Diseño de estructuras con alambres en artesanías de Usiacurí / Design of structures with wire in Usiacurí handcrafts

RESUMEN El problema de investigación surge del interés por los conocimientos matemáticos presentes en la práctica artesanal del municipio de Usiacurí - Atlántico, Colombia, específicamente, en el diseño de estructuras con alambres. La justificación de esta investigación, se basa en que los resultados permiten comprender y describir la etnomatemática presente en una práctica artesanal. El objetivo principal fue analizar el diseño de las estructuras con alambres en las artesanías de Usiacurí. La metodología utilizada durante la investigación fue de tipo cualitativo, basado en la etnografía. La presente investigación, se fundamenta teóricamente en el programa etnomatemática, que tiene como propósito contribuir, tanto a la comprensión de la cultura como a la de las matemáticas y, principalmente, se interesa por la conexión entre ambos aspectos. Dentro de los resultados obtenidos en la investigación predominan las técnicas utilizadas por los artesanos en el proceso de corte y medición del alambre, la estrategia que usan para la unión entre los alambres, el diseño de las formas o figuras en alambre, entre otros conocimientos matemáticos, contextualizados en la práctica artesanal.

ABSTRACT The research problem arises from the interest in the mathematical knowledge present in the artisanal practice of the municipality of Usiacurí, Atlántico de Colombia, specifically in the design of wire structures. The justification for this research is based on the results, understanding and describing the ethnomathematics present in an artisan practice. The main objective was to analyze the design of the structures with wires in the crafts of Usiacurí. The methodology used during the investigation was of a qualitative type based on ethnography. The present research is theoretically based on the ethnomathematic program whose purpose is to contribute to the understanding of culture and mathematics and mainly, this research is interested in the connection between both aspects. Among the results obtained in the investigation, the techniques used by the artisans in the process of cutting and measuring the wire predominate, the strategy they use for the union between the wires, the design of the shapes or figures in wire, among other mathematical knowledge contextualized in craft practice.

Embarcaciones fluviales como medio de dispersión de Aedes aegypti hacia zonas fronterizas de la amazonia peruana / River boats as a means of expansion of Aedes aegypti towards border zones of the peruvian amazon

RESUMEN Objetivos. Evaluar el riesgo entomológico de Aedes aegypti durante el recorrido fluvial en embarcaciones con rutas fronterizas de Loreto. Materiales y métodos . La población de estudio fueron los mosquitos presentes en tres embarcaciones con rutas fronterizas en Loreto. El riesgo entomológico de Aedes se determinó mediante ovitrampas, revisión de criaderos, colecta e identificación taxonómica de mosquitos adultos. Resultados . El riesgo entomológico varió según trayecto y época. Se identificó un riesgo entomológico medio a muy alto en época de creciente y en la ruta de ida hacia las zonas fronterizas. La población vectorial predominante en época de vaciante fue Mansonia sp. (74,8%), Culex sp. (12,8%) y Aedes aegypti (0,4%); en creciente predominó Culex sp. (45,1%), Mansonia sp. (26,8%) y Aedes aegypti (19,7%). En ningún caso se evidenció Aedes albopictus. Conclusiones. Existe riesgo entomológico de moderado a alto durante la etapa de creciente en las embarcaciones fluviales que viajan desde Iquitos hacia las zonas fronterizas de Loreto. Nuestros resultados evidencian que las embarcaciones fluviales son un medio de dispersión de Aedes aegypti.

ABSTRACT Objectives. To assess the entomological risk of Aedes aegypti in boats traversing border river routes in Loreto. Materials and Methods. The study population consisted of mosquitoes present in three boats covering border routes in Loreto. The entomological risk of Aedes was determined through ovitraps, the inspection of breeding sites, and the collection and taxonomic identification of adult mosquitoes. Results. The entomological risk varied according to the route and the season. A medium to very high entomological risk was identified in the high-water season and on the outward route to the border areas. The predominant vector population in the low-water season was Mansonia sp. (74.8%), Culex sp. (12.8%), and Aedes aegypti (0.4%); in the high-water season, Culex sp. (45.1%), Mansonia sp. (26.8%), and Aedes aegypti (19.7%). In no case did we find Aedes albopictus. Conclusions. There is moderate to high entomological risk during the high-water season in riverboats traveling from Iquitos to the border areas of Loreto. Our results show that river boats are a means of expansion of Aedes aegypti.

The Guild Concept: From Feudalism to Community Ecology / El concepto de gremio: del feudalismo a la ecología de comunidades

RESUMEN Se analiza el origen y evolución del término gremio, así como su aplicación en ecología, considerando las múltiples connotaciones que se le ha dado y la confusión que se ha generado por utilizarlo de forma indebida. De igual forma, se discute la importancia de homogenizar los términos y definir de manera clara a los gremios, a fin de tener un leguaje que permita entender los alcances del término sin ambigüedades. El uso del término, así como su persistencia en estudios ecológicos, sugiere que el mismo tiene relevancia considerable dependiendo de la forma y el modo en que es empleado. El uso inadecuado o derivado de este término es arriesgado y peligroso, dado que tiende a reducir el término a una palabra vacía con múltiples significados. Más que nada, esta trivialización constituye una amenaza al uso y significado adecuado del concepto de gremio en ecología.

ABSTRACT The origin and evolution of the term guild are analyzed, as well as its application in ecology, considering the multiple connotations that have been given and the confusion that has been generated by using it improperly. Likewise, the importance of homogenizing the terms and clearly defining the guilds is discussed, to have a language that allows understanding the scope of the term without ambiguities. The use of the term, as well as its persistence in ecological studies, suggests that it has considerable relevance depending on the form and the way it is used. The inappropriate or derivative use of this term is risky and dangerous since it tends to reduce the term to an empty word with multiple meanings. Also, this trivialization constitutes a threat to the proper use of the guild concept in ecology and its meaning as a whole.

Os fundamentos para a reforma total das decisões recursais proferidas em processos de auto de infração sanitária em portos, aeroportos e fronteiras / The fundamentals for the complete reform of appeal decisions pronounced at sanitary infractions proceedings in ports, airports and borders / Los fundamentos para la reforma total de las decisiones proferidas en recurso en procesos de auto de infracción sanitaria en puertos, aeropuertos y fronteras

Objetivo ­ Conhecer os principais fundamentos que levaram a Diretoria Colegiada da Anvisa a decidir, nos anos de 2015 e 2016, pela reforma total da decisão em processos de auto de infração sanitária lavrados em portos, aeroportos e fronteiras. Métodos ­ Foi realizado estudo exploratório, descritivo-analítico, com análise bibliográfica e documental, desenvolvido a partir da análise das atas das reuniões da Diretoria Colegiada da Anvisa ocorridas nos anos de 2015 e 2016, e dos pareceres da área técnica que subsidiaram tais decisões. Resultados ­ Os resultados demonstraram que os principais fundamentos para a reforma total das decisões foram: a ausência de individualização da pena, a atipicidade da conduta, a prescrição intercorrente, a ausência de adequada manifestação do servidor autuante, a descrição da conduta de forma genérica, e a ilegitimidade passiva. Conclusões ­ Observou-se um significativo percentual de processos julgados pela Diretoria Colegiada nos anos de 2015 e 2016 que tiveram suas decisões totalmente reformadas, demonstrando a existência de falhas no procedimento administrativo para a apuração de infrações sanitárias em portos, aeroportos e fronteiras.

Objective ­ To recognize the main fundamentals that lead the Anvisa's Board of Directors to decide, between 2015 and 2016, for the totally reform of the decision at punitive administrative proceeding on sanitary violations at ports, airports and borders. Methods ­ An exploratory, descriptive-analytical study was carried out with a bibliographic and a documental research, based on the evaluation of records from the Anvisa's Board of Directors meetings occurred in 2015 and 2016 and by the reports from the technical area that based such decisions. Results ­ The results demonstrate that the main reasons for the complete reformation of the decisions were: absence of specific penalty for each violation in decisions, absence of offensive conduct, prescription, lack of adequate manifestation from the inspector, generic description of the conduct, and passive illegitimacy. Conclusion ­ A significant percentage of proceedings judged by the Board of Directors between 2015 and 2016 had their decisions completely reformed, demonstrating the occurrence of flaws in the administrative procedure for the investigation of sanitary infractions in ports, airports and borders.

: Objetivo ­ Conocer los fundamentos principales que llevaron el Directorio Colegiado de ANVISA a decidir, en los años 2015 y 2016, por la reforma total de las decisiones en los procesos de investigación de infracciones sanitarias en puertos, aeropuertos y fronteras. Métodos ­ Se realizó un estudio exploratorio, analíticodescriptivo, bibliográfico y documental, basado en la análisis de las actas de reuniones del Directorio Colegiado de ANVISA, ocurridas entre los años 2015 y 2016, y del parecer del área técnica que subsidiaron tales decisiones. Resultados ­ Los resultados demostraron que los principales fundamentos para la reforma total de las decisiones fueron: la ausencia de pena específica para cada infracción, la ausencia de conducta ofensiva, la prescripción, la ausencia de adecuada manifestación del funcionario fiscalizador, la descripción de la conducta de forma genérica, y la ilegitimidad pasiva. Conclusiones ­ Se observo un porcentaje significativo de procesos juzgados por el Directorio Colegiado, en los años 2015 y 2016, que tuvieron sus decisiones totalmente reformadas, demostrando la existencia de fallas en el procedimiento administrativo para investigación de infracciones sanitarias en puertos, aeropuertos y fronteras.

Produção artesanal: documentação e divulgação audiovisual como tecnologias de valorização sociocultural / Handicrafts production: documentation and audiovisual dissemination as sociocultural appreciation technology

O texto apresenta os resultados do projeto de pesquisa científica, tecnológica e de inovação na área de Economia Criativa, realizado no período de janeiro de 2014 a janeiro de 2015, cujo objetivo central foi documentar e divulgar os artesãos e a produção artesanal da Vila de Itaúnas, ES. O processo desenvolveu-se a partir de conversas iniciais, seguidas de planejamento e realização de oficinas de caráter participativo de documentação e divulgação audiovisual em torno da produção de artesanatos e de sua relação com a biodiversidade e cultura local. O objetivo inicial foi de promover espaços de expressão e de difusão do conhecimento entre e para a população local, alcançando também um público regional, estadual e nacional. Ao longo do processo, identificou-se que as oficinas participativas e a produção coletiva de um sítio virtual para divulgação das práticas e dos produtos contribuíram para a valorização e reconhecimento sociocultural do artesão e do artesanato na região.

The paper presents the results of scientific research, technology and innovation project in the creative economy sector, conducted from January 2014 to January 2015 that aimed to document and disclose the artisans and handicraft production of Vila de Itaúnas, ES, Brasil. The process was developed from initial conversations, followed by planning and conducting participatory workshops for documentation and audiovisual dissemination around the production of handicrafts and its relation to biodiversity and local culture. The initial objective was to promote expression and diffusion spaces of knowledge among and for the local population, also reaching a regional, state and national public. Throughout the process, it was found that the participatory workshops and the collective production of a virtual site for disclosure of practices and products contributed to the development and socio-cultural recognition of artisan and craft in the region.

Synthesis and antibacterial activity of some 3-(5-aryl-4H-pyrazol-3-yl).

A series of 3-(5-aryl-4H-pyrazol-3-yl)anthracen-10(9H)-ones were synthesized from anthracen-10(9H)-one (1) and studied for their in vitro antibacterial activity. Anthracen- 10(9H)-one after Friedel crafts acetylation with acetyl chloride yielded 3-acetylanthracen- 10(9H)-one (2) which on further reaction with substituted aromatic aldehydes in the presence of catalytic amount of sodium hydroxide in water and ethanol furnished the corresponding 3-(3-arylacryloyl)anthracen-10(9H)-ones (3a-g) as intermediate compounds, which on further reaction with hydrazine hydrate in absolute ethanol formed the title compounds 3-(5-aryl-4H-pyrazol-3-yl)anthracen-10(9H)-ones (4a-g). These compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, Mass and 1H-NMR spectral data. All the compounds were evaluated for their in vitro antibacterial activity against two gram positive strains (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus) and two gram negative strains (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) taking ciprofloxacin as a standard drug. Some of the compounds showed significant antibacterial activity.

Reactividad quíiica en la alquilación intramoleular de friedel-crafts de orto--alilanillnas tv-bencilo sustituidas / Chemical reaciviity in the intramolecular fridel-crafts alkylation of tv-bennzyl substituted ortho -allylanilfnes / Reatividade uímiica na alquilação intramoleclar do friedel-crafts de orto-aalilanilines v-bencil substituídas

En este trabajo se reporta el estudio experimental de la alquilación intramolecular de Friedel-Crafts de orto-alilanilinas N-bencilo sustituidas, que explica desde los puntos de vista cinético y termodinâmico la formación de dihidrodibenzo [b,e]azepinas y tetrahidrodibenzo[b, ƒ] azocinas. El seguimiento de los cambios en concentración resultantes del tratamiento en condiciones heterogéneas se llevó a cabo por Cromatografía de Gases-Detector de Ionización en Llama (CG-DILL), mientras que la espectroscopia Ultravioleta-Visible (UV-Vis) y el análisis quimiométrico con el Método Multivariante de Resolución de Curvas-Mínimos Cuadrados Alternados (MMRC-MCA) se usaron para examinar los efectos de las condiciones de reacción en fase homogénea e in situ. Con los resultados obtenidos se puede concluir que la supervisión de parámetros, tales como constantes de velocidad y energías de activación, hizo posible evidenciar los efectos de sustituyen-te, temperatura, velocidad de agitación y concentración, sobre la velocidad y re-gioselectividad de la reacción.

In this work, experimental studies of intramolecular Friedel-Crafts alkylation of N-benzyl sustituted ortho-allylanilines are reported; the results explain the formation of both dihydrodibenz[b,e]azepine and tetrahydrodibenz[b,ƒ]azocine isomers from kinetic and thermodynamic points of view. The concentration changes resulting from treatment under heterogeneous conditions were followed by Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID), while Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy with Multivariate Curve Resolution-Alternating Least Squares (MCR-ALS) chemometric analysis were used for analysis of the effects of reaction conditions in homogeneous phase and in-situ. With the obtained results could be conclude that the supervision of parameters such as rate constants and activation energies proved the effects of substituent, temperature, agitation speed and concentration on reaction velocity and regioselectivity.

No trabalho reporta-se o estudo experimental da alquilação intramolecular de Friedel-Crafts de orto-alil-anilines N-bencil substituídas o quais explicam desde a cinética e a termodinâmica, a produção de dihidrodibenzo[b,e]azepinas e tetrahidrodibenzo[b,ƒ]azocinas. O procedimento experimental nas condições erogén foi estabelecida mediante GC-FID e a espectroscopia UV-Vis com análise quimiométrico MCR-ALS foi usada para estabelecer as condições da reação na fase homogênea e in situ. Baseados nos resultados obtidos pode-se concluir como variação dos parâmetros constate de velocidade e energia de ativação fize possível evidenciar os efeitos do substituinte, temperatura, velocidade de agitação e concentração, sobra a velocidade e seletividade da reação.

Surgical treatment of major vessels invaded by tumor / 中国普通外科杂志

Objective To study the surgical treatment of major blood vessels invaded by tumors in order to raise the resection rate and postoperative survival rate. Methods Clinical data were analyzed on 26 patients undergoing (resection) of tumors along with reconstruction of major blood vessels from October 1998 to February 2004. Results Tweety-three cases were followed up for 2～65 months with median 42.8 months. Doppler ultrosonography and CTA examination were performed respectively during the follow-up process.In 5 patients with carcinoma of the head of pancreas who had inferior vein cava replaced and in 1 patient with cholangiocarcinoma who had portal vein replaced,3 were complicated with carcinoma embolism formation at 3,12 and 15 months respectively after surgery,(postoperative) graft patency was 50%;all of the 6 patients had recurrence of the tumor at 3,6,8,12,24 and 31 months respectively after surgery.Seven patients with tumor in pelvic cavity or in posterior space of peritoneum were followed up for about 2 years,1 of them had tumor recurrence ,but the graft kept patent,2 patients with sarcoma in the limbs were followed up for 1 year without tumor recurrence or vessel obstruction.Eleven patients with tumors in the neck were followed up for 3 months to 5 years without tumor recurrence or vessel obstruction. Conclusions (Combination) of resection of neoplasm and reconstruction of major blood vessels is safe,effective and practical method for patients with major wessels invaded by tumor.