A Cost-Effective Novel Method of Preparing Plastinated Specimens of Brain

The human bodies and organs have traditionally been preserved using formalin solution, although it irritates the eyes, nose and throat. Plastination is an unique and expensive method for preserving biological samples that can be used in teaching and research. Therefore, the goal of the current study was to prepare a costeffective solution using thermocol to plastinate the brain specimens as a supplement for teaching and research. Two human brains were used in this pilot research project. According to standard procedures, the brains were first fixed in 10% formaldehyde, sectioned horizontally, sagittally and coronally dehydrated in acetone, and then immersed in the plastination solution at room temperature and pressure. Then the specimens were airdried at room temperature. A team of 62 Anatomists and Pathologists assessed the quality of the specimens using a self-developed grading scale. The grading was provided based on the specimens’ clarity, stability, aesthetic look, colour and smell. Statistical analyses was performed using SPSS software, Kruskal Wallis test showed that the lowest mean score was 4.04 provided for colour and highest mean score was 5 provided for the smell with a statistically significant p<0.001. Thus our plastinated specimens were of good quality, durable and handlefriendly. Our study demonstrated that the cost-effective plastination solution (CEPS) procedure is an inexpensive and efficient way to create plastinated specimens that are appropriate for teaching neuroanatomy.

A Community-Based Trial on The Comparison of Efficacy, Safety and Cost Effectiveness of Ferrous Sulphate and Ferrous Ascorbate for Anaemia in Pregnancy In Madhya Pradesh, India

Background: Anaemia has significant impact on health of the fetus as well as that of mother. Increased need of iron during pregnancy especially after 2nd trimester makes iron supplementation mandatory. Ferrous ascorbate is known to exist intact inside the gastrointestinal tract due to the stable chelation of iron with ascorbate. This compound does not dissociate due to any of the food inhibitors. The aim is to study the effec-tiveness of Ferrous Ascorbate and Ferrous sulphate in terms of compliance and cost effectiveness of manage-ment of anaemia in pregnancy. Methodology: Study design: Quasi Experimental study, Study area: District Vidisha, Study participants: Preg-nant women of first trimester registered during the study period in the selected Anganwadis/ Gram Arogya Kendra (GAK), Sample size: 240 antenatal mothers. Results: Baseline mean haemoglobin was 11.31±1.05 gm/dl. The mean increase in Ferrous Sulphate was 0.55 gm/dl, and in Ferrous ascorbate was 1.27 gm/dl. Ferrous Sulphate was less compliant than Ferrous ascorbate, and has higher efficacy and lesser side effects. Only Rs. 10.2 additional cost per antenatal mothers for increase of ≥1gm% in Hb will be borne by government if Ferrous Sulphate is replaced by Ferrous Ascorbate. Conclusions: Study results show statistically significant difference in rise of haemoglobin amongst the ante-natal mothers consuming Ferrous ascorbate over Ferrous Sulphate

Evaluation of the therapeutic benefits of single daily dose versus alternate day dose of rosuvastatin in hyperlipidemia patients

Background: The common cause of mortality in India is related to complications of cardiovascular disease which has direct relation with the hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension. Rosuvastatin more efficacious than other statins in lesser dosage and having good safety profile. Aim and Objective: The present study was undertaken to evaluate the safety, efficacy of rosuvastatin 10 mg daily dose versus alternate day dose in hyperlipidemia patients. Materials and Methods: A total of 50 individuals with hyperlipidemia were selected in this prospective open label research. Patients were grouped as Group D with rosuvastatin daily dose and Group A with alternate day dose. Fasting plasma lipid profile was assessed in both groups on the 1st, 4th, and 6th weeks. Results: There is significant reduction in total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides (TG), and elevation of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) after 4 weeks and 6 weeks of the treatment in both the groups compared to baseline. The mean percentage reduction of total cholesterol was by 24% and 21.60% (P < 0.05) in Group D and Group A, respectively. The mean percentage reduction of LDL-C was by 33.50% and 31% (P < 0.05) Group D and Group A, respectively. The mean percentage improvement of HDL-cholesterol was by 19.89% and 17.09% (P < 0.05) in Group D and Group A, respectively. The mean percentage of reduction of TG was by 36.70% and 41.33% (P < 0.05) Group D and Group A. Conclusion: Rosuvastatin 10 mg on alternate days had the same efficacy in lowering cholesterol levels as taking it every day, also it may be a cost-effective alternative without sacrificing therapeutic benefits or side effects.

Efficacy of acidified phytase supplemented cottonseed meal based diets on growth performance and proximate composition of Labeo rohita fingerlings / Eficácia de dietas à base de algodão com fitase acidificada suplementada no desempenho do crescimento e na composição proximada de dedos de Labeo rohita

The growth of aquaculture sector is strongly dependent upon the continuous supply of inexpensive fish feed with balanced nutritional profile. However, fish meal (FM) is unable to satisfy this demand due to its scarce supply and high cost. In order to test the potential of cottonseed meal (CSM) as a fish meal replacer, a feeding trial of 12 weeks was conducted to check growth performance and proximate composition of Labeo rohita fingerlings. The protein ration of the test feed was satisfied by replacing FM with CSM at 0, 25, 50 and 75%. Sixteen test diets viz., TD1 (control), TD2, TD3, TD4, TD5, TD6, TD7, TD8, TD9, TD10, TD11, TD12, TD13, TD14, TD15 and TD16 were supplemented with citric acid (CA; 0 and 2.5%) and phytase (PHY; 0 and 750 FTU/kg) in a completely randomized design with 3×3 factorial arrangement. The highest weight gain (11.03g), weight gain% (249.21%), specific growth rate (1.39) and best feed conversion ratio (1.20) were recorded by fish fed with TD12. Furthermore, the same level increased the crude protein (59.26%) and fat (16.04%) being significantly different (p<0.05) than that of control. Conclusively, the addition of acidified phytase (CA; 2.5%, PHY; 750 FTU/kg) in TD12 (CSM=50%) led to the improved growth and proximate composition of L. rohita fingerlings.

O crescimento do setor de aquicultura é fortemente dependente do fornecimento contínuo de rações baratas para peixes com perfil nutricional equilibrado. Porém, a farinha de peixe (FM) não consegue atender a essa demanda devido à sua escassa oferta e alto custo. Com o objetivo de testar o potencial da farinha de semente de canola (MSC) como substituto da farinha de peixe, um ensaio alimentar de 12 semanas foi conduzido para verificar o desempenho de crescimento e a composição centesimal de alevinos de Labeo rohita. A ração de proteína da ração teste foi satisfeita substituindo FM por CSM em 0, 25, 50 e 75%. Dezesseis dietas de teste, viz., TD1 (controle), TD2, TD3, TD4, TD5, TD6, TD7, TD8, TD9, TD10, TD11, TD12, TD13, TD14, TD15 e TD16 foram suplementadas com ácido cítrico (CA; 0 e 2,5%) e fitase (PHY; 0 e 750 FTU / kg) em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com arranjo fatorial 3 × 3. O maior ganho de peso (11,03g), % de ganho de peso (249,21%), taxa de crescimento específico (1,39) e melhor taxa de conversão alimentar (1,20) foram registrados por peixes alimentados com TD12. Além disso, o mesmo nível aumentou a proteína bruta (59,26%) e a gordura (16,04%), sendo significativamente diferente (p <0,05) do controle. Conclusivamente, a adição de fitase acidificada (CA; 2,5%, PHY; 750 FTU / kg) em TD12 (CSM = 50%) levou a um melhor crescimento e composição próxima de alevinos de L. rohita.

Efficacy of acidified phytase supplemented cottonseed meal based diets on growth performance and proximate composition of Labeo rohita fingerlings

Abstract The growth of aquaculture sector is strongly dependent upon the continuous supply of inexpensive fish feed with balanced nutritional profile. However, fish meal (FM) is unable to satisfy this demand due to its scarce supply and high cost. In order to test the potential of cottonseed meal (CSM) as a fish meal replacer, a feeding trial of 12 weeks was conducted to check growth performance and proximate composition of Labeo rohita fingerlings. The protein ration of the test feed was satisfied by replacing FM with CSM at 0, 25, 50 and 75%. Sixteen test diets viz., TD1 (control), TD2, TD3, TD4, TD5, TD6, TD7, TD8, TD9, TD10, TD11, TD12, TD13, TD14, TD15 and TD16 were supplemented with citric acid (CA; 0 and 2.5%) and phytase (PHY; 0 and 750 FTU/kg) in a completely randomized design with 3×3 factorial arrangement. The highest weight gain (11.03g), weight gain% (249.21%), specific growth rate (1.39) and best feed conversion ratio (1.20) were recorded by fish fed with TD12. Furthermore, the same level increased the crude protein (59.26%) and fat (16.04%) being significantly different (p 0.05) than that of control. Conclusively, the addition of acidified phytase (CA; 2.5%, PHY; 750 FTU/kg) in TD12 (CSM=50%) led to the improved growth and proximate composition of L. rohita fingerlings.

Resumo O crescimento do setor de aquicultura é fortemente dependente do fornecimento contínuo de rações baratas para peixes com perfil nutricional equilibrado. Porém, a farinha de peixe (FM) não consegue atender a essa demanda devido à sua escassa oferta e alto custo. Com o objetivo de testar o potencial da farinha de semente de canola (MSC) como substituto da farinha de peixe, um ensaio alimentar de 12 semanas foi conduzido para verificar o desempenho de crescimento e a composição centesimal de alevinos de Labeo rohita. A ração de proteína da ração teste foi satisfeita substituindo FM por CSM em 0, 25, 50 e 75%. Dezesseis dietas de teste, viz., TD1 (controle), TD2, TD3, TD4, TD5, TD6, TD7, TD8, TD9, TD10, TD11, TD12, TD13, TD14, TD15 e TD16 foram suplementadas com ácido cítrico (CA; 0 e 2,5%) e fitase (PHY; 0 e 750 FTU / kg) em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com arranjo fatorial 3 × 3. O maior ganho de peso (11,03g), % de ganho de peso (249,21%), taxa de crescimento específico (1,39) e melhor taxa de conversão alimentar (1,20) foram registrados por peixes alimentados com TD12. Além disso, o mesmo nível aumentou a proteína bruta (59,26%) e a gordura (16,04%), sendo significativamente diferente (p 0,05) do controle. Conclusivamente, a adição de fitase acidificada (CA; 2,5%, PHY; 750 FTU / kg) em TD12 (CSM = 50%) levou a um melhor crescimento e composição próxima de alevinos de L. rohita.

Efficacy of acidified phytase supplemented cottonseed meal based diets on growth performance and proximate composition of Labeo rohita fingerlings / Eficácia de dietas à base de algodão com fitase acidificada suplementada no desempenho do crescimento e na composição proximada de dedos de Labeo rohita

Abstract The growth of aquaculture sector is strongly dependent upon the continuous supply of inexpensive fish feed with balanced nutritional profile. However, fish meal (FM) is unable to satisfy this demand due to its scarce supply and high cost. In order to test the potential of cottonseed meal (CSM) as a fish meal replacer, a feeding trial of 12 weeks was conducted to check growth performance and proximate composition of Labeo rohita fingerlings. The protein ration of the test feed was satisfied by replacing FM with CSM at 0, 25, 50 and 75%. Sixteen test diets viz., TD1 (control), TD2, TD3, TD4, TD5, TD6, TD7, TD8, TD9, TD10, TD11, TD12, TD13, TD14, TD15 and TD16 were supplemented with citric acid (CA; 0 and 2.5%) and phytase (PHY; 0 and 750 FTU/kg) in a completely randomized design with 3×3 factorial arrangement. The highest weight gain (11.03g), weight gain% (249.21%), specific growth rate (1.39) and best feed conversion ratio (1.20) were recorded by fish fed with TD12. Furthermore, the same level increased the crude protein (59.26%) and fat (16.04%) being significantly different (p<0.05) than that of control. Conclusively, the addition of acidified phytase (CA; 2.5%, PHY; 750 FTU/kg) in TD12 (CSM=50%) led to the improved growth and proximate composition of L. rohita fingerlings.

Resumo O crescimento do setor de aquicultura é fortemente dependente do fornecimento contínuo de rações baratas para peixes com perfil nutricional equilibrado. Porém, a farinha de peixe (FM) não consegue atender a essa demanda devido à sua escassa oferta e alto custo. Com o objetivo de testar o potencial da farinha de semente de canola (MSC) como substituto da farinha de peixe, um ensaio alimentar de 12 semanas foi conduzido para verificar o desempenho de crescimento e a composição centesimal de alevinos de Labeo rohita. A ração de proteína da ração teste foi satisfeita substituindo FM por CSM em 0, 25, 50 e 75%. Dezesseis dietas de teste, viz., TD1 (controle), TD2, TD3, TD4, TD5, TD6, TD7, TD8, TD9, TD10, TD11, TD12, TD13, TD14, TD15 e TD16 foram suplementadas com ácido cítrico (CA; 0 e 2,5%) e fitase (PHY; 0 e 750 FTU / kg) em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com arranjo fatorial 3 × 3. O maior ganho de peso (11,03g), % de ganho de peso (249,21%), taxa de crescimento específico (1,39) e melhor taxa de conversão alimentar (1,20) foram registrados por peixes alimentados com TD12. Além disso, o mesmo nível aumentou a proteína bruta (59,26%) e a gordura (16,04%), sendo significativamente diferente (p <0,05) do controle. Conclusivamente, a adição de fitase acidificada (CA; 2,5%, PHY; 750 FTU / kg) em TD12 (CSM = 50%) levou a um melhor crescimento e composição próxima de alevinos de L. rohita.

Exploring the knowledge and perception towards generic medicines among undergraduate medical and nursing students – A questionnaire-based comparative study

Background: Healthcare providers are still hesitant in prescribing generic medicines due to several misconceptions about bioequivalence, efficacy, quality, and safety of generic medicines as compared to their branded counterparts. Proper teaching and training help in positive changes in perception as well as the prescribing and dispensing practices of healthcare providers. Aim and Objectives: The aims of this study were to study the knowledge and perception about the generic medicine among 2nd year MBBS and nursing students and to find out the differences between the student’s responses. Materials and Methods: An observational cross-sectional study was conducted involving 83 2nd year MBBS students and 60 2nd year nursing students in Bundelkhand Medical College, Sagar (M.P.), India. Assessment of knowledge and perception about generic medicines using the normal 5-point Likert scale and calculation using the independent-samples Mann–Whitney U-Test and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant for differences observed among the two groups. Results: Only 33% of MBBS students and 17% of nursing students were select correct answer for bioequivalence limits. Almost 82% of MBBS and 53% of nursing students were agreed toward generic medicines are less expensive than brand name medicines (P = 0.00). Only 45% of MBBS students and 15% of nursing students were disagreed toward generic medicines are of inferior quality to branded drugs (P = 0.001). About 37% of MBBS students and 20% of nursing students were disagreed toward generic medicines are less effective and less safe than brand name medicines (P = 0.01) and only 12% of MBBS students and 7% of nursing students were disagreed toward brand name medicine which are required to meet higher safety standards than generic medicines (P = 0.09). Conclusion: In our study, we found that significant knowledge gap with regard to the regulatory bioequivalence limits for generic medicines and misconceptions about generic drugs is also quite prevalent. Educational interventions are most important tool to improve knowledge and change in perceptions among healthcare students about generic medicines and eventually promote practice of prescribing cost-effective generic drugs.

A Single-Center, Observational, Retrospective Cost-Effective Analysis of Treating Inadequately Controlled Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by Addition of DPP4 Inhibitors Versus Intensified Treatment with Conventional Drugs

Objective: To compare the cost effectiveness and achievement of glycemic goals in patients inadequately controlled by conventional drugs receiving either intensified treatment or DPP4 inhibitor as an add on. It shall help us to identify a preferred choice of treatment. Materials and Methods: As per study protocol, 52 patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) were included in the study. They received either intensified treatment or add-on with DPP4 inhibitor. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting blood sugar (FBS), postprandial blood sugar (PPBS), adverse drug reactions, and their cost were calculated for the next 6 months of therapy. Results: Add on therapy with DPP4 inhibitor showed a greater achievement of glycemic goals. Target HbA1c was achieved by 58.6% (P < 0.0001) versus 40% (P < 0.05), FBS was achieved by 78.50% (P < 0.0001) versus 50% (P < 0.16), and PPBS was achieved by 63.6% (P < 0.0001) versus 42.8% (P < 0.03) in the add-on with DPP4 inhibitor versus intensified treatment group. No hypoglycemic episodes were documented in both the groups. Add-on with DPP4 inhibitor cost (×5.13) as compared to intensified treatment. Conclusions: Add-on with DPP4 inhibitor therapy achieved glycemic goals in greater proportion of patients as compared to treatment intensification but at 5 times the cost of therapy. Since the patent restrictions for DPP4 inhibitors such as vildagliptin and teneligliptin are over, the cost of therapy has come down. Hence their benefits should be extended to a greater proportion of patients with inadequately controlled type 2 DM.

Cause Analysis of “Not Cost-effective at a Zero Price ”Results in Pharmacoeconomic Evaluation / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To pr ovide reference for the future pharmacoeconomic evaluation. METHODS ：Four typical cases of pharmacoeconomic evaluation showed the special situation that “not cost-effective at a zero price ”，defined the concept of “net value”to assist in theoretical analysis ，and summarized the possible causes of this situation . RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS ：The system（ATPS）：an overview and advances in its applica background treatment cost other than the target drug was too high ，the patient ’s quality of life during survival was too low ，the threshold of willingness to pay of incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was too low ，the cost of risk events during extended survival was too high or the health loss was too high ，and the price of the control scheme was too low ，which might affect the results of economic evaluation ，and even le d to the dilemma of pharmacoeconomic evaluation of “not cost-effective at a zero price ”. Pharmacoeconomic evaluation discusses the economy of intervention programs rather than the economy of drugs. The uneconomic results caused by various reasons need to be treated objectively ；theoretically，all“relevant”and“irrelevant”costs should be included in the calculation category in pharmacoeconomic evaluation ；pharmacoeconomics mainly solves the problem of “cost performance”comparison among several treatment schemes ，and the medical and health field often needs to face problems such as ethics and fairness. Therefore ，researchers may need to jump out of the framework of pharmacoeconomics analysis and conduct in-depth discussion from a higher and broader perspective.

The value of serum C reactive protein in the assessment of severity of HIV infection among children in a resource limited setting

Background: Human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) infection has devastating impact especially on well-being of children. Management of HIV infected children in resource-limited countries poses significant difficulties. The role of C-reactive protein as a potentially useful/cost-effective tool for assessing severity of HIV infection is yet to be established. The relationship between serum C-reactive protein and severity of HIV infection among children aged 6 months to 12 years was evaluated.Methods: Authors recruited 85 children each on combined antiretrovirals for ≥3 months, and apparently healthy HIV-negative controls. Severity of HIV infection was assessed by classification into immunologic categories 1, 2, 3 and clinical categories N, A, B, C according to the Centre for Disease Control revised classification system. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used for serum CRP estimation. CD4 count was estimated by flow cytometry. Data analysis was with Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20.Results: Response rate was 160 (94.1%) with mean age of participants being 8.50±3.36 years. Male to female ratio was 1.35:1. Lymphadenopathy was the commonest clinical feature in 26 (32.50%) participants, 59 (73.75%) participants were asymptomatic, and 52 (65.00%) were immunologic stage 1. Median serum CRP of HIV infected group and controls were 4.2 (1-13.9) mg/l and 0.5 (0.2-1.9) mg/l respectively. There was an association between Clinical and immunolological stages of infection and levels of serum CRP, p values = 0.001 and 0.002 respectively.Conclusions: The serum level of CRP may predict the severity of HIV infection among children.

A study to evaluate the safety and cost effectiveness of preformed catgut endoloops and polyglactin 910 extracorporeal ligation in the management of appendicular stump closure in laparoscopic appendicectomy

Background: The most essential component of laparoscopic appendectomy is the closure of appendicular stump. Failure of which can result in catastrophic complications including intra-abdominal and surgical site infections and rarely faecal fistula. The aim of this study was to verify the effectiveness of preformed catgut endoloop and extracorporeal polyglactin 910 for appendicular stump closure.Methods: This prospective study was carried out in 64 patients. We compared patient demographics, duration of surgery, intra and post-operative complications, hospital stay and cost of surgery between the two groups.Results: A total of sixty-four patients were finally included in the analysis, catgut group (n=34), polyglactin 910 group (n=30). The demographics between the two groups were similar. The mean age in catgut group was 23.94 years and polyglactin 910 groups was 23.33 years. Mean duration of surgery was 41.6 and 41.8 minutes in catgut and endoloop group respectively. Mean hospital stay was 3 days. There was no mortality but complications were seen in 6 patients. However, there was no statistical significance in between the two groups with any of the parameters studied.Conclusions: Multiple studies have demonstrated safety and effectiveness of various techniques of appendicular stump. The use of extracorporeal single polyglactin 910 extracorporeal suture knot is safe and cost-effective technique for closure of appendicular stump in rural and resource poor regions.

Management of urinary tract infections in children: antimicrobial sensitivity pattern, efficacy and pharmacoeconomics

Background: Urinary tract infections are commonly seen in febrile children, high incidence of Vesico Ureteral Reflux (VUR) is frequently seen in paediatric patient which is of concern as it may lead to renal scarring. Despite presence of established clinical guidelines there is disparity amongst physician in the diagnosis and treatment of UTI, some physician prescribes taking into consideration the symptoms, some prescribe on the basis of smell and colour and some rely on urine culture and sensitivity report. There is dearth of studies in many tertiary health care centers regarding antimicrobial use. Authors conducted this study to evaluate antimicrobial sensitivity pattern, efficacy and cost effectiveness of antimicrobials used for UTI in children.Methods: Patients of urinary tract infection <13 years of age were included in the study. Symptoms of patient i.e. pain in abdomen, haematuria, increased frequency of urination and degree of fever were recorded. Efficacy was measured through calculating degree of defervescence per hour. Cost effective model was prepared by calculating cost effective ratio i.e. dividing cost of antimicrobial required to bring down the fever and degree through which fever came down.Results: E. coli was the most common pathogen isolated from urine positive culture (69.07%). Nitrofurantoin has shown highest sensitivity to all uropathogens (72.73%). Cotrimoxazole, ciprofloxacin and nitrofurantoin were found to be most cost effective.Conclusions: In this current study authors found E coli is the most common uropathogen isolated. Ceftriaxone, cefixime, cotrimoxazole and amikacin were found to be most efficacious. Cotrimoxazole, ciprofloxacin and nitrofurantoin were found to be most cost effective.

SMOKING CESSATION – A PRACTICAL PARADIGM FOR DOCTORS

@#Helping people to stop smoking is a highly cost-effective and an important means of preventing cardiovascular disease such as ischemic heart disease and stroke. A doctor who fails to provide smoking cessation counselling to a patient who smokes is no better than a doctor who neglects to prescribe a cholesterol – lowering drug. Many smokers want to stop smoking, and others may be receptive to encouragement to stop. As doctors, we are in a unique position to help our patients stop smoking because our advice on health matters is trusted more than anyone else’s (or so we should hope to think). This article was first published in the Singapore Family Physician in 2008, and focuses on what a doctor should do with a patient who smokes. An additional update on alternatives to cigarettes has been added.

Patient Satisfaction And Cost Analysis Of Analgesia Management For Post-Operative Procedures In Htaa: Pca Vs. Conventional Method

@#Acute pain service (APS) offer several techniques to the post-operative patient in controlling and relieving the pain such as intravenous infusion, patient-controlled analgesia, epidural infusion, subcutaneous or intramuscular injection and intrathecal administration. The effectiveness of and satisfaction towards APS is not clearly defined. Therefore, the aim of this study is to conduct the cost analysis and comparison between these techniques and patient satisfaction. The study design for cost analysis was retrospective study. The means of the data were calculated based on Integration Store of Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan records. In addition, the evaluation of patient’s satisfaction was conducted by using a cross-sectional study design. The mean of the data was calculated and analysed by using Chi-square test. The total cost required to prepare PCA for post-operative patient was the highest with RM 8810.98. Meanwhile, the cost for subcutaneous morphine injection, epidural infusion and peripheral block injection were RM 2.11, RM 5323.95 and RM 4.95 respectively. However, when taking into the aspect of patient’s satisfaction, PCA has the highest level of excellent performance with 54.6% compare to EDA (33%) and BLOCK (12.4%) with the p-value is less than 0.05. In conclusion, every drug has its own side effects. As the healthcare provider, it is a need to ensure drugs that were given to the patients are at the very minimum risk of having the side effects. Based on the findings of this study, it could be said that both drugs have lower percentage of people experienced the side effect after treated with the drugs. Therefore, the future study should be more focusing on the side effect of the drugs used. In terms of cost spent for the methods, the PCA regimen is more likely expensive compared to the conventional methods. However, based on survey among the patients, PCA-treated patients expressed higher satisfaction compared to the conventional regimen of pain management.

A cost-effective analysis of various disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs for patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis

Background: Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic disabling disorder that lowers quality of life in the affected patients. Early treatment with disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs, provides better control of disease and minimize joint destruction. Long term therapy imparts considerable economic burden to the patients. Cost effective analysis was performed among the patients treated with methotrexate (MTX) alone, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) alone, and both (MTX+HCQ).Methods: A prospective, observational study for six months to analyze the cost-effectiveness in RA patients with DMARDs-MTX, HCQ and MTX+HCQ. A total of 91 patients were included for analysis; 43 patients in MTX and HCQ group; 37 patients in MTX group and 11 patients in HCQ group. To assess the functional disability,” Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire - Disability Index” (HAQ-DI) was administered. The patients were followed up for four months. The HAQ-DI at the baseline was compared with that of final follow up. The change in HAQ-DI and the total costs were used to find out the average cost- effective ratio (ACER).Results: The least ACER was obtained for Hydroxychloroquine and highest was for Methotrexate. But there was no statistically significant difference in ACER between various treatment groups. There was no significant difference in the disease activity improvement between the three groups.Conclusions: MTX, HCQ and MTX+HCQ showed improvement in disease activity without any significant difference. MTX is superior considering direct cost but there is no difference in the total cost between three groups.

Cost-effectiveness of newer anti-emetics in the prevention of chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting: a pharmaco-economic study analysis

Background: Chemotherapy induced Nausea and Vomiting (CINV) is one the most common adverse effects associated with chemotherapeutic management of carcinoma breast. Preventing CINV becomes a vital part in treatment of these cancer patients for better compliance. The conventional regimen of newer 5-HT3 receptor antagonist and dexamethasone along with newer agents - Aprepitant, a NK-1 receptor antagonist and a recently approved atypical antipsychotic, Olanzapine have shown better control of CINV. These newer agents are effective but also very expensive.Methods: The study included carcinoma breast patients scheduled for chemotherapy (n = 55 in each group) who either received aprepitant or olanzapine or a combination of both as the anti-emetic regimen. Considering Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA), the cost included was the cost of anti-emetic agents (sponsor’s perspective) and outcome measured as control of nausea and vomiting - as Complete Protection (CP), Complete Response to Best (CRB) and Incomplete Response (IR) for acute (0-24 hours) and delayed (24-120 hours) phases. The cost effectiveness(CE) ratio for emesis and CINV free days were calculated.Results: CP was seen better during the acute period than the delayed period. With Aprepitant, delayed CRB and IR was seen with 13 (23.6%) and 10 (18.2%) subjects. 16 (29.1%) showed IR with Olanzapine during the delayed period.The average number of Emesis and CINV free days were 4.65, 4.51, 4.89 and 3.38, 3.96, 4.15 for the three groups respectively. The cost required to achieve 1 emesis and 1 CINV free day per subject in the 3 groups was INR 351.19, INR 27.20, INR 339.54 and INR 483.36, INR 30.94, INR 400.60 respectively.Conclusions: The newer anti-emetic even though being expensive at cost, pharmacoeconomically provide better outcomes and seem to have better control rates than the conventional regimen.

Customized And Cost Effective Specimen Retrieval Bag In Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: Study In 150 Cases

Minimally invasive surgery has undergone rapid development in last decade and it has many advantages but it has a few drawbacks also like difficulty in removing specimen, spillage of contents intraperitoneally and port site infection. Specimen retrieval through trocar site by using laparoscopic retrieval bag is the solution but cost is a barrier in government setups. So our major concern is to make customized Specimen retrieval bags for easy removal of specimen and reducing the rate of port site infection

Formulation of Cost-effective Medium Using Urea as a Nitrogen Source for Arthrospira platensis Cultivation under Real Environment

Even though Arthrospira is a well-known superfood, it is not extensively commercialized in developing countries like Malaysia due to the high production cost with low biomass yield. Based on literature, the algal production cost can be discounted by reducing the cost of medium utilizing cheaper and readily available chemicals. Therefore, the present study was conducted to experiment the prospect of Arthrospira platensis cultivation in newly designed medium with commercial or industrial grade fertilizers under real environment. Consequently, growth and yield of A. platensis was investigated under outdoor condition using modified Kosaric medium (MKM) which was designed by substituting the major laboratory chemicals in standard Kosaric medium (SKM) with commercial grade baking soda, sea salt, urea, phosphoric acid, potassium hydroxide and Epsom salt. Urea as an alternative nitrogen resource to sodium nitrate was pulse-fed throughout the cultivation period. The algal growth was measured through optical density, biomass dry weight and chlorophyll a content. The algal yield was determined by calculating its productivity and specific growth rate. The growth and yield of A. platensis was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in MKM in terms of optical density with 2.541 ABS, biomass dry weight with 1.30 g L-1, chlorophyll a content with 12.96 mg L-1, productivity with 0.141 g L-1 d-1 and specific growth rate with 0.253 µ d-1 compared to SKM in eight days of cultivation period. The present finding showed the potential of MKM in lowering the medium cost up to 97% compared to SKM without compromising the algal yield under natural condition with proper cultivation techniques such as preadaptation and fed-batch addition of urea in the late evening.

Cost-effectiveness Analysis of SOX Regimen versus CapeOX Regimen for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of SOX regimen(tegafur+oxaliplatin)vs. CapeOX regimen (capecitabine+oxaliplatin)in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer,and to provide reference for exploring more economical first-line regimen of metastatic colorectal cancer. METHODS:Based on published high-quality Ⅲ-phase randomized controlled trial,Markov model was established according to the process of disease development in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. The model was divided into progression-free survival state,progressive disease state and death state. Combined with relevant data of our hospital,pharmacoeconomic cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted for SOX regimen and CapeOX regimen. Sensitivity analysis validation model was used to analyze the stability of the model. RESULTS:According to the results of Markov model operation,compared to standard CapeOX regimen,SOX regimen could increase 0.14 QALYs,and cost increased by 35 493.45 yuan;incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was 253 524.64 yuan/QALYs,which was higher than willingness-to-pay(WTP) threshold(168 201.201 yuan/QALYs). Single factor sensitivity analysis showed that cost of oxaliplatin had the most important impact on the result of cost-effectiveness analysis. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis depicted that with the increase of GDP per capita,the probability of SOX regimen with cost-effectiveness would increase. CONCLUSIONS:At present,compared with standard CapeOX regimen,SOX regimen has no cost-effectiveness for metastatic colorectal cancer,which is not recommended as the first choice for first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer.

Cost-effectiveness of indacaterol/glycopyrronium in comparison with salmeterol/fluticasone combination for patients with moderate-to-severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a LANTERN population analysis from Singapore

<p><b>INTRODUCTION</b>In light of the growing evidence base for better clinical results with the use of the dual bronchodilator indacaterol/glycopyrronium (IND/GLY) over inhaled corticosteroid-containing salmeterol/fluticasone combination (SFC), this study aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of IND/GLY over SFC in patients with moderate-to-severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) who are at low risk of exacerbations, in the Singapore healthcare setting.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A previously published patient-level simulation model was adapted for use in Singapore by applying local unit costs. The model was populated with clinical data from the LANTERN and ECLIPSE studies. Both costs and health outcomes were predicted for the lifetime horizon from a payer's perspective and were discounted at 3% per annum. Costs were expressed in 2015 USD exchange rates. Uncertainty was assessed through probabilistic sensitivity analysis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared to SFC, use of IND/GLY increased mean life expectancy by 0.316 years and mean quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) by 0.246 years, and decreased mean total treatment costs (drug costs and management of associated events) by USD 1,474 over the entire lifetime horizon. IND/GLY was considered to be 100% cost-effective at a threshold of 1 × gross domestic product per capita. The cost-effectiveness acceptability curve showed that IND/GLY was 100% cost-effective at a willingness-to-pay threshold of USD 0 (additional cost) when compared to SFC.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>IND/GLY was estimated to be highly cost-effective compared to SFC in patients with moderate-to-severe COPD who are not at high risk of exacerbations in the Singapore healthcare setting.</p>