Criminological Characteristics and Criminal Responsibility Capacity of Offenders with Alcoholism / 中山大学学报(医学科学版)

ObjectiveTo analyze the criminal behavior characteristics of alcohol-related crime offenders and explore the relationship between criminal behavior characteristics and criminal responsibility capacity. MethodsBasic information， alcohol use information， psychiatric symptoms before and after the crime， criminological behavioral characteristics and conclusion of judicial evaluation were collected. ResultsThe drinking history of the chronic alcoholism group 25.0 （13.3~30.0） years was significantly longer than that of the acute alcoholism group 1.2 （0~14.3） years. In the chronic alcoholism group， 85.0% drank alcohol at least once a day， 52.5% had morning or bedtime drinking habits， and 92.5% drank mainly alone. Violent crimes accounted for 57.6%. Delirium existed in 52.5% of the chronic alcoholics' mental state at the time of the crime， and 84.6% of the acute alcoholics' mental state was hazy. In the chronic alcoholism group， 42.5% committed the crime with pathological motive， and in the acute alcoholism group， 69.2% committed the crime with realistic motive. Acute alcoholism group 96.2% were assessed as complete criminal responsibility capacity， and chronic alcoholism group 50.0% were assessed as complete criminal responsibility capacity. ConclusionCompared with acute alcoholism offenders， chronic alcoholics had a longer drinking duration， more frequency drinking， and obvious morning drinking or bedtime drinking habits. The nature of alcoholism crime cases was mostly violent. Compared with the chronic alcoholism group， the acute alcoholism group had highly selective motives for committing crimes and were mostly rated as complete criminally responsibility.

A redução da idade de responsabilidade criminal na perspectiva de adolescentes / Lowering the minimum age of criminal responsibility from the perspective of adolescents / La reducción de la edad de responsabilidad penal desde la perspectiva de adolescentes

A proposta de emenda à Constituição Federal (PEC) 171/1993 prevê a redução da maioridade penal no Brasil de 18 para 16 anos. Essa proposta foi votada pela Câmara dos Deputados e está, atualmente, no Senado Federal, contando com intenso apoio do atual presidente. Embora haja evidências de que a idade não se relaciona a indicadores de violência, a opinião pública se manifesta favorável à medida. Diante disso, considera-se primordial escutar a fala dos próprios adolescentes sobre essa questão. Este trabalho objetivou investigar a perspectiva de adolescentes sobre a redução da maioridade penal. Participaram 25 adolescentes provenientes de uma escola pública e cinco que estavam em cumprimento de medida socioeducativa, todos na faixa etária entre 12 e 17 anos. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de rodas de conversa com o primeiro grupo e entrevistas com o segundo. Foram escritos relatos em ambos os momentos da coleta. Para a análise, esses relatos foram lidos e discutidos em grupo pelos pesquisadores. Os resultados apontam alguns analisadores que emergiram a partir das rodas e entrevistas: adolescência, raiva, medo, questão social, lei e violência. Observou-se que os participantes foram além de um posicionamento opinativo, produzindo importantes elaborações sobre o tema que foram disparadores capazes de abordar problemáticas próprias da adolescência e da realidade social. Considera-se que é tarefa ímpar da psicologia trazer à luz opiniões como as dos adolescentes objeto desta pesquisa.(AU)

The proposed amendment to the Federal Constitution (PEC 171/1993) of Brazil provides for the lowering of the minimum age of criminal responsibility from 18 to 16 years. This proposal was voted by the House of Representatives and is currently in the Federal Senate, being strongly supported by the elected President. Despite evidence showing that age is unrelated to indicators of violence, public opinion supports the measure, indicating the urge for listening to the opinion of adolescents on this subject. This study aimed to investigate the perspective of adolescents regarding the lowering of the minimum age of criminal responsibility in Brazil. The study sample consisted of 25 adolescents from a public school and five who fulfilled socioeducational measures, all aged from 12 to 17 years. Data on the first group were collected by means of conversation circles, and on the second group by interviews. A written record was kept for both moments of data collection, which was later read and discussed among the researchers involved in the study. The results indicate some common themes emerging from circles and interviews, namely: adolescence, anger, fear, social issues, law, and violence. When sharing their perspectives on the subject, participants went beyond an opinionated position, producing important elaborations. This also triggered the possibility of addressing specific problems of adolescence and social reality. In this scenario, Psychology plays a key role in bringing opinions to light, such as those of adolescents participating in this study - who tend to stay on the sidelines.(AU)

La propuesta de enmienda a la Constitución Federal (PEC 171/1993) prevé la reducción de la edad mínima de responsabilidad penal en Brasil de 18 para 16 años. Esta propuesta fue votada por la Cámara de Diputados y está actualmente en el Senado Federal, contando con intenso apoyo del actual Presidente. Aunque hay evidencias de que la edad no se relaciona con los indicadores de violencia, la opinión pública se manifiesta favorable a la medida. Por lo tanto, se considera esencial escuchar el discurso de los adolescentes sobre este tema. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar la perspectiva de algunos adolescentes sobre la reducción de la edad de responsabilidad penal. Participaron 25 adolescentes provenientes de una escuela pública y cinco que estaban en cumplimiento de medida socioeducativa, todos en el grupo de edad de entre 12 y 17 años. La recopilación de datos se realizó por medio de círculos de conversación con el primer grupo y de entrevistas con el segundo. Los informes fueron escritos en ambas ocasiones. Para el análisis, los investigadores leyeron y discutieron estos informes en grupos. Los resultados muestran algunos analizadores que surgieron de los círculos y las entrevistas: adolescencia, ira, miedo, problemas sociales, derecho y violencia. Se observó que los participantes fueron más allá de una posición de opinión, produciendo elaboraciones importantes sobre el tema; esto también desencadenó la posibilidad de abordar problemas específicos de la adolescencia y la realidad social. Se considera que es una tarea única de la psicología sacar a la luz opiniones, como las de estos adolescentes, que tienden a permanecer al margen.(AU)

A proposta da redução da maioridade penal na perspectiva das equipes técnicas das medidas socioeducativas de internação / The proposal of the reduction of criminal responsibility age under the perspective of technical teams of socio-educational measures of internment

A proposta de redução da maioridade penal tem gerado algumas controvérsias. Objetivou-se explorar como os profissionais das equipes técnicas de internação de instituições localizadas no interior do estado de São Paulo compreendem a referida proposta, bem como a efetividade das estratégias já previstas no estatuto. Realizou-se um estudo descritivo, exploratório e analítico de referencial qualitativo. Utilizando-se um roteiro de entrevista, os dados foram analisados pela técnica de análise de conteúdo. A amostra foi composta por oito participantes mulheres com formação em Psicologia ou Serviço Social, que trabalham no atendimento a adolescentes em cumprimento de medida socioeducativa de internação. Todas se posicionaram contra a proposta, pois a consideram uma medida simplista a um problema complexo, traduzida em resposta a um apelo por justiça por parte da sociedade, influenciada por questões midiáticas e políticas que não correspondem aos dados da realidade. Avaliam-na como uma proposta excludente e ponderam que mudanças efetivas devam se pautar na lógica restaurativa, baseada nos preceitos do estatuto e no investimento em políticas públicas.

The proposal of the reduction of criminal responsibility age has generated some controversies. This study aimed to explore how the technical staff from the socio-educational measures of interment, located in the interior of São Paulo State, understands the proposal, as well as the effectiveness of the strategies already provided by the statute. A descriptive, exploratory and analytical study of qualitative reference was carried out. Using an interview script, data were analyzed through the technique of content analysis. The sample consisted of eight female participants with background in Psychology or Social Service who work in the attendance of adolescents in compliance of socio-educational measures of interment. All of them were against the proposal, as they consider it to be an oversimplified measure to a complex problem, reflexing a response to an appeal for justice on the part of society, influenced by media and political issues that do not correspond to reality data. They evaluate it as an excluding proposal and consider that effective change should be guided by the restorative justice, based on the precepts of the statute and investment in public policies.

Analysis of 123 Cases of Forensic Psychiatry Testimony of Individuals Suspected of Road Traffic Offences / 法医学杂志

Objective To explore the characteristics of individuals with mental disorders suspected of road traffic offences and to find their differences from normal offenders, in order to regulate mental disorder patients' driving activities and prevent road traffic offences. Methods One hundred and twenty-three cases of forensic psychiatry testimony of individuals suspected of road traffic offences between 2014 and 2019 from the West China Forensic Center of Sichuan Province were collected. Fisher exact probability test was used to compare the differences between offenders with mental disorders and without mental disorders in terms of demographic characteristics, criminological characteristics, psychiatric characteristics and criminal responsibilities. Results There was no statistical significance in the differences of demographic characteristics, vehicles and kinds of alcohol between the two groups （P>0.05）. The main type of road traffic related crimes committed by offenders with mental disorders was risky driving and were mainly evaluated as partial criminal responsibility, whereas most offenders without mental disorders committed crime of causing traffic casualties and all were evaluated as full criminal responsibility. There was statistical significance in the differences of the types of crime and the criminal responsibility rating between the two groups （P<0.05）. Meanwhile, patients with mental disorders were characterized by long course of disease and irregular treatment, and individuals diagnosed as having mental disorders caused by psychoactive substances accounted for a large proportion. Conclusion There are differences in the characteristics of road traffic-related crimes between mental disorder patients and normal people. It is of great practical significance for reducing road traffic offences to evaluate whether the individuals with mental disorders are fit for driving.

Analysis of Consistency between Forensic Psychiatry Identification Diagnosis and Clinical Diagnosis of 1 369 Cases / 法医学杂志

Objective To explore the consistency between identification diagnosis and pre-identification clinical diagnosis of patients with mental disorder undergoing forensic psychiatry identification. Methods The identification data of 1 369 appraised individuals who underwent criminal responsibility identification carried out by the Forensic Institute of Second Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University from 2014 to 2017 were collected retrospectively using self-designed investigation data sorting table. A comparative analysis of the mental disorder diagnosis results of expert opinion and past clinical diagnosis results was made. Results Among 1 369 appraised individuals, 964 cases （70.4%） were identified and diagnosed with mental disorder and 405 cases （29.6%） without mental disorder. Among the former, 63.3% （610 cases） were clinically diagnosed, which was higher than 43.2% （175 cases, P<0.05） in the latter. Among the various mental disorders that had been identified and diagnosed, patients with hysteria, stress, and neurosis had the highest proportion of clinical diagnoses （86.7%）, while patients with mental retardation had the lowest proportion of clinical diagnoses （9.6%）. Schizophrenia had the highest overall consistency rate of identification diagnosis and clinical diagnosis （98.4%）, while personality and behavior disorder had the lowest （33.3%）. The overall consistency rate between clinical diagnosis and identification diagnosis of the mental disorder group was 84.1%, and the Kappa value was 0.759. Compared with clinical diagnosis, the consistency rate between inpatient diagnosis and identification diagnosis was higher （85.9%, P<0.05）. Conclusion In forensic psychiatry identification that provides data of past clinical diagnosis and treatment, a high consistency between identification diagnosis and clinical diagnosis of the appraised individual who is identified and diagnosed with mental disorder exists. Clinical diagnosis （especially the inpatient diagnosis） has a relatively good reference value for forensic psychiatry identification.

Review of Scientific Literature on the Age of Criminal Majority in Brazil / Revisão de Literatura Científica sobre Maioridade Penal no Brasil / Revisión de Literatura Científica sobre Mayoría Penal en el Brasil

Abstract This paper is a review of literature that aimed to describe the main results of scientific studies on the age of criminal majority in Brazil published in three electronic databases: SciELO, LILACS and the Regional Portal of the VHL. From the 57 articles initially found, after screening for the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 11 were effectively analyzed. These were submitted to thematic content analysis. It was identified that the premises of the irregular situation doctrine, although overcome in terms of legislation, remain rooted in institutionalized practices, discourses and representations about adolescents in conflict with the law. However, in the evolution of laws in the world, the tendency seems to be to maintain the age of criminal majority, rather than reduce it. It was concluded that the evidence found, although limited to the criteria of this study, refuted the hypothesis that simply reducing the legal age would be effective in confronting juvenile criminality in the country.

Resumo Trata-se de uma revisão de literatura que almejou descrever os principais resultados de pesquisas científicas sobre maioridade penal no Brasil publicadas em três bases eletrônicas de dados: SciELO, LILACS e Portal Regional da BVS. Dos 57 artigos encontrados, após o crivo dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, analisaram-se efetivamente 11. Estes artigos foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo temática. Os resultados indicaram que as premissas da doutrina de situação irregular, embora superadas em termos de legislação, permanecem enraizadas nas práticas institucionalizadas, nos discursos e nas representações sobre os adolescentes em conflito com a lei. Contudo, na evolução das leis no mundo, a tendência aparenta ser de manter a idade de imputabilidade penal, e não o oposto. Conclui-se que as evidências encontradas, embora limitadas aos critérios do estudo, refutaram a hipótese de que simplesmente reduzir a maioridade penal seria eficaz para enfrentar a criminalidade juvenil no país.

Resumen Se trata de una revisión de la literatura que pretendió describir los principales resultados de investigaciones científicas sobre la mayoría penal en el Brasil, publicadas en tres bases de datos electrónicas: SciELO, LILACS y Portal Regional de la BVS. De los 57 artículos encontrados inicialmente, después del filtro de criterios de inclusión y exclusión, se analizaron efectivamente 11. Estos artículos fueron sometidos al análisis de contenido temático. Los resultados indicaron que las premisas de la doctrina de situación irregular, aunque están superadas en términos de legislación, continúan arraigadas en las prácticas institucionalizadas, en los discursos y en las representaciones sobre los adolescentes en conflicto con la ley. Sin embargo, en la evolución de las leyes en el mundo, la tendencia aparenta ser de mantener la edad de imputabilidad penal, y no lo opuesto. Llegamos a la conclusión de que la evidencia encontrada, aunque limitada a los criterios de este estudio, refutó la hipótesis de que simplemente reducir la mayoría penal sería eficaz para hacer frente a la criminalidad juvenil en el país.

Adolescências e judicialização da conduta juvenil / Adolescences and court-based intervention on juvenile conduct / Adolescencias y judicialización de la desviación juvenil

A recente retomada da proposição do rebaixamento da idade penal no parlamento brasileiro, em meio a um cenário de crise política e avanço de ideologias conservadoras, se articula com outros fatores, tais como a realização de megaeventos esportivos no Brasil – Copa do Mundo (2014) e Olimpíadas (2016), de forma a interferir no próprio caráter das leis. Assim mesmo, outro evento que fez aquecer o debate sobre a imputabilidade penal tanto no meio acadêmico, quanto no âmbito da sociedade foi a admissibilidade da Proposta de Emenda Constitucional (PEC 171/93), em abril de 2015. É interesse desse estudo discutir as formulações legais que afirmam ou restringem direitos sociais dos adolescentes na sociedade capitalista contemporânea. Por outro lado, interessa também analisar as políticas públicas propostas para a aplicação dessas mesmas leis, ambas entranhadas por concepções de adolescência construídas historicamente, no sentido de pensar os efeitos judicializantes produzidos com a execução das leis. Neste percurso, apresenta as áreas em análise neste texto, quais sejam: o contexto histórico e os marcos legais para crianças e adolescentes no Brasil; os significados culturais e os valores sociais relacionados à adolescência em uma perspectiva semióticocultural, considerando a interdependência entre os movimentos de reforma dos marcos legais e fatores históricos, culturais e econômicos; e, por fim, analisa-se como a criminalização juvenil e a judicialização das relações humanas na contemporaneidade conferem primazia às ações coercitivas e correcionais, em detrimento das ações educacionais.

Brazilian Parliament has just revisited the bill to reducing the age of criminal responsibility, right in the middle of a political crisis, for the advancement of conservative ideologies. There is a larger picture, including the mega sporting events in Brazil – the World Cup (2014) and the Olympics (2016), where the very character of the law is at stake. As the Proposal for Amendment to the Constitution (PEC 171/93) was admitted in April 2015, it heated the debate on criminal responsibility both in academia and in society at large. This study is interested not only in the legal formulation affirming or restricting social rights of adolescents in contemporary capitalist society, but also in proposals of public policy for legal enforcement. Both initiatives are at odds with the historically built conceptions of adolescence. As a result, the judicial effects produced by the enforcement of legislation becomes under scrutiny. Along the way, the study covers the following areas: historical context and legal framework for children and adolescents in Brazil; cultural meanings and social values related to adolescence in a semiotic-cultural perspective, considering the interdependence among legal reform movements and historical, cultural and economic factors; and finally, there is a take on how juvenile criminalization and the judicialization of human relations in the contemporary world give primacy to coercive and corrective actions, tothe detriment of educational ones.

La reanudación de la propuesta de reducción de la edad penal en el parlamento brasileño, en medio de una crisis política y el avance de ideologías conservadoras, se articula con otros factores, tales como la realización de mega eventos deportivos en Brasil -el Mundial de Fútbol (2014) y los Juegos Olímpicos (2016)- con reflejos en el propio carácter de las leyes. La admisibilidad de la Propuesta de Enmienda Constitucional (PEC 171/93), en abril de 2015, ha intensificado el debate sobre la imputabilidad penal tanto en el medio académico, como en el ámbito de la sociedad. Es interés de este estudio discutir acerca de las formulaciones legales que afirman o restringen derechos sociales de los adolescentes en la sociedad capitalista contemporánea. De otra parte, interesa también analizar las políticas públicas propuestas para aplicación de esas mismas leyes, ambas entrañadas por concepciones de adolescencia construidas históricamente, en el sentido de pensar los efectos de judicialización producidos con la ejecución de las legislaciones. En este sentido, presenta las áreas en análisis en este texto, cuáles son: el contexto histórico y los marcos legales para niños y adolescentes en Brasil; los significados culturales y los valores sociales relacionados con la adolescencia en una perspectiva semiótica y cultural, considerando la interdependencia entre los movimientos de reforma de los marcos legales y factores históricos, culturales y económicos; y, por fin, se analiza cómo la criminalización juvenil y la judicialización de las relaciones humanas en la contemporaneidad hacen predominar las acciones coercitivas y correccionales, frente a las acciones educativas.

Responsabilidad Penal Adolescente en Chile: Propuestas para implementar la intervención psicosocial en Secciones Juveniles / Teenagers' Personal liability in Chile: proposals for conducting psychosocial intervention in Juvenile Sections / Responsabilidade penal adolescente no Chile: propostas para implementar a intervenção psicossocial em Secções Juvenis

Resumen El propósito del estudio que se expone es analizar las características del diseño y gestión de proyectos de intervención psicosocial implementados por entidades ejecutoras en las secciones juveniles de centros penitenciarios en el sur de Chile, proponiendo, a partir de la experiencia de los equipos que participan en estos programas, mecanismos para mejorar la intervención realizada con jóvenes infractores de ley. Participaron en el estudio 32 profesionales de cuatro equipos. Se emplearon, como técnicas de producción de datos, la entrevista grupal y la revisión documental (fichas de registro de intervenciones, proyectos, planificaciones, entre otros). Los resultados muestran la utilización de modelos, teorías y enfoques que son pertinentes según las directrices de gendarmería y la evidencia nacional e internacional. Sin embargo, se reconocen condiciones de operación de los proyectos que tensionan y limitan el alcance del trabajo desarrollado con los jóvenes, entre estas limitaciones se destaca la falta de continuidad del trabajo dado el financiamiento sujeto a licitaciones que ocurren anualmente y que impiden la estabilidad laboral de los equipos. Las personas entrevistadas, plantean un conjunto de propuestas para mejorar la intervención con los jóvenes entre ellas se cuenta: la formación especializada del equipo psicosocial interventor incluyendo al personal de gendarmería que tiene contacto permanente con los jóvenes; Mejorar el trabajo directo con los jóvenes incorporando el enfoque psicoeducativo de origen canadiense para estructurar coherentemente intervenciones en el cotidiano de las secciones juveniles; Incorporar un enfoque de intervención diferenciada considerando las trayectorias delictivas de los jóvenes; y finalmente se subraya la necesidad de profundizar el componente de inclusión sociocomunitaria en las intervenciones.

Abstract This study aims to analyze the design and management characteristics of psychosocial intervention projects which are conducted by executing entities in juvenile sections of prisons in the Southern Chile, stating mechanisms to improve the intervention developed with young lawbreakers starting from the experience of the programs participating teams. 32 professionals of four teams took part in this study. Data production, group interviews and documents review techniques were implemented (intervention record files, projects, planning, among others). The results show models, theories and approaches utilization that are relevant according to gendarmerie directions and national and international evidence. However, projects operation conditions are recognized, which tense and limit the work scope developed with young people. The lack of continuity in the work is highlighted as one of these limitations, since the financing conditioned on tenders that happen yearly and that obstruct the teams' job stability. The interviewees state a set of proposals for improving interventions with young people; among those interventions are: a specialized training of the intervener psychosocial team, including the gendarmerie staff which are in permanent touch with young people; to improve the direct work with young people by incorporating the Canadian original psychological-educational approach to structure in a coherent way interventions of the juvenile sections on daily basis, incorporating a differentiated intervention focus, considering young people crime trajectories, and finally, it underlines the necessity of deepening the social-communitary inclusion component in the interventions.

Resumo O propósito do estudo que se expõe é analisar as características do desenho e da gestão de projetos de intervenção psicossocial implementados por entidades executoras nas secções juvenis de centros penitenciários no sul do Chile, propondo, a partir da experiência das equipes que participam nesses programas, mecanismos para melhorar a intervenção feita com jovens infratores da lei. No estudo participaram 32 profissionais de quatro equipes. Se utilizaram, como técnicas de geração de dados, a entrevista grupal e a revisão documental (fichas de registro de intervenções, projetos, planejamentos, entre outros). Os resultados mostram a utilização de modelos, teorias e abordagens que são pertinentes, segundo as diretrizes de gendarmaria e a evidencia nacional e internacional. Não obstante, se reconhecem condições de operação dos projetos que tensionam e limitam o alcance do trabalho desenvolvido com os jovens, dentre dessas limitantes se destaca a falta de continuidade do trabalho, dado o financiamento sujeito a licitações que ocorrem anualmente e que impedem a estabilidade laboral das equipes. As pessoas entrevistadas levantam um conjunto de propostas para melhorar a intervenção com os jovens; dentre dessas contam-se: a formação especializada da equipe psicossocial interventora, incluindo o pessoal da gendarmaria que tem contato permanente com os jovens, melhorar o trabalho direto com os jovens, incorporando a abordagem psicoeducativa de origem canadense para estruturar de forma coerente intervenções no cotidiano das secções juvenis; incorporar a abordagem de intervenção diferenciada, considerando as trajetórias delitivas dos jovens, e finalmente, se sublinha a necessidade de aprofundar no componente de inclusão sociocomunitária nas intervenções.

Propostas de redução da idade penal no Brasil e o Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente / Proposals to reduce the age of criminal responsibility in Brazil and the Child and Adolescent Statute / Propuestas de reducción de la edad penal en Brasil y el Estatuto del Niño y del Adolescente

Neste artigo discutimos como as propostas de redução da idade penal no Brasil tensionam o Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente. A partir da genealogia e da arqueologia propostas por Michel Foucault analisamos as Propostas de Emenda Constitucional apresentadas pela Câmara de Deputados entre os anos de 1993 e 2013. Nossa análise indica que as propostas criticam o critério cronológico adotado pelo Estatuto e propõem sua substituição pelo que chamam de critério subjetivo-psicológico. Postos em oposição aos direitos sociais, os direitos civis são tomados como balizadores de uma responsabilização dos sujeitos jovens, tornando-os mais penalizáveis. Por fim, as propostas fazem uma série de críticas à ineficácia do Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente. Essas críticas não são produzidas no sentido de ampliar a efetivação das atuais políticas, mas de instrumentar o recrudescimento punitivo a partir da desqualificação do Estatuto.

This paper discusses how the proposals to reduce the age of criminal responsibility in Brazil strain the Statute of Children and Adolescents. Applying the archaeological and genealogical methods of Michel Foucault we analyze the constitutional amendment proposals presented by the country's Chamber of Deputies between 1993 and 2013. Our analysis points out that the proposals criticize the chronological criteria adopted by the Statute and propose replacing it with the so-called subjective-psychological criteria. Placed in opposition to social rights, civil rights are used as a reference to hold young subjects responsible, thereby making them more penalizable. Finally, the proposals critique the ineffectiveness of the Statute of Children and Adolescents. These critiques are not the result of attempts to expand the efficacy of current policies, but rather to implement a punitive upsurge starting with the disqualification of the Statute.

En este artículo discutimos cómo las propuestas de reducción de la edad penal en Brasil tensionan el Estatuto del Niño y del Adolescente. A partir de la arqueología y de la genealogía propuestas por Michel Foucault analizamos las Propuestas de Enmienda a la Constitución presentadas por la Cámara de Diputados entre los años 1993 y 2013. Nuestro análisis indica que las propuestas critican el criterio cronológico adoptado por el Estatuto y proponen su sustitución por lo que califican de criterio subjetivo/psicológico. Puestos en oposición a los derechos sociales, los derechos civiles son utilizados como referenciales de una responsabilización de los sujetos jóvenes, volviéndolos más penalizables. Finalmente, las propuestas hacen críticas a la ineficacia del Estatuto del Niño y del Adolescente. Estas críticas no son producidas en el sentido de ampliar la efectuación de las actuales políticas, pero de instrumentar el recrudecimiento punitivo a partir de la descalificación del Estatuto.

The application value of the combination of personality responsibility theory and motivation theory in the identification of the criminal responsibility ability of the patients with mental disorders / 中国法医学杂志

Objective To explore the value of the combination of personality responsibility theory and motivation theory in the evaluation of the ability of criminal responsibility of the patients with mental disorders. Methods A retrospective analysis of our hospital in 2013 and 2014 the implementation of identification of 101 cases of patients with mental disorders of the criminal responsibility, analysis indicators include: the reflection of the basic characteristics of personality; motive; identification of illegal behavior evaluation; the capacity of criminal responsibility. Results different symptoms reflects abnormal consistency and specificity of personality integrity; when the symptoms are not at the same time, with the implementation of the illegal behavior of the motivation also has realistic and non realistic differences; personality integrity can not damage the normal and correct evaluation of the illegal act, almost all favorable personality particularity of affected persons can recognize the illegality of the behavior; the integrality and consistency of the affected personality criminal responsibility were incomplete; special personality influence for full criminal responsibility. Conclusion The combination of personality responsibility theory and motivation theory is applied to the identification of the criminal responsibility ability of the patients with mental illness. To define the identity of the actor as the actor, to identify the patient's behavior is "not control" or "no control", it is worth promoting the application in the work of mental illness judicial identification.

Characteristics of Schizophrenia Patients' Homicide Behaviors and Their Correlations with Criminal Capacity / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To explore the characteristics of schizophrenia patients' homicide behaviors and the influences of the assessments of criminal capacity.@*METHODS@#Indicators such as demographic and clinical data, characteristics of criminal behaviors and criminal capacity from the suspects whom were diagnosed by forensic psychiatry as schizophrenia （n=110） and normal mental （n=70） with homicide behavior, were collected by self-made investigation form and compared. The influences of the assessments of criminal capacity on the suspects diagnosed as schizophrenia were also analyzed using logistic regression analysis.@*RESULTS@#There were no significant statistical differences between the schizophrenic group and the normal mental group concerning age, gender, education and marital status （P>0.05）. There were significant statistical differences between the two groups concerning thought disorder, emotion state and social function before crime （P<0.05） and there were significant statistical differences in some characteristics of the case such as aggressive history （P<0.05）, cue, trigger, plan, criminal incentives, object of crime, circumstance cognition and self-protection （P<0.05）. Multivariate logistic regression analysis suggested that thought disorder, emotion state, social function, criminal incentives, plan and self-protection before crime of the schizophrenic group were positively correlated with the criminal capacity （P<0.05）.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The relevant influences of psychopathology and crime characteristics should be considered comprehensively for improving the accuracy of the criminal capacity evaluation on the suspects diagnosed as schizophrenia with homicide behavior.

Study of Factors Affecting on Evaluation of Sex Offenders' Criminal Responsibility / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVE: This study analyzed factors affecting feeble-mindedness or insanity following a forensic evaluation for sex offenders, and to present a scientific basis that can provide practical assistance on a responsibility evaluation of sex offenders. METHODS: This study analyzed retrospectively 180 mental appraisals on sex offenders among mental appraisals documented by one psychiatrist from June, 2012 to December, 2015 at the National Forensic Hospital. RESULTS: Of the 180 mental appraisals, 123 people (68.3%) were found to be feeble-minded or insane, and 57 people (31.7%) were considered to be sane, i.e., competent to take responsibility. The two groups were different in IQ, occupational & marital status, victim numbers, psychiatric diagnosis, and sex offender characteristics, such as violence and intrusiveness. After evaluating the influence of variables that showed significant differences between the two groups on a responsibility assessment, sex offenders with fewer invasive sex offenses (OR=1.763, p<0.05), lower IQ (OR=1.031, p<0.01), lower numbers of victims (OR=1.349, p<0.05), and higher number of mental illnesses (OR=0.507, p<0.05) were more likely found to be feeble-minded or insane. CONCLUSION: This study indicates that criminal responsibility may be intact in repeat sex offenders who commit invasive sex crimes, such as rape, and is without intellectual disability compared to other kinds of sex offenders. Subsequent research will be needed to improve the objectivity and reliability of mental appraisals on sex offenders in the future.

Direito e Dever Constitucional Fundamental à Saúde e Responsabilidade Financeira e Criminal pelos Dinheiros Públicos / Fundamental Constitutional Right and Duty to Health and Financial and Criminal Accountability for Public Funds / Derecho y Deber Constitucional Fundamental de la Salud y Responsabilidad Financiera y Penal por los Fondos Públicos

A concretização do Direito Constitucional Fundamental Social à Saúde é fundamental. É necessário, adequado e proporcional, respeitar os princípios constitucionais da transparência e da responsividade às exigências da população, da prestação de contas e própria responsabilidade. Tudo isto também abarca o desenvolvimento de princípios constitucionais que sejam de anticorrupção. Também no direito constitucional à protecção da saúde. A responsabilidade financeira e criminal pode constituir um incentivo à melhoria da gestão dos dinheiros públicos e a uma melhor efectivação dos princípios constitucionais fundamentais. Nomeadamente no tema do direito à saúde. As áreas constitucional, administrativa, penal, de gestão pública e de ciência de administração e boa governança também no sector da saúde, devem ser articuladas numa só estratégia. Tanto em Portugal como no Brasil.

The implementation of Fundamental Constitutional Health and Social Rights is necessary, appropriate and proportionate, following the demands of the population. Accountability and self-responsibility play a very important role. This requires the development of constitutional principles that protect public funds against corruption and offer a constitutional right to health protection. Financial and criminal liability might provide an incentive to improve the management of public funds and reinforce fundamental constitutional principles, particularly regarding the right to health. Constitutional, administrative and criminal issues, as well as public management and administration and the science of good governance, should be articulated in a single strategy also in the health sector. In Portugal and Brazil also.

: La aplicación de la Ley constitucional fundamental de la Salud Social es clave. Es necesaria, adecuada y proporcionada conforme a los principios constitucionales de transparencia y capacidad de respuesta a las necesidades de la población, la responsabilidad y la propia responsabilidad. Todo esto también incluye el desarrollo de los principios constitucionales que son anti-corrupción. También en el derecho constitucional a la protección de la salud. La responsabilidad financiera y criminal puede ser un incentivo para mejorar la gestión de los fondos públicos y mejorar la aplicación de los principios constitucionales fundamentales. En particular, la cuestión del derecho a la salud. Las áreas penales, la administración pública administrativa constitucional y ciencia de la gestión y el buen gobierno también en el sector de la salud, deben articularse en una sola estrategia. Tanto en Portugal y Brasil. Palabras-llave: derechos

Redução da idade penal, tecnologias de informação e maturidade: questões à psicologia / On the relations between information, maturity, and reduction of the age of criminal responsibility in Brazil / Sobre las relaciones entre información, madurez y reducción de la edad penal en Brasil

Nesse artigo, discutimos como as propostas de redução da idade penal no Brasil relacionam a expansão das tecnologias de informação e dos meios de comunicação de massa a uma mudança de maturidade dos jovens. A partir da arqueologia proposta por Michel Foucault, analisamos as Propostas de Emenda Constitucional apresentadas pela Câmara de Deputados entre os anos de 1993 e 2013. Os discursos produzidos por esses materiais atrelam meios de comunicação e tecnologias de informação com um amadurecimento psíquico precoce dos jovens e um maior grau de discernimento. Assim, propõem um deslocamento do critério cronológico de imputabilidade para a avaliação técnica da maturidade, convocando especialistas a subsidiarem decisões judiciais. Concluímos que, a partir dos efeitos de processos sociais, como o acesso à informação, os documentos propõem mais individualização das formas de punição sobre os jovens, implicando em embates políticos e éticos sobre a atuação da Psicologia nesse contexto.

This paper discusses how the proposals to reduce the age of criminal responsibility in Brazil link the expansion of information technologies and the mass media to a change in maturity of young people. Applying the archaeological method of Michel Foucault we analyze the constitutional amendment proposals presented by the country's Chamber of Deputies between 1993 and 2013. The discourses produced by these materials associate the media and information technologies with an early psychic maturation of young people and a greater degree of judgment. Thus, they propose a shift of chronological criteria for accountability in the technical evaluation of maturity, summoning experts to support judgments. We arrive at the conclusion that from the effects of social processes, such as access to information, the documents propose more individualization of forms of punishment on young people, implying political and ethical conflicts about the role of psychology in this context.

En este artículo discutimos cómo las propuestas de reducción de la edad penal en Brasil relacionan la expansión de las tecnologías de la información y de los medios de comunicación con un cambio de madurez de los jóvenes. A partir de la arqueología propuesta por Michel Foucault analizamos las Propuestas de Enmienda a la Constitución presentadas por la Cámara de Diputados entre los años 1993 y 2013. Los discursos producidos por estos materiales vinculan medios de comunicación y tecnologías de la información a una maduración psíquica precoz de los jóvenes y un mayor grado de discernimiento. Por lo tanto, proponen un desplazamiento del criterio cronológico de imputabilidad para la evaluación técnica de la madurez, convocando a expertos para subsidiar juicios. Llegamos a la conclusión de que a partir de los efectos de los procesos sociales, como el acceso a la información, los documentos proponen más individualización de las formas de castigo hacia los jóvenes, implicando embates políticos y éticos sobre la actuación de la Psicología en este contexto.

“Tá com dó? Leva pra casa!” Análise dos discursos favoráveis à redução da maioridade penal em rede social / “Do you Feel Sorry for Him? Then Take him into Your Home!” Analysis of Speeches in Favor of Reducing the Legal Age for Criminal Responsibility in a Social Network / “¿Sientes Pena por Él? ¡Pues Llévatelo para tu Casa!” Análisis de Discursos Favorables a la Reducción de la Mayoría de Edad Penal en una Red Social

Resumo Pretende este artigo analisar as proposições favoráveis à redução da maioridade penal expressas em publicações de uma página virtual da rede social Facebook. Constata-se que a volúpia punitiva se expressa de maneira seletiva e hierárquica sobre determinados adolescentes, de modo que o recrudescimento da punição é concebido como estratégia de resolução a problemas sociais supostamente gerados por uma sociedade protetiva e permissiva. O estudo é orientado pelo método de análise hermenêutico-dialético que visa compreender e, ao mesmo tempo, confrontar a problemática frente às suas contradições e conflitos. A partir do diálogo entre campos de saber interdisciplinares, problematiza-se a implicação destes pressupostos acerca da redução da maioridade penal no que tange à constituição do sujeito autor de ato infracional e dos sujeitos produtores destes discursos, assim como o impacto destas afirmativas em sociedades marcadas por relações excludentes....(AU)

Abstract This article aims to analyze the proposals in favor of reducing the legal age for criminal responsibility, expressed in publications of a virtual page of Facebook. It appears that the punitive voluptuousness is selectively and hierarchically expressed on certain teenagers, as the resurgence of punishment is designed as a solving strategy to social problems supposedly generated by a protective and permissive society. The study is guided by the hermeneutic-dialectic method which seeks to understand and, at the same time, confront this problematic in terms of its contradictions and conflicts. From a dialogue between interdisciplinary fields of knowledge, the implication of these assumptions about reducing the legal age for criminal responsibility is discussed, related to the constitution of the subject who commits an offense and of the subjects that produce these speeches, as well as the impact that these speeches have on societies marked by social exclusion....(AU)

Resumo Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar las propuestas a favor de la reducción de la mayoría de edad penal expresadas en publicaciones de una página virtual de la red social Facebook. Se constata que la voluptuosidad punitiva se expresa selectivamente y jerárquicamente sobre ciertos adolescentes, viéndose el recrudecimiento del castigo como una estrategia de resolución de problemas sociales supuestamente generados por una sociedad protectora y permisiva. El estudio se guía por el método hermenéutico-dialéctico que busca comprender y, al mismo tiempo, confrontar la problemática frente a sus contradicciones y conflictos. A partir del diálogo entre campos del conocimiento interdisciplinares, se analiza la implicación de estos presupuestos acerca de la reducción de la mayoría de edad penal, en relación con la constitución del sujeto que comete una infracción y con los sujetos que producen estos discursos, así como el impacto de estas declaraciones en sociedades marcadas por relaciones excluyentes....(AU)

Fratricidio y esquizofrenia / Fratricide and Schizophrenia

Introducción: Cuando un hermano asesina a otro, hablamos de fratricidio, o sea, una forma de homicidio raramente vista en la práctica psiquiátrica. Dado que aún es un tema poco estudiado, la literatura científica no lo ha comprendido bien. Objetivo: Relatar el caso de un individuo con esquizofrenia paranoide que, habiendo asesinado a su hermano, fue evaluado en peritaje criminalístico para determinar su responsabilidad penal. Métodos: Se realizó una entrevista psiquiátrica, y el diagnóstico psiquiátrico se estableció con base en la entrevista y la observación de los registros periciales y hospitalarios, con los criterios diagnósticos del DSM-IV-TR. También se realizó una revisión bibliográfica sobre el tema. Resultados: Se consideró inimputable al paciente examinado en virtud de que padecía una enfermedad mental que afectaba por entero a su capacidad de comprensión y determinación con respecto al delito cometido. Conclusiones: El estudio de casos como este puede ilustrar e identificar factores motivadores relacionados con el comportamiento homicida de sujetos con trastornos mentales graves.

Abstract Background: Fratricide is the killing of one's own bother. It's a type of homicide rarely seen on psychiatric practice. This is still a theme which is poorly studied, and not well understood by the scientific literature. Objective: To report a case of a men, with paranoid schizophrenia that murdered his own bother and had a psychiatric forensic evaluation to establish his penal responsibility. Methods: A psychiatric interview was carried out and the psychiatric diagnosis was established based on the interview and analysis of forensic and medical records, using the DSM-IV-TR criteria. Literature review was held about the theme. Results: The examinee was considered not guilty by reason of insanity, due to the presence of a mental disorder that affected her entire understanding and volition of the practiced act. Conclusions: The study of such cases may illustrate and identify motivating factors related to homicidal behavior in individuals with severe mental disorders.

Inimputabilidad por trastornos mentales en el sistema legal / Criminal responsibility by mental disorders in the legal system

Resumen:El código penal costarricense admite la posibilidad de eximir de responsabilidad penal a los individuos que presentan algún trastorno mental en el momento del acto delictivo. La psiquiatría forense tiene como uno de usus fines determinar el grado de imputabilidad de todo sujeto a quien se le presuma afectado de enfermedad psíquica. La intervención es objetiva y esto se consigue a través de la entrevista y el examen del estado mental del sujeto. Durante el interrogatorio se evalúa la conciencia, la lucidez, el raciocinio, el jucio y la impulsividad. Se han determinado enfermedades que se excluyen de responsabilidad penal total o parcial como la esquizofrena, la paranoia en forma de delirio y la epilepsia en sus diferentes variables. Asimismo, se hace referencia al trastorno mental transitorio (TMT) que se da cuando el curso de la alteración implica un estado de recuperación de las facultades mentales superiores y el acusado puede retornar a una condición de normalidad psíquica.

Abstract:Costa Rica's penal code allows the possibility of exempting from criminal responsibility to individuals who have a mental disorder at the time of the criminal act. Forensic psychiatry aims to determine the degree of accountability of every person who is presumed will be affected by mental illness. The intervention is objective and this is achieved through the interview and mental exam. At the examination, the professional has to evaluate consciousness, lucidity, reasoning, judgment and impulsiveness. There are certain diseases that are excluded from total or partial criminal liability as different variables of schizophrenia, paranoia, delirium and epilepsy. In addition, referring to transient mental disorder (TMD), it occurs when the course of the alteration involves a recovery state of the mental faculties and the person can return to a normal mental condition.

Medida socioeducativa de internação: estratégia punitiva ou protetiva? / Medida socioeducativa de internamiento: estrategia de represión o de protección? / Socio-educational measure of internment: punitive or protective strategy?

Este artigo problematiza como os jovens em conflito com a lei são administrados nas medidas socioeducativas de internação e busca a discussão das diferenças entre as formas de atender aqueles que recebem medidas de proteção e aqueles que recebem medidas socioeducativas. No que concerne à gestão, encontra-se uma separação na administração das medidas de proteção e das medidas socioeducativas em meio aberto, geridas pela Assistência Social, e as medidas socioeducativas de internação, geridas pela Segurança Pública. A pesquisa se desenvolveu pelo método cartográfico, que abrangeu entrevistas realizadas com profissionais do sistema socioeducativo, visitas às unidades de internação, leitura de processos jurídicos e oitivas de audiências na Vara da Infância e da Juventude. Conclui-se que a proteção integral preconizada pelo ECA não atinge todos, como é o caso dos adolescentes em conflito com a lei que estão internados, tendo seus direitos violados em prol da manutenção da segurança da população.

Este artículo problematiza cómo los jóvenes en conflicto con la ley son administrados en las medidas educativas de internación y busca la discusión de las diferencias entre las formas de atención a los que reciben medidas de protección y los que reciben medidas educativas de internación. Con respecto a la gestión, hay una separación en la administración de las medidas de protección y medidas educativas en libertad, gestionados por la Asistencia Social, y las medidas educativas en internación, gestionados por la Seguridad Pública. La investigación fue desarrollada por el método cartográfico, que incluyó entrevistas con profesionales del sistema socioeducativo, visitas a unidades de internación, lectura de casos judiciales y audiencias en la Corte de la Niñez y Juventud. Llegase a conclusión de que la plena protección defendida por el ECA no llega a todos, como es el caso de los adolescentes en conflicto con la ley que están internados, teniendo sus derechos violados por el bien de la seguridad de la población.

This paper problematizes the ways of treatment between those in protective actions, regarded as victims and those under social-educative detention, perceived as dangerous. Moreover, there is a division regarding the way protective actions and social-educative sentences have been applied by Social Assistance, in terms of management, comparing to the way social-educative sentences have been served, managed by Public Security. This research was developed using a cartographic method, which has delineated interviews with professionals who work at social-educative system, visiting juvenile detention institutions, as well as reading judicial processes and hearings at Juvenile Justice System. It has been concluded that the right to integral protection as advocated by ECA has not reached all, particularly those whose protection is urgent, as it is the case of adolescents in conflict with the law that are having their rights violated in favor of the maintenance of population security.

Murder through insanity: a forensic perspective

Background: Persons with major mental illness (such as schizophrenia) may commit crime under the influence of psychopathology. Case description: A 35 year old man (accused) killed his mother (victim). An autopsy of victim’s body revealed the cause of death as ‘due to fatal injuries to the brain and neck structures.” With the support of circumstantial evidence and post-mortem report of victim, the inquest officer presented the accused in the court. On receipt of judicial reception order he was subsequently referred to the psychiatrist. The accused was diagnosed as suffering from paranoid schizophrenia and it was found that under the influence of psychosis he committed the crime. The psychotic symptoms were present before the manifestation of violent behaviour, in the form of delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized behaviour. With treatment his psychotic symptoms improved. Discussion: This case illustrates the profile of a person with major mental illness who was never treated, from a forensic perspective. Not all patients are violent; but, the risk is high. Conclusions: Early psychiatric intervention in the form of identification and management may go long way in prevention of violence committed by few patients with major mental illness. There is a need to understand the motivational factors for such violent acts which may help in effective prevention.

Criminal Responsibility in Emergency Care

PURPOSE: When a criminal act occurs during emergency care, it becomes fatal to both the patient and doctor. Criminal acts during emergency care and judged by the Supreme Court of Korea were analyzed and investigated to decrease and prevent medical malpractice. METHODS: After assessing the Medical Act in Korea and Act on Emergency Care in Korea, a pattern of emergency care was categorized and applicable provisions were analyzed. Emergency medical malpractice cases were collected from previous reports and an internet site managed by the Supreme Court of Korea (http://glaw.scourt.go.kr). RESULTS: The patterns of emergency care can be categorized into "general emergency care", "interhospital patient transfer", and the "request for medical treatment sent to another department or hospital". Furthermore, inerthospiatl patient transfer can be categorized into "after request for emergency care" and "after medical treatment." There were ten medical malpractice cases in emergency care in which criminal responsibility occurred. There were six cases related to general emergency care and four related to interhospital patient transfer. CONCLUSION: Though the emergency care cases in which criminal responsibility occurred were few, the results critically impacted the patient and doctor. Therefore, emergency physicians must do their best to decrease and prevent medical negligence. In addition, a nation has a primary responsibility to save lives and must support emergency care.