Perspectiva econômica do mercado de inovação em tecnologia assistiva: cenário nacional e projeções mundiais / Economic perspective of the assistive technology innovation market: national scenario and environmental projections

Objetivo: A tecnologia assistiva (TA) busca suprir ou reduzir o impacto das deficiências na execução de tarefas da vida cotidiana. Embora muitas pessoas necessitem de TA, em 2021, a OMS estimou que apenas uma em cada dez pessoas tinha acesso a ela. Com a oferta retraída e a demanda em alta, observou-se um movimento mundial crescente de inovações em TA e a abertura de um cenário de oportunidades para esse mercado. O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar o mercado de TA no Brasil e as projeções futuras, no cenário mundial. Métodos: A pesquisa foi realizada em três etapas. Primeiramente, foi realizado um estudo bibliográfico do Livro Branco da Tecnologia Assistiva no Brasil (2017), para reconhecimento dos desafios do mercado brasileiro. Em seguida, foi realizado um estudo sobre o cenário de crédito nacional, com foco em financiamento de TA. Para compreensão do mercado mundial, foi realizada uma pesquisa nos sites de análise de mercado de TA. Resultados: Há escassez de TA no Brasil. Os principais fornecedores são pequenas e médias empresas, e são escassos os incentivos fiscais e de crédito, assim como os investimentos em pesquisa, desenvolvimento e inovação. Em escala mundial, o mercado de TA foi avaliado em US$ 21,95 bilhões de dólares em 2022, devendo atingir o valor de US$ 31,22 bilhões de dólares até o ano de 2030. Conclusão: O mercado mundial de TA está em franca expansão e apresenta grande potencial de abertura para novos mercados. Esse cenário reflete um momento de oportunidades de negócio para as empresas nacionais.

Objective: Assistive Technology (AT) seeks to overcome or reduce the impact of deficiencies when performing everyday tasks. Although many people needed AT, in 2021, the WHO estimated that only one in ten people had access. With reduced supply and rising demand, a growing global movement of AT innovations was inspired, opening up a scenario of opportunities for this market. The objective of this study is to evaluate the AT market in Brazil and future projections on the global stage. Methods: The research was carried out in three stages. Firstly, a bibliographical study of the "White Book of Assistive Technology in Brazil" was carried out to recognize the challenges of the Brazilian market. Next, a study was carried out on the national credit scenario, focusing on TA financing. To understand the global market, research was carried out on TA market analysis websites. Results: There is a shortage of AT in Brazil. The main suppliers are small and medium-sized companies, and tax and credit incentives, as well as investments in Research, Development and Innovation, are scarce. On a global scale, the AT market was valued at US$ 21.95 billion in 2022, and is expected to reach a value of US$ 31.22 billion by the year 2030. Conclusion: The global AT market is in rapid expansion and presents great potential for opening up new markets. This scenario reflects a moment of business opportunities for national companies.

Análisis de las horas de trabajo autónomo al implementarse el sistema de créditos en odontología / Analysis of self-employed hours when implementing the credit system in dentistry

Introducción: El Sistema de Créditos Transferibles fue desarrollado para traducir la carga de trabajo de los estudiantes en créditos académicos que son reconocidos en todos los países, apuntando al logro del aprendizaje. El aprendizaje autónomo es un objetivo que la mayoría de los programas educativos promueven como una opción estratégica para conectar la profesión, el entorno de estudio y las expectativas profesionales. Objetivo: Analizar las horas de trabajo autónomo utilizadas por los estudiantes para lograr los resultados de aprendizaje determinados en los programas de asignaturas, su efectividad en cuanto al rendimiento académico y su correspondencia con lo establecido en el plan de estudio, ajustado al Sistema de Créditos Transferibles. Métodos: Se realizó un análisis descriptivo transversal retrospectivo a partir de datos de un registro manual de estudiantes (n = 54) y docentes (n = 6) respecto a seis asignaturas de primer nivel de la Carrera de Odontología de la Universidad Autónoma de Chile, sede Temuco. Resultados: Los análisis revelan una incoherencia entre las horas de trabajo autónomo utilizadas por los estudiantes con respecto a lo establecido en el plan de estudio y las horas de trabajo extra-aula estimadas por los profesores. Conclusión: Se concluye que la implementación del Sistema de Créditos Transferibles por sí sola no asegura una mejora en el desempeño de los estudiantes, requiriendo revisar el procedimiento institucional para definirlas; por parte de los docentes una mayor apropiación de los resultados de aprendizajes y la didáctica necesaria para orientar a los estudiantes a obtener un mayor rendimiento del trabajo autónomo, por otro lado, los estudiantes deben ser responsables del uso consciente de dichas horas(AU)

Introduction: The Transferable Credit System was developed to translate student workload into academic credits that are recognized in all countries, aiming at learning achievement. Autonomous learning is an objective that most educational programs promote as a strategic option to connect career, study environment and professional expectations. Objective: Analyzing the hours of autonomous work used by students to achieve the learning outcomes determined in the subject programs, their effectiveness in terms of academic performance and their correspondence with what is established in the study plan, adjusted to the Transferable Credit System. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional descriptive analysis was carried out using data from a manual record of students (n= 54) and teachers (n= 6) regarding six first level subjects of the Dentistry course of the Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Temuco campus. Results: The analysis revealed an incoherence between the hours of autonomous work used by the students with respect to what is established in the study plan and the hours of extra-classroom work estimated by the professors. Conclusion: It is concluded that the implementation of the Transferable Credit System alone does not ensure an improvement in student performance, requiring a review of the institutional procedure to define them; on the part of teachers a greater appropriation of the learning outcomes and the didactics necessary to guide students to obtain a higher yield of autonomous work, on the other hand, students must be responsible for the conscious use of these hours(AU)

Attribution and credit bias in publication ethics

In this article, I argue that many of the ethical problems associated with the authorship of journal literature can usefully be clarified if authorship is placed within the broader concept of attribution, which extends beyond the author byline to encompass everything that readers are told about the work’s origination and the parties responsible. I also suggest that as the attribution of literature has grown more complex, and the opportunities for misattribution have become more subtle and multifarious, attribution has become increasingly vulnerable to systematic bias. Accordingly, I define “credit bias” as the systematic distortion of attribution, frequently in the interests of those with influence over the publication. I present a four-step framework for evaluating publications, discuss misattribution in drug industry literature as an illustration of credit bias, and examine the role of editorial standards in mitigating, but also in assisting, credit bias. I also argue for an independent scientific standard to promote ethical conduct in the medical journal sector.

A Study On Working Capital Management In Pazhavoor Primary Agriculture Co-Operative Credit Society Ltd, Pazhavoor, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu.

The title of the research article is “A Study on Working Capital Management in Pazhavoor Primary Agriculture Co- operative Credit Society Ltd., Pazhavoor, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu.” Working capital management involves the relationship between a company's short-term assets and its short-term liabilities. The goal of working capital management is to ensure that a company is able to continue its operation and that it has sufficient ability to satisfy both maturing short-term debt and upcoming operational expenses. The management of working capital involves managing inventories, accounts receivable and payable and cash management. Further the study is based on last five years annual reports of Pazhavoor Primary Co-operative Society. The objective of the study is to analyze the working capital position in Pazhavoor Primary Co-operative Society and to analyze the profitability and solvency position of the Pazhavoor Primary Co-operative Society. The study of working capital is based on tools like Ratio analysis, statement of changes in working capital, comparative balance sheet and trend analysis. By analyzing the topic of working capital management in Pazhavoor Primary Co-operative Bank Ltd. It concludes that the bank is having less working capital in the year 2019 but in the year 2020 the working capital is increasing, So the bank maintains the constant working capital which helps perform the day-to-day business by increasing the current asset.

PROBLEMS FACED BY FARMERS WHILE AVAILING AGRICULTURE CREDIT SANCTIONED BY FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS IN TAMIL NADU

Agriculture is the most important component for the sustainable development of a nation. Until 1935, the major sources of funds for the farmers was dominated by the professional money lenders. Due to the high rate of interest, farmers were heavily burdened with debts. Later, Government of India has considered all the issues and problems faced by the farmers to meet overcome the issues the Government of India established the agricultural credit policy through various institutional agencies. Still there exists a lack of rapport between the bankers and the farmers in obtaining as well as in repaying the crop loan. The present study was carried out with the main objective of understanding the problems faced by farmers while availing agriculture credit from the ?nancial institutions in Tamil Nadu. The result indicated that the major problems faced by the farmers in obtaining the institutional credit were the non-availability of loan on time, the procedure for obtaining the credit was more expensive, Inadequacy of loan amount, Lack of Knowledge about agricultural credit, Dif?culties in ful?ll the loan applications, Lack of awareness about various loan schemes offered by bank, inadequate in the scale of ?nance. Inadequacy of loan amount is the most important problems faced by the farmers while availing the agriculture credit. The bankers need to provide suf?cient loan amount to the farmers. Thus this study concluded that the agricultural credit needs of farmers are increasing with the increase in cost of cultivation. The Government should update its credit policy, to meet out the credit needs of the farmers.

Financial Deepening And The Nigerian Financial System.

The ability of financial institutions in mobilizing efficient savings for the purpose of investment in a country is financial deepening. This study seeks to examine the effect of financial deepening on Nigerian Financial system. Specifically, the study examine the effect of money supply to gross domestic product on financial savings to gross domestic product in Nigeria, ascertain the effect of private sector credit to Gross Domestic Product ratio on financial savings to gross domestic product in Nigeria, investigate the effect of market capitalization to Gross Domestic Product ratio on financial savings to gross domestic product in Nigeria and ascertain the effect of all share index on financial savings to gross domestic product in Nigeria. The Expo-Facto design was adopted because the data are secondary data extracted from the Central Bank of Nigerian statistical bulletin. Econometric techniques, including Augmented Dickey-Fuller for unit root tests, Granger causality test and Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression analysis was used to test the four hypotheses. The data used were collected from the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin. The study revealed that broad money supply (M2/GDP), credit to private sector to GDP, market capitalization to GDP ratio and all share indexes has positive and significant effect on financial savings to gross domestic product (FSGDP) within the period under study. The study therefore, concludes that financial deepening have positive and significant effect on financial system and have enhanced the effective and efficient mobilization of financial resources from the surplus to the deficit unit for investment outlet in Nigeria financial system. The paper recommends amongst other that: Directors of economic managers should focus on money stock, economic velocity and market capitalization which the result indicates are yet to make significant impact on financial system in Nigeria.

Informal credit constraints and farmers' health: an empirical study of China / Restrições ao crédito e à saúde de agricultores: um estudo empírico da China

ABSTRACT: Based on survey data of the income distribution and living conditions of urban and rural residents collected by the China Economic Monitoring and Analysis Center in 2014, we investigated the mechanisms related to informal credit constraints on farmer health and then empirically analyzed the impacts of such constraints. Results showed that, in general, informal credit constraints significantly negatively impact farmer health. Compared with farmers whose credit was not informally constrained, the probability of farmers who faced informal credit constraints describing their self-rated health as "very good" fell by 6.64%. After controlling for endogenous problems, this proportion rose to 28.87%. Correspondingly, the probability of describing self-rated health as "very bad" increased by 0.45%. After controlling for endogenous problems, this proportion rose to 0.81%. The robustness test showed that our conclusions are strongly robust. Informal credit constraints significantly positively impacted the number of days of illness in 2013 in the sample of farmers, which means farmers who suffered from informal credit constraints required more sick days than those who did not experience informal credit constraints in 2013. As far as we know, this is the first study on the impact of informal credit constraints on Chinese farmer health.

RESUMO: Com base nos dados da pesquisa sobre a distribuição de renda e as condições de vida dos residentes urbanos e rurais coletados pelo Centro de Análise e Monitoramento Econômico da China em 2014, investigamos os mecanismos relacionados às restrições informais de crédito à saúde dos agricultores e, em seguida, analisamos empiricamente os impactos dessas restrições. Os resultados mostram que, em geral, as restrições informais de crédito afetam significativamente a saúde dos agricultores. Em comparação com os agricultores cujo crédito não foi informalmente restrito, a probabilidade de agricultores que enfrentaram restrições informais de crédito que descrevem sua auto-avaliação de saúde como "muito boa" caiu 6,64%. Após o controle de problemas endógenos, essa proporção subiu para 28,87%. Da mesma forma, a probabilidade de descrever a auto-avaliação de saúde como "muito ruim" aumentou 0,45%. Após o controle de problemas endógenos, essa proporção subiu para 0,81%. O teste de robustez mostrou que nossas conclusões são fortemente robustas. As restrições informais de crédito impactaram significativamente o número de dias de doença em 2013 na amostra de agricultores, o que significa que os agricultores que sofreram restrições informais de crédito permaneceram mais dias doentes do que aqueles que não tiveram restrições informais de crédito em 2013. Tanto quanto sabemos, este é o primeiro estudo sobre o impacto das restrições informais ao crédito na saúde dos agricultores chineses.

Producers' access to agricultural credit in Turkey: the case of Adana province / Fatores que determinam o acesso dos produtores ao crédito agrícola na Turquia: o caso da província de Adana

ABSTRACT: The issue of producers' access to agricultural credit is the key word in contemporary debates in the sense that this theme is increasingly addressed at conferences and scientific congresses. This is explained by the fact that agricultural credit is today considered as an important key to the development of the agricultural sector in developing countries. This study examined the factors influencing producers' access to agricultural credit in Turkey, precisely in the province of Adana. Questionnaire-based surveys were conducted on a sample of 101 producers trained in a simple random. From the analysis of the results obtained, we deduced that socio-economic factors such as the total area of land used, the irrigated area, the ratio between the total share of land used and the total owned land, then the ratio between the number of agricultural assets of the household and the total number household members play a preponderant role in the access of producers to agricultural credit. Since agricultural credit is perceived as an important lever in terms of the development of the agricultural sector in Turkey; it is therefore imperative, based on these research results, to develop policies aiming to improve producers' access to agricultural credit.

RESUMO: A questão do acesso dos produtores ao crédito agrícola é palavra-chave nos debates contemporâneos, na medida em que este tema é cada vez mais abordado em conferências e congressos científicos. Isso se explica pelo fato de que o crédito agrícola é hoje considerado uma importante chave para o desenvolvimento do setor agrícola nos países em desenvolvimento. Este estudo examina os fatores que influenciam o acesso dos produtores ao crédito agrícola na Turquia, precisamente na província de Adana. Pesquisas baseadas em questionário foram realizadas em uma amostra de 101 produtores treinados de forma aleatória simples. A partir da análise dos resultados obtidos, deduzimos que fatores socioeconômicos como a área total de terra usada, a área irrigada, a proporção entre a parcela total de terra usada e o total de terras possuídas, então a proporção entre o número de ativos agrícolas da família e o número total de membros da família desempenham um papel preponderante no acesso dos produtores ao crédito agrícola. Como o crédito agrícola é percebido como uma alavanca importante em termos de desenvolvimento do setor agrícola na Turquia, é, portanto, imperativo, com base nesses resultados da pesquisa, desenvolver políticas destinadas a melhorar o acesso dos produtores ao crédito agrícola.

El rendimiento académico de estudiantes de odontología en la asignatura de morfología como predictor del tiempo real de titulación y rendimiento académico en asignaturas de alto crédito / Academic performance of dental students in the subject of morphology as a predictor of their actual graduation time and academic performance in high credit subjects

RESUMEN: La relevancia de las ciencias básicas como predictor de rendimiento académico presenta gran importancia en el área de la salud. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el rol predictivo del desempeño de los estudiantes de Odontología en la asignatura de Morfología sobre las asignaturas de alto crédito en la fase preclínica y clínica, y sobre el tiempo real de titulación. Se llevó a cabo un estudio correlacional retrospectivo, con 672 estudiantes de Odontología (2002 a 2012) de la Universidad de los Andes, Chile. Las variables estudiadas fueron sexo, año de ingreso y de titulación, y rendimiento académico en las asignaturas de Morfología (primer año), Preclínico del Adulto (tercer año), y Clínica Integral del Adulto de cuarto y quinto año. El rol predictivo se analizó mediante pruebas de correlaciones de Pearson y análisis de ecuaciones estructurales. Se observó que el rendimiento académico de Morfología se asocia y predice de forma significativamente positiva el rendimiento académico en Preclínico del Adulto (r=0,25 p<,01, b=0,250 p<,001), Clínica del Adulto de cuarto año (r=0,20 p<,01, b=0,198 p<,001) y Clínica del Adulto de quinto año (r=0,14 p<,01, b=0,138 p<,001), y se asoció y predijo de forma significativamente negativa el tiempo real de Titulación (r=-0,48 p<,01, b=-0,258 p<,001). El modelo de rendimiento académico de la asignatura de Morfología y su influencia sobre las otras asignaturas explicó un 68,5 % de varianza en el tiempo real de titulación. Los resultados de este estudio contribuyen a robustecer la evidencia disponible en relación a la relevancia del estudio y buen desempeño en Morfología para el desarrollo y formación de los estudiantes a lo largo del currículo Odontológico, además de justificar la identificación oportuna y apoyo para aquellos estudiantes que estén experimentando dificultades en esta asignatura.

SUMMARY: The relevance of basic sciences as predictors of students' academic performance has great impact in healthcare education. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the predictive role of dental students' academic performance in the subject of Morphology on high credit subjects in the preclinical and clinical phase, and on real time of graduation. A retrospective correlational study was conducted with 672 dental students (2002 to 2012) at the Universidad de los Andes, Chile. The variables studied were sex, year of admission and graduation, and academic performance in the subjects of Morphology (first year), Preclinics (third year), and Integral Adult Clinics of fourth and fifth year. Data analysis were conducted by means of Pearson's correlation tests and structural equation modeling. Morphology academic performance was significantly associated, and predicted the academic performance in Adult Preclinical (r=0.25 p<.01, b=0.250 p<.001), fourth-year Adult Clinic (r=0.20 p<.01, b=0.198 p<.001) and fifth-year Adult Clinic (r=0.14 p<.01, b=0.138 p<.001), and was negatively with real graduation time. The model analyzed explained a 68.5 % variance in real time of the graduation. The results of this study contribute to strengthening the available evidence in relation to the relevance of students' performance in the subject of Morphology for their development and training throughout the dental curriculum, as well as justifying the timely identification and support for those students experiencing difficulties in this subject.

The Model of a Physiotherapy Syllabus Based on Choice Based Credit System (CBCS).

Current professional and higher educational curriculum reforms demand the implementation of Choice-Based Credit System (CBCS). In India, the University Grants Commission (UGC) has notified about use CBCS. Some health sciences universities have started its implementation but not much attempts were made in designing a BPTh syllabus as per CBCS framework. We wanted to propose a model BPTh syllabus to fit into choice-based credit system.METHODSA desk review of all information related curriculum was conducted by using a data abstraction sheet. A model BPTh syllabus prototype for CBCS was designed based on the national and international guidelines, recommendations of statutory and governing national and international organisations.RESULTSSemester based BPTh syllabus was designed without changing the norms of four- and half-year degree course. All the must-to-know areas of the theory, practical, tutorial, project/dissertation, were considered as “core” areas and the desirable and nice to know areas are left for “electives” by the students. Physiotherapy specific teaching, learning, and evaluative methods are included in the curriculum.CONCLUSIONSThe existing BPTh syllabus can be effectively modified based on the national and international guidelines, recommendations of statutory and governing national and international organisations, for choice-based credit system. The proposed model focuses required changes that are needed for adoption of CBCS without neglecting or reducing the weightage of any core subject.

Determinants of credit constraint of artisanal fishermen in Ghana / Determinantes da restrição de crédito a pescadores artesanais em Gana

ABSTRACT: Due to the high risk associated with fishing, access to credit becomes very difficult for fishermen. The study was conducted to investigate the determinants of credit constraint on artisanal fishermen with survey data collected from artisanal fishermen in the Western and Central Regions of Ghana. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select respondents for the study. Data collected were analyzed with the aid of descriptive and IV-Probit model. Most of the fishermen were in their youthful stage. From the study, while boat ownership and off-fishing activity reduce the probability being credit constrained, complex procedure, and disbursement time lag increase fishermen probability of being credit constrained. The findings of the study also indicated that there is a significant difference between constrained and unconstrained fishermen fishing activity and financial status. Therefore, fishermen in need of additional credit should be catered for to increase their production, hence, livelihood.

RESUMO: Devido ao alto risco associado à pesca, o acesso ao crédito se torna muito difícil para os pescadores. O estudo foi conduzido para investigar os determinantes da restrição de crédito em pescadores artesanais com dados de pesquisa coletados nas regiões oeste e central de Gana. Um procedimento de amostragem em vários estágios foi usado para selecionar os entrevistados para o estudo. Os dados coletados foram analisados com o auxílio do modelo descritivo e IV-Probit. A maioria dos pescadores estava em sua fase juvenil. A partir do estudo, enquanto a propriedade do barco e a atividade fora da pesca reduzem a probabilidade de restrição de crédito, procedimentos complexos e atraso no desembolso aumentam a probabilidade dos pescadores sofrerem restrição de crédito. Os resultados do estudo também indicaram que há uma diferença significativa entre a atividade pesqueira e a situação financeira dos pescadores com e sem restrição. Portanto, os pescadores que precisam de crédito adicional devem ser atendidos para aumentar sua produção e, portanto, meios de subsistência.

A Study on Farmers Knowledge about Crop Insurance Schemes in Northern Karnataka

Agriculture production and farm income in India are frequently affected by natural disasters such as droughts, floods, cyclones, storms, landslides and earthquakes. In recent times, mechanisms like contract farming and future trading have been established which are expected to provide some insurance against price fluctuations directly or indirectly. But, agricultural insurance is considered as an important mechanism to address the risk of output and income effectively which is resulting from various natural and manmade events. The study was conducted in Karnataka State during the year 2017-18 by using “Ex-post- facto” research design. Belgavi, Dharwad, Haveri and Vijayapura districts were selected purposely based on more number of insured farmers. Further, two taluks from each district and from each taluk three villages (i.e. total 24 villages) were randomly selected. Sample size for the study was 240. Purposive sampling procedure was used. Descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression model were applied to analyze the data. The findings of the study revealed that, 44.17 per cent of the insured farmers belonged to low knowledge level followed by medium (37.92%) and high (17.91%) level with respect to Crop Insurance Schemes. The variable ‘credit availed’ had positive and significant relationship at one per cent level of probability. The co-efficient of determination (R2) was 0.427 which indicated that 42.70 per cent of the variation in the knowledge level of insured farmers was together explained by all the independent variables. Thus, concerned officers should conduct awareness programmes from time to time by using different extension teaching methods like trainings, workshops, distribution of pamphlets, road shows, advertisement through television, newspaper, radio, mobile SMS etc to enhance the knowledge level of farmers.

Exploring the innovative " post-payment" for medical service in Hangzhou / 中华医院管理杂志

Post-payment for patients can minimize their errands and improve their medical experience. Since February 2019, Hangzhou Municipal Health Commission began to try the " post-payment" service. This mode is integrated into the municipal credit system, and the patients can obtain the corresponding credit line according to their credit rating. Within such line, the patient can pay only once for all their medical services received per visit. The mode covers all Hangzhou residents with credit rating and has served nearly 20 million outpatient and emergency patients with expedient services. Thanks to the reform, the number of payment for patients to see a doctor reduced from an average of 2 to 3 times to only 1 time. It is proved that the credit system can realize payment after medical service and it is controllable.

Concept of Smart Regulation on Medical Devices under New Situation / 中国医疗器械杂志

The traditional regulation mode on medical devices has invalid and negative effect problems. In order to more effectively ensure safety and efficacy of medical devices, promote healthy industrial development, this paper puts forward the innovative concept of smart regulation on the basis of problem orientation. Compared with traditional regulatory mode, smart regulation focus on effectiveness, and pays attention to relationship between effective regulation with self-discipline and industrial development, has characteristics of improving pertinence, effectiveness, accuracy, speed and efficiency of regulation. This paper further elaborates implementation approaches and attentions of smart regulation, by the ways of strengthening credit management, intelligent regulation, professional regulation, promoting self-discipline and encouraging innovation.

Accesibilidad del Financiamiento Agropecuario en Ameca, Jalisco, México / Accessibility to Agricultural Financing in Ameca, Jalisco, Mexico / Acessibilidade do Financiamento Agrícola em Ameca, Jalisco, México

RESUMEN La agricultura en México se ha polarizado en campesina y empresarial, esta última se distingue por ser más tecnificada. Un factor importante para pasar de la agricultura campesina a una empresarial es el crédito refaccionario, sin embargo, el sector agropecuario ha sufrido escasez en financiamiento debido a los riesgos que presenta el mismo; estos hacen que los intermediarios financieros tengan incertidumbre sobre el cumplimiento de pago del productor agropecuario y por ende, la mayor parte de sus recursos se dirigen a otros sectores. Por otro lado, también los productores agropecuarios tienen incertidumbre, ya que hacer una inversión en un ámbito riesgoso como la agricultura tiende a que los productores sean adversos al riesgo por lo que no gestionan crédito. No obstante, hay productores que acceden al crédito, los cuales se caracterizan por diferentes factores, mismos que hacen que la incertidumbre del intermediario disminuya y así se otorgue el crédito. En este estudio se indaga a través de un proceso estadístico lineal en los factores del productor que reducen la incertidumbre y provocan un mayor acceso al crédito, el cual demuestra que el tamaño de la unidad productiva, ingreso, seguranza, entre otros, impacta positivamente en el acceso al crédito en una institución formal. CÓDIGOS JEL R51

ABSTRACT Agriculture in Mexico has polarised into peasant and business agriculture, the latter characterised as being more technologically enhanced. An important factor in the transition from peasant agriculture to entrepreneurial agriculture has been that of credit in fixed assets. Regrettably the agricultural sector has suffered from financing shortages due to hazards inherent to the sector inciting uncertainty in financial intermediaries with regards to the fulfilment of payment by the agricultural producer and the redirecting of most of its resources to other sectors. On the other hand, agricultural producers themselves often hesitate when faced with the decision to invest in their unpredictable producers risk adverse, so they do not manage credit. However there are producers who access credit, which are characterized by different factors sector with a proclivity for being risk averse and avoiding loans. Nevertheless, there are those who opt to take the credit route, which is characterised by different factors that reduce the uncertainty of the middlemen who authorise the credit. Through a linear statistical process, this study investigates the factors which reduce uncertainty and increase access to credit within the agricultural sector It will be shown that the size of the productive unit, income, security and other elements, have a positive impact on the granting of credit by a formal institution. JEL CLASSIFICATION R51

RESUMO A agricultura no México foi polarizada em camponesa e empresarial, a segunda se distingue por ser mais tecnificada. Um fator importante na transição da agricultura camponesa para a agrícola empreendedora é o crédito de refacionamento, no entanto, o setor agrícola tem sofrido escassez de financiamento devido aos riscos que apresenta; Estes fazem com que os intermediários financeiros tenham incerteza quanto ao cumprimento do pagamento do produtor agrícola e, portanto, a maior parte de seus recursos é direcionada para outros setores. Por outro lado, os produtores agrícolas também têm incerteza, já que investir em um ambiente arriscado, como a agricultura, tende a tornar os produtores adversos ao risco, de modo que eles não administram o crédito. No entanto, há produtores que acessam crédito, que são caracterizados por diferentes fatores, que causam a incerteza do intermediário para diminuir e, assim, o crédito é concedido. Este estudo investiga através de um processo estatístico linear nos fatores do produtor que reduzem a incerteza e provocam um maior acesso ao crédito, o que mostra que o tamanho da unidade produtiva, renda, seguro, entre outros, impacta positivamente acesso ao crédito em uma instituição formal. CLASSIFICAÇÕES JEL R51

Análise do impacto das fontes alternativas de financiamento na eficiência e na produtividade dos entes federativos subnacionais no Brasil após a Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal / Análisis de impacto de otras fuentes de financiación en la eficiencia y productividad de las entidades federadas subnacionales en Brasil Después de la Ley de Responsabilidad Fiscal / Alternative funding sources' impact on efficiency and productivity of subnational entities in Brazil after the Fiscal Responsibility Law

Resumo Este artigo faz uso da técnica de análise envoltória de dados em painel, para uma amostra balanceada com dados anuais de 2004 a 2013, visando modelar o processo de geração de bem-estar social por parte das unidades da federação. Uma primeira inovação está no uso de fontes de insumos associados às receitas tradicionais, como transferências e tributos, e de fontes alternativas de financiamento, via crédito nacional e via paradiplomacia. Como resultado desse processo, o Estado proporciona produtos e serviços associados a variáveis de natureza socioeconômica, de saúde, de violência, de demografia, de estudo e de infraestrutura básica. Apenas sete unidades foram plenamente eficientes na década em questão: Bahia, Ceará, Maranhão, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraná e São Paulo. A incorporação das fontes de crédito com insumos aumenta a eficiência dos estados, alterando o ranking nacional. O nível de eficiência de alguns estados pode vir a ser comprometido pelo endividamento excessivo. Em termos de política pública, sugere-se o uso da eficiência como métrica de meritocracia na reforma tributária.

Resumen Este artículo utiliza envolvente de datos panel de la técnica de análisis de una muestra equilibrada de los datos anuales de 2004 a 2013, con el objetivo de modelar el proceso de generación de bienestar social por las unidades de la federación. La primera innovación es el uso de fuentes de entradas asociadas con recetas tradicionales, como las transferencias y los impuestos, así como fuentes alternativas de financiación a través de crédito nacional y por medio de la paradiplomacia. Como resultado de este proceso, el Estado proporciona bienes y servicios asociados a variables de carácter socioeconómico, la salud, la violencia, la demografía, el estudio y la infraestructura básica. Sólo siete unidades eran totalmente eficiente en la década en cuestión, Bahia, Ceará, Maranhão, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraná y São Paulo. La incorporación de fuentes de crédito con entradas influye significativamente en la eficiencia y en el ranking nacional. El nivel de la eficiencia de algunos estados podría verse comprometido por la deuda excesiva. En términos de políticas públicas, se sugiere el uso de la eficiencia como métrica meritocracia en la reforma fiscal.

Abstract We use panel data envelopment analysis on a sample that aims to model the process of social welfare generation by federation units. The first innovation is the use of input sources associated with traditional revenues, such as transfers and taxes, as well as alternative sources of funding via national credit and paradiplomacy. As a result of this process, the State provides goods and services associated with socioeconomic variables such as, health, violence, demographics, study, and basic infrastructure. Only seven units, Bahia, Ceará, Maranhão, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraná, and São Paulo, were entirely efficient in the decade studied (2004 to 2013). The incorporation of credit sources as inputs significantly influences efficiency gains and changes to national ranking. The level of efficiency of some states might be compromised by excessive debt. In terms of public policy, the use of efficiency as a meritocracy metric in tax reform is suggested.

El Modelo de Crédito Parcial aplicado a la escala distorsión del Big Five Questionnaire

Se aplicó el Modelo de Crédito Parcial (MCP) de la Teoría de Respuesta al Ítem al análisis de ítems de la adaptación española escala Distorsión del Big Five Questionnaire. Esta escala evalúa la tendencia de los individuos a ofrecer un perfil distorsionado. Participaron 1592 adultos de población general (55% sexo femenino). El análisis de los datos se realizó con Winsteps. El ajuste del MCP fue adecuado para todos los ítems; no obstante, un porcentaje considerable de evaluados no presentó un patrón de respuestas acorde a las expectativas del modelo. Cinco ítems presentaron inversiones en el orden esperable para los valores estimados de parámetros de umbral. Los resultados revelaron las debilidades que presenta la escala y orientan sobre posibles modificaciones futuras.

The Partial Credit Model (PCM) of the Item Response Theory was applied to the Spanish Lie Scale adaptation of the Big Five Questionnaire. The scale measures individuals' tendency to provide a distorted profile. The sample comprised 1592 adults from the general population (55% females). All analyses were performed by means of Winsteps software. The PCM exhibited satisfactory goodness-of-fit for all items. However, a considerable proportion of respondents had incongruent response patterns which were not in agreement with the model's expectations. Five items presented inversions in the order expected for the estimated values of threshold parameters. These findings show the scale weaknesses and yield useful information to guide possible changes in future research.

Allocation methods of coauthor credit in collaboration of scientific research / 中华医学图书情报杂志

The rationality of hormonal calculating method for the precedence of signed authors and the total num-ber of coauthors was elaborated according to the analysis of different allocation methods for the credit weight of coau-thors. It was proposed that the credit weight calculating method of co-first authors, corresponding author and co-corresponding authors should be used as a supplement of hormonal calculating method, and the published papers and their citation frequency should be weighted in order to provide the ideas for revising the present scientific re-search evaluation methods.

Analysis of current situation and influencing factors on the knowledge, attitude and practice of creative credit system in a medical university / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective To understand the situation of college students' awareness about innovative credit, analyze the influencing factors, in order to provide a scientific basis for constructing innovation credits and promoting the double strategy. Method The undergraduates of a medical university who were still at school in April 2015 were selected, and by using a stratified cluster sampling method, 450 students were chosen to be conducted by self-administered questionnaire survey to understand the cognitive status of in-novation of credit system in college students. Chi square test was used to compare the passing rates of students in different demographic characteristics, and the relationship between scores was analyzed by linear regression analysis. Result A total of 439 valid questionnaires were collected , and the total scores of innovative knowledge, attitudes and behaviors of 439 undergraduates were 15.95％ (70/439), 36.44％ (160/439) and 32.80％(144/439) respectively. In the part of knowledge innovation credits, girls' passing rate was higher than boys ( χ2=4.010,P=0.045. In the part of attitude, high grade group students had more positive attitude than the low grade group of students ( χ2=6.227,P=0.0013). In the part of behavior; higher grade students with innovative credits had higher pass rates than those in lower grades (chi, 2=7.781, P=0.005), and boys had a higher rate of passing than girls ( χ2=6.658,P=0.010). The total score of knowledge was positively linear with the total score of attitude and behavior. Conclusion College Students' awareness of innovation credit rate is low, but the innovative attitude and behavior is positive. The higher the awareness rate is conducive to the cultivation of attitude and behavior, so it is necessary in medical colleges to carry out innovation of credit and promote the cultivation of innovative consciousness.

"Establishment of the responsible personnel ""negative listing"" management pattern of science and technology plan" / 中华医学科研管理杂志

Objective To explore the management of science and technology plan by bringing in science and technology negative listmodel,through which to determine theblacklist,further enhancing the science and technology credit of the responsible personnel.Methods Literature review and comparative analysis were adopted to investigate the experiences of negative list model in the foreign investment management,according to which identify the negative list inscience and technology planmanagement.Results Taking medical science and technology plan as an example,this paper analyzed the scientific research misconduct in thenegative list,which occurred during the implementation process,proposed particular corrective management measurements.Conclusions Bring in thenegative list mode in the management of science and technology plan,adopt tailored management plan to particular responsible personnel who do not have a good credit would significantly help more regulated and organized research conduct.