos, el tronco del NC VII y sus ramas perforan el parénquima de la glándula parótida en la región infratemporal antes de dividirse en ramas a lo largo de la cara. Conclusión: La topografía de las circunvoluciones y surcos de los fetos es fundamental para la identificación temprana de malformaciones corticales. Sumado a esto, el estudio morfológico del NC VII puede alentar futuros estudios, dado que existen pocos registros sobre las características de este nervio en fetos.

Practical aspects of functional mri in clinical examinations / Aspectos práticos de rm funcional em exames clínicos / Aspectos prácticos de la rm funcional en los exámenes clínicos

The eloquent cerebral cortices are involved in movement, sensation, speech, vision, and higher cortical functions. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) allows the evaluation of brain function, aiding in neurosurgical planning by mapping eloquent cortical areas. Considering the high cost of the hardware involved, the purpose of this work is to present a more affordable, in-house alternative for these studies that can provide adequate results in a clinical setting. We also present some practical information on how to perform these exams. We describe an affordable in-house hardware solution used by an imaging center, and examples of fMRI paradigms used to evaluate motor and language tasks. The fMRI studies show robust activations in eloquent areas consistent with the tasks performed on the exam. Images of post-processed studies illustrate clinical cases. The fMRI have well-established applications, mapping eloquent cortical areas in patients with brain lesions. In the case of surgical planning, it allows the surgeon to maximize the resection area while minimizing sequelae. More affordable hardware can reduce the cost of these exams, making them more accessible to the general public.

O córtex cerebral eloquente está envolvido nas atividades motora, sensação, fala, visão e funções corticais superiores. A ressonância magnética funcional (RMf) permite a avaliação da função cerebral, ajudando no planejamento neurocirúrgico através do mapeamento de áreas corticais eloquentes. Considerando o elevado custo do hardware envolvido, o objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar uma alternativa mais acessível para estes estudos, que possa fornecer resultados adequados em um ambiente clínico. Também apresentamos algumas informações práticas sobre a realização destes exames. Descrevemos uma solução de hardware acessível utilizada por um centro de imagens, e exemplos de paradigmas de RMf usados para avaliar tarefas motoras e relacionadas à fala. Os estudos de RMf mostram ativações em áreas eloquentes, consistentes com as tarefas realizadas no exame com imagens de estudos pós-processados ilustrando casos clínicos. A RMf tem aplicações bem estabelecidas, mapeando áreas corticais eloquentes em pacientes com lesões cerebrais. No caso do planejamento cirúrgico, permite que o cirurgião maximize a área de ressecção enquanto minimiza potenciais sequelas. Equipamentos mais acessíveis podem reduzir o custo destes exames, podendo aumentar a disponibilização ao público em geral.

La corteza cerebral elocuente está implicada en las actividades motoras, la sensibilidad, el habla, la visión y las funciones corticales superiores. La resonancia magnética funcional (RMf) permite la evaluación de la función cerebral, ayudando en la planificación neuroquirúrgica mediante el mapeo de las áreas corticales elocuentes. Teniendo en cuenta el elevado coste del hardware implicado, el objetivo de este artículo es presentar una alternativa más asequible para estos estudios que pueda proporcionar resultados adecuados en un entorno clínico. También presentamos información práctica sobre cómo realizar estos exámenes. Describimos una solución de hardware asequible utilizada por un centro de diagnóstico por imagen, y ejemplos de paradigmas de RMf utilizados para evaluar tareas motoras y relacionadas con el habla. Los estudios de RMf muestran activaciones en áreas elocuentes, coherentes con las tareas realizadas en el examen, con imágenes de estudios postprocesados que ilustran casos clínicos. La RMf tiene aplicaciones bien establecidas en el mapeo de áreas corticales elocuentes en pacientes con lesiones cerebrales. En el caso de la planificación quirúrgica, permite al cirujano maximizar el área de resección minimizando las posibles secuelas. Un equipo más asequible puede reducir el coste de estas exploraciones, aumentando potencialmente su disponibilidad para el público en general.