Processing Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex with ginger juice: process optimization based on AHP-CRITIC weighting method and composition changes after processing / 中国中药杂志

The weight coefficients of appearance traits, extract yield of standard decoction, and total content of honokiol and magnolol were determined by analytic hierarchy process(AHP), criteria importance though intercrieria correlation(CRITIC), and AHP-CRITIC weighting method, and the comprehensive scores were calculated. The effects of ginger juice dosage, moistening time, proces-sing temperature, and processing time on the quality of Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex(MOC) were investigated, and Box-Behnken design was employed to optimize the process parameters. To reveal the processing mechanism, MOC, ginger juice-processed Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex(GMOC), and water-processed Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex(WMOC) were compared. The results showed that the weight coefficients of the appearance traits, extract yield of standard decoction, and total content of honokiol and magnolol determined by AHP-CRITIC weighting method were 0.134, 0.287, and 0.579, respectively. The optimal processing parameters of GMOC were ginger juice dosage of 8%, moistening time of 120 min, and processing at 100 ℃ for 7 min. The content of syringoside and magnolflorine in MOC decreased after processing, and the content of honokiol and magnolol followed the trend of GMOC>MOC>WMOC, which suggested that the change in clinical efficacy of MOC after processing was associated with the changes of chemical composition. The optimized processing technology is stable and feasible and provides references for the modern production and processing of MOC.

Effects of chemical fertilizer reduction and organic fertilizer substitution on yield and quality of Saposhnikovia divaricata / 中国中药杂志

To explore the suitable fertilizing pattern for Saposhnikovia divaricata in the genuine producing area, a field trial was carried out to investigate the changes in the yield and quality of medicinal materials and soil in different fertilization patterns, such as organic fertilizer substitution(organic fertilizer+NPK fertilizer) and chemical fertilizer reduction(organic fertilizer+NPK fertilizer decrement and organic fertilizer+NPK fertilizer decrement+soil conditioner). The comprehensive analysis of all treatments was based on the medicine quality evaluation data set and soil quality evaluation data set, respectively, by CRITIC weight method. The results showed that(1) the yield of S. divaricate increased by 4.93%-12.67% under the organic fertilizer substitution mode, and the yield increased by 44.43% under the treatment of chemical fertilizer reduction YHT15, which was higher than that of the organic fertilizer substitution mode.(2) The quality of S. divaricate under the two fertilization modes was superior to the standard in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, and the application of biochar was helpful to improve the quality of S. divaricate quality, with an increase of 82.83%-181.54%. CRITIC method analysis showed that fertilization treatments with high comprehensive scores were YHT15, YH30, and YH15.(3) Soil quality under the two fertilization modes was higher than that under the control. The fertilization treatments with higher comprehensive scores of soil quality were YHT15, YHT30, and YHT. The fertilization mode of adding biochar as soil conditioner, applying an appropriate amount of organic fertilizer, and reducing part of chemical fertilizer is the appropriate way to develop ecological plantation of S. divaricata in the Baicheng area in the western Jilin province. The specific fertilization mode is as follows. The basic fertilizer was 361 kg·hm~(-2) superphosphate+110 kg·hm~(-2) potassium sulfate+82 kg·hm~(-2) organic fertilizer+10 000 kg·hm~(-2) rice husk biochar, and urea was applied as top fertilizer three times, 29, 29, and 20 kg·hm~(-2), respectively.

Características del síndrome post cuidado intensivo: revisión de alcance / Characteristic of post ICU syndrome: a review of scope / Características da síndrome pós-cuidados intensivos: revisão do escopo

Objetivo: identificar la evidencia disponible de las características del síndrome post unidad de cuidado intensivo en el paciente que egresa de la unidad de cuidado intensivo. Método: revisión de alcance con la metodología del Joanna Briggs Institut, en cinco bases de datos con la estrategia de búsqueda ([PostIntensive AND Care AND Syndrome] [Nursing AND Care AND PICS]). Se incluyeron estudios primarios publicados entre los años 2010 y 2020, disponibles en texto completo. Resultados: después del análisis de los 48 estudios primarios se extrajeron seis categorías temáticas así: aspecto cognitivo en el síndrome post UCI, osteomusculares, psicoemocionales, estrategias de prevención con modelos de sobrevivientes de UCI, síndrome post unidad cuidado intensivo en la familia y herramientas de evaluación. Conclusiones: mejorar la calidad de atención de los pacientes que presentan este síndrome, prevenir la aparición y aumentar la calidad de vida prestada a los sobrevivientes de UCI y sus familias. La evidencia reporta que entre los cuidadores se pueden desencadenar distintos trastornos que disminuyen su calidad de vida. La enfermería juega un papel crucial en la prevención de la aparición del síndrome mediante estrategias en la UCI e interdisciplinares; los planes de egreso y seguimiento a los pacientes pueden lograr que estos se rehabiliten más rápido y eviten discapacidades o secuelas a largo plazo.

Objective: to identify the available evidence regarding the post ICU syndrome in patients leaving the intensive care unit. Methods: it is a review of scope according to the Joanna Briggs Institut methodology, in 5 data bases with the search strategy ([PostIntensive AND Care AND Syndrome] [Nursing AND Care AND PICS]). Primary studies published between 2010 and 2020 with full text available were included. Results: having analyzed 48 primary studies, 6 thematic categories were created: cognitive aspect in post ICU syndrome, musculoskeletal, psycho-emotional, prevention strategies with models of ICU survivors, post ICU syndrome in the family and evaluation tools. Conclusions: To improve the health care in patient in post ICU syndrome, to prevent the syndrome emergence and increase the quality of life provided to the ICU survivors and their families. Evidence shows that caregivers can develop different disorders that impact their quality of life. Nursing plays a crucial role in preventing the syndrome advent by using interdisciplinary and ICU strategies. This charge and follow-up plans can make these patients to achieve a faster rehabilitation and avoid impairment or sequels in the future

Objetivo: identifcar a evidência disponível das características da síndrome pós-unidade de terapia intensiva em pacientes egressos da unidade de terapia intensiva. Método: revisão do escopo com a metodologia do Joanna Briggs Institut, em cinco bases de dados com a estratégia de busca ([PostIntensive AND Care AND Syndrome] [Nursing AND Care AND PICS]). Incluíram-se estudos primários publicados entre 2010 e 2020, disponíveis em texto completo. Resultados: após análise dos 48 estudos primários foram extraídas seis categorias temáticas: aspecto cognitivo na síndrome pós-UTI, osteomuscular, psicoemocional, estratégias de prevenção com modelos de sobrevivência na UTI, síndrome pós-unidade de Terapia intensiva na família e ferramentas de avaliação. Conclusões: melhorar a qualidade da atenção dos pacientes que apresentam a síndrome, prevenir a aparição e aumentar a qualidade de vida prestada aos sobreviventes da UTI e suas famílias. Evidências relatam que diversos transtornos podem se desencadear entre os cuidadores que reduzem sua qualidade de vida. A enfermagem tem um papel crucial na prevenção da aparição da síndrome mediante estratégias na UTI e interdisciplinares; planos de alta e acompanhamento aos pacientes podem conseguir uma reabilitação mais rápida e evitar incapacidades ou sequelas no longo praz

Psicanálise crítica: a escuta do sofrimento psíquico e suas implicações sociopolíticas / Critical psychoanalysis: psychic suffering listening and its socio-political implications / Psicoanálisis crítico: la escucha del sufrimiento psíquico y sus implicaciones sociopolíticas

O processo de constituição psíquica é perpassado por discursos identificantes que modelam a imagem de si. Esse psiquismo é formado dentro de uma família pertencente a determinado grupo social. A partir da análise do conceito freudiano de mal-estar e do contrato narcísico de Aulagnier, investigamos as lógicas estabelecidas entre o sujeito e a conjuntura social. O reinvestimento narcísico pós-Édipo se pauta no Ideal-de-Eu construído a partir das interdições e dos ideais parentais e socioculturais. Discursos identificatórios hegemônicos, que ressaltam a normatividade nas identidades sexuais, de gênero, étnicas e etárias, constroem identificações marcadas pela exclusão. Pensar nos modos de identificação na contemporaneidade implica assumir que os elementos formadores dessa identidade provêm da história de vida e dos processos histórico-sociais. Neste artigo, analisamos o sofrimento sociopsíquico a partir da narrativa de uma participante de um projeto de pesquisa realizado em centro de atendimento psicológico de uma universidade pública. Foram realizadas entrevistas individuais, cuja escuta clínica nos propiciou compreender as implicações sociais e políticas do sofrimento psíquico do sujeito em desamparo social. Para tanto, nos apoiamos em conceitos da psicanálise e da análise do discurso crítica para a análise das entrevistas. Observamos que o processo de exclusão social escancara o engodo do pacto social no qual o sujeito é desinvestido e lançado no desamparo. Nesse contexto, a experiência narrada e a escuta analítica crítica podem se estabelecer como estratégias de resistência ante a exclusão social...(AU)

The psyche constitution is permeated by identifying discourses that shape the image of itself. This psyche is constituted within a family belonging to a specific social group. By analyzing the Freudian concept of malaise and Aulagnier's 'narcissistic contract', we investigate the logic between the subject and the social context. The narcissistic reinvestment after Oedipus happens according to the Ideal-of-Ego constructed from the parental and social interdictions, but also following ideational cultural and parental introjection. Hegemonic identificatory discourses that emphasize normativity in sexual, gender, ethnic and age identities construct identities marked by exclusion. Thinking about the modes of identification in contemporaneity implies assuming that the elements that form this identity come from the history of life and social-historical processes. We analyzed the socio-psychic suffering from listening to the narrative of a participant in a research project carried out in a psychological care center of a public university. Individual interviews were conducted whose clinical listening enabled us to understand the social and political implications that constitute the psychic suffering of the subject in social neglect. We rely on concepts of Psychoanalysis and Critical Discourse Analysis that provided us with subsidies for the analysis of interviews. We observe that the process of social exclusion has eluded the deception of the social pact in which the subject is disinvested and cast into helplessness. In this context, narrative experience and critical analytical listening can be established as strategies of resistance to social exclusion...(AU)

La constitución psíquica es atravesada por discursos identificadores que modelan la imagen de sí. Este psiquismo se constituye dentro de una familia perteneciente a cierto grupo social. A partir del análisis del concepto freudiano del malestar y del "contrato narcisista" de Aulagnier, analizamos las lógicas establecidas entre el sujeto y la coyuntura social. La reinversión narcisista después del Edipo se basa en el Ideal-de-Yo construido a partir de prohibiciones y ideales parentales y socioculturales. Los discursos identificatorios hegemónicos que resaltan la normatividad en las identidades sexuales, de género, étnicas y de edad construyen identificaciones marcadas por la exclusión. Pensar en los modos de identificación en la contemporaneidad implica asumir que los elementos formadores de esa identidad provienen de la historia de vida y de los procesos histórico-sociales. En este artículo, analizamos el sufrimiento sociopsíquico desde la escucha de la narrativa de una participante de un proyecto de investigación realizado en centro de atención psicológica de una universidad pública. Se realizaron entrevistas cuya escucha clínica nos propició comprender las implicaciones sociales y políticas que constituyen el sufrimiento psíquico del sujeto en desamparo social. Apoyamos en conceptos del Psicoanálisis y del Análisis del Discurso Critico para analizar las entrevistas. Observamos que el proceso de exclusión social desvela el engaño del pacto social en el cual el sujeto es desinvestido y lanzado en el desamparo. En ese contexto, la experiencia narrada y la escucha analítica crítica pueden establecerse como estrategias de resistencia ante la exclusión social...(AU)

Correlation between quality and climatic factors for Gentiana officinalis from different producing area in Gansu province / 国际药学研究杂志

Objective: To investigate the correlation between the quality and climatic factors for Gentiana officinalis H. Smith from different producing area in Gansu province, China by grey correlation degree analysis combined with CRITIC-AHP weight ed evaluation. Methods: Contents of the total secoiridoid glycosides, total alcohol extracts and the metallic elements Ca, Fe and Zn were determined for the medicinal herb G. officinalis samples from 10 producing areas in Gansu, and their quality was estimated by the CRITIC-AHP weighted evaluation. The relationship between the quality and related climatic factors was then investigated by the grey correlation degree analysis. The climatic factors included the altitude, annual mean temperature, monthly mean temperature of Janu ary and July, annual mean relative humidity and the annual mean rainfall precipitation. Results : The content of the determined com ponents showed variation in the G. officinalis samples from the 10 different producing area. The altitude, annual mean temperature, monthly mean temperature of January and July, annual mean relative humidity and the annual mean rainfall all showed certain influ ence on the G. officinalis quality, and the biggest influence was the monthly mean temperature of July. Conclusion: The present re sults of the grey correlation degree analysis identifies the main climatic factors influencing the G. officinalis quality, which provides an experimental basis for the proper area selection and planting standardization for the G. officinalis production.

Optimization of Processing Technology of Salt-processed Products of Plantaginis Semen Based on Response Surface Method and AHP-CRITIC Mixed Weighting Method and Investigation of Its Diuretic Effect / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To optimize the processing technology of salt-processed products of Plantaginis Semen with the specific process parameters, and verify the obtained processing technology by pharmacodynamic research, so as to provide experimental basis for the standardized production and quality control of this decoction pieces. Method:Taking composite score of appearance character score, dry extract yield and contents of three components (geniposidic acid, acteoside and isoacteoside) as index, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP)-criteria importance through intercrieria correlation (CRITIC) mixed weighting method was used to determine the weight coefficient of each index. Based on single factor tests, the response surface method was used to investigate the effects of frying time, frying temperature, salt amount and water amount on the processing technology of salt-processed products of Plantaginis Semen, and the processing technology was verified by diuretic experiment with furosemide tablets as the positive drug (administration dose of 0.01 g·kg-1). Result:The weight coefficients of geniposidic acid content, acteoside content, appearance character score, isoacteoside content and dry extract yield were 0.319, 0.193, 0.207, 0.273 and 0.008, respectively. The optimal process parameters were as following：fried at 150-180 ℃ for 10 min (obtained from the single factor tests), 100 g of Plantaginis Semen sprayed evenly with 2 g of salt (2 g of salt dissolved in 20 mL of water), and fried at 150-180 ℃ for 15 min. Compared with the blank group, both of the raw products group and the salt-processed products group could significantly increase the secretion of urine volume (P<0.01), but the excretion of Na+ in the urine of rats in the salt-processed products group was significantly higher than that in the raw products group (P<0.05). Conclusion:The optimized processing technology is simple and feasible, which can provide reference for standardizing the industrial production of salt-processed products of Plantaginis Semen. At the same time, combined with inherent quality and appearance of the salt-processed products, and verified by pharmacodynamic test, the obtained results are reasonable and reliable, which can be used for quality control of this decoction pieces.

Optimization of Water Extraction Technology for Bupi Yangshen Granules Based on Multi-index Weighting Analysis Method Combined with Orthogonal Test / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE： To optimize the water extraction technology of Bupi yangshen granules， and to provide basis for the follow-up research and development of it. METHODS： The contents of astragaloside Ⅳ and salvianolic acid B in water extract of Bupi yangshen granules， were determined by HPLC-ELSD and HPLC-DAD. Using the comprehensive score of contents of astragaloside Ⅳ and salvianolic acid B and extract yield as index， weight coefficient of indicators were determined by AHP， CRITIC and AHP-CRITIC mixed weighting method. L9（34） orthogonal test was used to optimize decoction time， water volume and decoction times in water extraction technology of Bupi yangshen granules. Validation test was also performed. RESULTS： The weight coefficient determined by AHP-CRITIC mixed weighting method was the most reasonable. The optimal extraction technology was decocting twice， adding 12-fold water， 1 h each time. The results of 3 times of validation test showed that the average contents of astragaloside Ⅳ and salvianolic acid B were 8.79， 609.50 mg （total amount of 121 g medicinal herbs extracted from whole prescription）， respectively. The average extract yield was 31.24％. Average comprehensive score was 96.59（RSD＝1.01％，n＝3）. CONCLUSIONS： The optimized water extraction technology is reproducible， stable and feasible. It can provide a scientific basis for the follow-up development and industrial production of Bupi yangshen granules.

Evaluación de operaciones lógico-matemáticas mediante dos métodos distintos en niños del pueblo indígena Shipibo-Konibo / Assessment of mathematical operations by two different methods in Shipibo-Konibo indigenous children

Se presentan los resultados de una evaluación de las operaciones matemáticas de adición y sustracción, en un grupo de niños de enseñanza primaria (5 niñas y 2 niños) de 7, 9 y 11 años, de una comunidad nativa Shipibo-Konibo de la región Ucayali, en la Amazonía del Perú. Se realizó con dos métodos distintos, la Entrevista Clínico-crítica de Piaget, que incluyó problemas culturalmente contextualizados y material representativo y manipulable como figuras de animales y bolitas para armar collares, y una prueba tradicional de lápiz y papel. Ambas pruebas evaluaron el mismo tipo de operaciones, extraídas de lo que propone el diseño curricular nacional para esos grados. Los resultados muestran que los niños tienen dificultades tanto en la adición como en la sustracción y no logran resolver con éxito todas las tareas. Sin embargo, se pueden observar mejores resultados con la evaluación cualitativa por medio de la entrevista clínico-crítica, en contraste con la evaluación tradicional de lápiz y papel que evidencia resultados mucho más pobres. La primera otorga además mayor información sobre el proceso operativo de los niños y muestra que los niveles de desarrollo de sus competencias matemáticas van de la mano con lo que plantea la teoría piagetiana. Los resultados se discuten señalando la universalidad del conocimiento lógico-matemático y su pertinencia para comprender los procesos de aprendizaje en contextos de diversidad cultural y analizando críticamente el modo en que la evaluación constructivista ofrece mayor información y recursos para los docentes de educación intercultural bilingüe de comunidades amazónicas del Perú.

Elementary-school children from a Shipibo-Konibo indigenous community in the Ucayali region, in the Amazonian rainforest of Perú, were evaluated regarding their abilities to solve addition and subtraction problems. These operations were assessed by two means: through Jean Piaget's clinical-critical method (using culturally contextualized problems and concrete materials such as pictures of Amazonian fish, pictures of arrows, or beads and thread to make necklaces), and by a traditional pencil-and-paper test. Both the clinical interview and the pencil-and-paper test evaluated the same type of operations, which were taken from the national curricular program for these school grades. The Shipibo-Konibo people are an Amazonian indigenous group that speaks a native language in the Panoan family; since most members of this group are fluent in Spanish, however, no translator was needed and the assessments were conducted in Spanish. The Shipibo-Konibo people are principally settled along the Ucayali River in the Amazon rainforest in Perú, although currently many of them have relocated to other areas of the country, including Lima the capital city, in search of better work or education opportunities. After the Asháninka and the Awajún, the Shipibo-Konibo is the third largest Amazonian indigenous group in Perú. Informed consent was obtained following the guidelines of Frisancho, Delgado, and Lam (2015), which are based on previous experience working with Amazonian indigenous communities in the Ucayali region of Peru. As research has shown that individuals from cultural diverse backgrounds may have different expectations for the research process, and may perceive it in a different way than people from industrialized nations (Lakes, Vaughan, Jones, Burke, Baker, & Swanson 2012), informed consent included both individual consent and a communitarian meeting. It also included the donation of gifts (tools, groceries, and other useful items) for the community, and a debriefing meeting with the community's school teachers. The assessment was conducted by two researchers in a school classroom. It took around 30 minutes with the older children and 45 with the younger ones. In all cases the clinical-critical interview was applied first (addition and then subtraction), and finally the pencil-and-paper test. Although a native speaker of shipibo was present during the evaluation, his services were not needed as children were fluent in Spanish. Results show that children have difficulties in the development of both addition and subtraction. They make counting mistakes and have trouble understanding the logic of subtraction (taking a number from another, larger one). Some do not conceptualize subtraction as the opposite of addition and, in consequence, cannot foresee that joining two numbers that were previously separated will result in the same original quantity. Children aged seven were unable to solve any of the operations in the pencil-and-paper test. However, better results were obtained through qualitative, Piagetian assessments, in contrast to the quantitative, pencil-and-paper assessments. During the interviews, children were able to show their cognitive processes and ways of thinking while solving the problems, and with scaffolding, the use of concrete materials such as pictures or beads, and strategic help from the evaluators (Parrat, 2016a, 2016b), many of them were also able to develop a better comprehension of the problem and self-correct their initial answers. Developmental levels for addition and subtraction consistent with Piagetian theory were identified. These levels show a progression from the impossibility of grasping logical addition or subtraction, to the capabilities of psychological reversibility and logical composition of inverse and direct operations. The results are discussed using Piaget's theory and the problem of particulars and universals in cognitive development, and analyzing critically how this kind of assessment can help elementary school teachers respond to the needs of intercultural bilingual education in Peru's Amazonian indigenous communities.

Optimization of extraction technique for Shenxi Oral Liquid by orthogonal design based on AHP-CRITIC analysis / 中草药

Objective The extraction process of Shenxi Oral Liquid by exploring the optional extraction process parameters based on determining the index weight. Methods Using the contents of cyasterone, ginsenosides Rg1, Re, Rb1, panaxadiol, ratio of dry extraction, total polysaccharides, and total peak area as comprehensive evaluation indexes, the weighting coefficient in eight synthetic evaluation indexes was determined by analytic hierarchy process (AHP), criteria importance through intercriteria correlation (CRITIC) method, and mixed weighted AHP-CRITIC. Compared mixed weighting method and single weighting method, the optimal parameters of compound extraction process were optimized by orthogonal test. Results Mixed weighted AHP-CRITIC was more scientific, reasonable, and comprehensive than the single weighting method. According to the weighting coefficient determined by comprehensive evaluation, the optimal process parameters were as follow: compound herbs plus nine times of water, extracting three times, each for 80 min. The mean of three batches of comprehensive evaluation was 99.06 and RSD value was 0.18%. Conclusion AHP combined with CRITIC could be used to establish weighting coefficient of the compound formula extraction process and the optimized process of extraction had been verified to be reasonable, stable, and reproducible, which could be used for industrial production.

Optimization of processing technology of decoction pieces of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium by Box-Behnken response surface methodology based on CRITIC-AHP weighted evaluation / 中草药

Objective To determine the weight coefficient and optimize the processing technology of decoction pieces of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium (CRP). Methods The contents of narirutin, hesperidin, nobiletin, 3,5,6,7,8,3’,4’-heptamethoxy flavone (HF), and hesperetin were simultaneously determined by HPLC. The weight coefficient of each component was evaluated by CRITIC-AHP (analytic hierarchy process) methods. With composite score as index, Box-Behnken design-response surface methodology was adopted to investigate the effects of water addition, soaking time, and soaking temperature on the quality of the processed products and optimize the processing technology of decoction pieces of CRP. Results Optimal processing parameters were as follows: 33% of water was added to 1 000 g of herbs, soaking time was 64 min, and soaking temperature was 45 ℃. Conclusion The optimized processing technology is simple and feasible, which can provide a reference for the processing of decoction pieces of CRP. The method established to simultaneously determine the contents of five components in decoction pieces of CRP is rapid and reliable for controlling the quality of decoction pieces of CRP.

Estado nutricional de pacientes críticos en un hospital universitario de España / Nutritional state of critically-ill patients in Spain university hospital

Introducción: debido a las circunstancias especiales de los pacientes críticos, resulta complicado determinar el aporte energético. Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia del estado nutricional de los pacientes críticos ingresados en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital Universitario de Burgos (España), y si se les aportó el 60 por ciento de los requerimientos energéticos al cuarto día de ingreso. Métodos: estudio observacional, descriptivo y de prevalencia. Fueron incluidos 47 pacientes, a los que se realizó una evaluación nutricional al ingreso, mediante antropometría, escalas nutricionales validadas y calculando el aporte energético que precisaban. Resultados: el porcentaje de desnutrición al ingreso, según el Índice de Masa Corporal era de un 6,38 por ciento (1,3; 17,5), siendo superior en el sexo masculino. Con la Valoración Global Subjetiva, se obtuvo un resultado de 31,91 por ciento (19,1; 47,1) de sospecha de malnutrición, y un 8,51 por ciento (2,4; 20,4) de malnutrición. El porcentaje de riesgo de desnutrición con la Mini Nutritional Assessment, fue de 36,17 por ciento (22,7; 51,5), y de desnutrición de un 17,02 por ciento (7,6; 30,8). Según la ecuación de Ireton-Jones, a un 77 por ciento de los pacientes se les administró, al menos, el 60 por ciento de los requerimientos energéticos al cuarto día, mientras que con la de Harris-Benedict se obtuvo un 70 por ciento. Conclusiones: la elevada prevalencia de desnutrición y de riesgo de desnutrición en el paciente crítico, evidencia la importancia que supone realizar una valoración nutricional integral para adecuar los requerimientos individualmente. Resulta apropiado suplementar la nutrición enteral con la parenteral si no alcanzan los requerimientos energéticos necesarios(AU)

Introduction: Due to the special circumstances of critically-ill patients, the energy input is difficult to determine. Objective: To determine the prevalence of nutritional status of critically-ill patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit of the University Hospital in Burgos, Spain, and whether 60 percent of the energy requirements were given on the fourth day of admission. Methods: Observational, descriptive and prevalence study. We included 47 patients, who underwent nutritional assessment at admission, using anthropometry, validated nutritional scales and calculating the energy input they needed. Results: The percentage of malnutrition at admission according to body mass index was 6.38 percent (1.3, 17.5), being higher in males. With subjective global assessment, we obtained a result of 31.91 percent (19.1, 47.1) of suspected malnutrition and 8.51 percent (2.4; 20.4) of malnutrition. The percentage of risk for malnutrition with the mini-nutritional assessment was 36.17 percent (22.7, 51.5), and malnutrition was 17.02 percent (7.6, 30.8). According to the Ireton-Jones equation, 77 percent of the patients were given at least 60 percent of energy requirements on the fourth day, while the Harris-Benedict rate was 70 percent. Conclusions: The high prevalence of undernutrition and risk for malnutrition in critically-ill patients shows the importance of performing an integral nutritional assessment to adapt individual requirements. Supplementing enteral nutrition with the parenteral one is appropriate if they do not meet necessary energy requirements(AU)

Optimization of microwave processing technology for carbonized Gardenia jasminoides by Box-Behnken response surface methodology based on CRITIC weighted evaluation / 中草药

Objective: To determine the index weight and optimize the microwave processing technology of carbonized Gardenia jasminoides (CGJ). Methods: The contents of geniposid and tannins in CGJ processed by traditional method were determined by HPLC and used as comprehensive evaluation indexes, the weighting coefficient was determined by CRITIC method, and the microwave processing technology of CGJ was optimized by Box-Behnken response surface methodology (BBRSM). The pharmacological activity of CGJ processed by microwave was also evaluated. Results: The weighting coefficients of geniposid and tannins in CGJ processed by traditional method were 0.27 and 0.73. The optimal parameters of microwave processing technology were as follows: microwave power of 600 W, microwave time of 6 min and medicines mass of 120 g, the contents of geniposidic and tannins were 35.19 and 4.76 mg/g. The results of pharmacological evaluation showed that CGJ processed by microwave and traditional method could shorten the bleeding time and clotting time of mice. There was no obvious difference between the two processed products. Conclusion: Microwave processing can be used as a processing method to enrich the traditional processing technology.

Purification technology of Yinju Jiedu Oral Liquid / 中草药

Objective To multi-objectively optimize the purification process parameters of Yinju Jiedu Oral Liquid (YJOL), mixed weight of AHP-CRITIC, Plackett-Burman design (PBD), and Box-Behnken design (BBD) were adopted on the basis of HPLC fingerprints. Methods HPLC was used to establish HPLC fingerprint of YJOL. Recovery rate of fingerprints of six components (chlorogenic acid, linarin, harpagoside, R,S-epigoitrin, psoralen, and isobalin) and HPLC fingerprint similarity was taken as the index to optimize the type of macroporous resin among 10 types. Weights of the recovery rates of six components and similarity were determined by mixed weight of AHP-CRITIC, in order to obtain the comprehensive index as the evaluation criterion. The significantly influencing factors were firstly evaluated by PBD, and purification conditions were optimized by BBD. Results HPD-400 type resin showed a high selectivity for six components. The optimized purification technology was as follows: the ratio of dia-height was 1:7, pH value was 3.5, sample concentration was 0.18 g/mL, ratio of sample to resin was 0.96 g/g, and 77% ethanol's dosage was 8 BV. Under the conditions, the recovery rates of six components were 78%-98%, and the similarity of fingerprint was higher than 0.99. These components could get balanced recovery. Moreover, the theoretical and actual comprehensive indexes were 94.28% and 93.69%, respectively, with a relative error of 0.59%. Conclusion Based on HPLC fingerprints, mixed weight of AHP-CRITIC, combined with PBD and BBD-RSM used to optimize the purification process for the YJOL in this study is scientific and feasible, this way can improve the purity of the active components and keep the uniformity of main components in the YJOL as well.

Crítica al programa de estudio del curso de Promoción de uso racional de medicamentos de la maestría de farmacoepidemiología / Critic to the syllabus of the course Promotion of medicine rational use of the Master’s course in Pharmacoepidemiology

Introducción: la Educación Médica cubana ante la demanda de formar los recursos humanos que la sociedad necesita, precisa de contar con un currículo creativo y flexible. Objetivo: analizar el programa del curso Promoción de uso racional de medicamentos contenido en el programa de la Maestría de Farmacoepidemiología de la Escuela Nacional de Salud Pública. Métodos: se realizó un trabajo en el campo de la educación médica específicamente el diseño curricular, se tomó como unidad de análisis el curso: Promoción de uso racional de medicamentos de la Maestría de Farmacoepidemiología. Se estudió la pertinencia y nexo con el currículo, la ubicación del curso, el proceso enseñanza aprendizaje y la bibliografía. Resultados: el programa analizado tributa al perfil del egresado declarado en la maestría, que está dirigido a formar y brindar los conocimientos, hábitos y habilidades necesarios para dar solución a los principales problemas con los que se enfrenta la atención primaria de salud. Se identificaron áreas de mejora en el diseño de los objetivos y se hicieron propuestas, así como la necesidad de actualización de la bibliografía declarada. Conclusiones: se determinaron los principales problemas en su diseño y se proponen modificaciones del programa con vista a su perfeccionamiento(AU)

Introduction: Cuban medical education facing the demand for training human resources required by the society, need to have a creative and flexible syllabus. Objective: To analyze the syllabus of the course Promotion of medicine rational use of the Master's course in Pharmacoepidemiology of the National School of Public Health. Methods: A work in the field of medical education was carried out specifically regarding syllabus design. The course Promotion of medicine rational use of the Master's course in Pharmacoepidemiology was taken as unit of analysis. Pertinence and link to the syllabus was studies, together with the teaching-learning process and the bibliography. Results: The syllabus analyzed contributes with the graduate's working profile as declared in the master's degree course, directed to training and providing knowledge, habits and skills necessary for giving solution to the main problems faced by primary health care. Improvement areas were indentifies regarding the design of the objectives and proposals were made, together with the update necessity concerning the bibliography declared. Conclusions: The main problems in its design were determined and modifications were proposed to the program for its improvement(AU)

Exploration on extraction process of Compound Baihuang Xiere Zhili Tablets based on orthogonal design and multi-index weight analysis / 中草药

Objective: To provide a reference for the industrial production of the extraction process of Compound Baihuang Xiere Zhili Tablets (CBXZT) by exploring the optional extraction process parameters based on determining the index weight. Methods: With the extraction capacity of anemoside B4, berberine hydrochloride, aesculin, aesculetin, scopoletin, and ratio of extraction as comprehensive evaluation indexes, the weighting coefficient in six synthetic evaluation indexes was determined by Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), Criteria importance through intercriteria correlation (CRITIC) method, and mixed weighted AHP-CRITIC. And ethanol-extracting process was optimized by orthogonal test. Results: The excellent linearity with correlation coefficients were 121.1-1211.0, 82.2-822.0, 22.3-223.0, 15.42-154.2, and 1.6-16.0 μg/mL, r of 0.9997-0.9999 was obtained, and the average recoveries of the five compounds were 99.23%-100.63% with all RSD values less than 3.0%. Mixed weighted AHP-CRITIC was more scientific, reasonable, and stable than AHP and CRITIC. The optimal process parameters were confirmed to be decocting for thrice with 2 h in each by eight times the amount of 60% ethanol, according to the weight coefficient determined by comprehensive evaluation. Conclusion: These optimized technologies are stable, feasible, and suitable for standardized production of CBXZT. The weight coefficient determined by mixed weighted AHP-CRITIC was objective, real and could reflect the compound compatibility information. These optimized technologies are stable, feasible and suitable for standardized production of CBXZT.

Devemos ser contrários ou favoráveis às empresas juniores na psicologia? / Should we be for or against the junior enterprises in psychology?

O texto analisa as posições contrárias e favoráveis às empresas juniores (EJs) como instrumento pedagógico das universidades. Trata-se, portanto, de um texto de reflexão sobre pontos de vista antagônicos que parte da importância dos debates acadêmicos para revigorar e alimentar as atividades de produção de conhecimento e de crítica social nas universidades. É reconhecido o interesse de contribuir para a melhoria do ensino superior em psicologia de ambos os pontos de vista e os argumentos que compõem as duas visões são sintetizados, descortinando os temas centrais das divergências. Propõe-se pensar as empresas juniores como outras atividades universitárias, bem como sua contribuição para a aplicação concreta dos valores defendidos na Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos, a adoção de sistemas de avaliação dos serviços prestados pelas EJs e maior divulgação sobre o que são as EJs. Assim, assume-se um posicionamento favorável às EJs como alternativa de ação, mas diferenciando a qualidade da atuação de cada uma...

The text analyzes the positions against and in favor of junior enterprises (JEs) as pedagogical tools for universities. Thus, it is a discussion paper on opposing viewpoints. It begins with the importance of academic debate to strengthen and sustain the activities of knowledge production and social criticism at universities. Both viewpoints have a recognized interest in improving the quality of higher education in Psychology. The augments for these viewpoints were considered according to the central themes of the differences. Finally, the text presents some proposals for consideration regarding JEs, such as: what might they contribute to the concrete application of values upheld in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights; the adoption of evaluation systems for services provided by the JEs; more complete information about what the JEs really are; and taking a position not to oppose the JEs as an alternative activity, but differentiating the quality of the actions of each one...

The Art of Puffing: Now and Then.

This paper deals with Sheridan‟s play The Critic which was produced on October 30th, 1779. My objective is to explore the attitude of the unblushing advertising agent, Mr. Puff, one of the stock characters presented by Sheridan in this play. The paper would discuss the shrewd comments delivered by Sheridan, on the noble art of „puffing‟, whose modern version is called „advertising‟. Sheridan uses Mr. Puff to satirize the means by which the skills of the playwright are marketed in the world outside the theatre specifically in the world of advertising. Mr. Puff‟s swindling is strikingly in tune with some modern advertising practices. He catalogues four principles of his profession: the puff direct, the puff collateral, the puff collusive and the puff oblique, all of which involve some form of misrepresentation. The paper points out that a similar form of misrepresentation is a common scenario of the modern advertising world. The paper indulges in a comparative study between the eighteenth century and the modern trends among advertisers, based on certain authentic examples from both these periods. It further discusses the methods used by these advertisers to somehow affect the subconscious mind of the customers and mislead them.

A study on weight of indicators for evaluating service capacity of maternal and child health care institution at county level / 预防医学

Objective To obtain the weight coefficient of indicators for evaluating the service capacity of maternal and child health care institution at county level.Methods Expert scoring method and CRITIC method were used to calculate the subjective weight coefficient and objective weight coefficient respectively,then comprehensive weight coefficient of each indicator was calculated.Results A total of 25 indicators were selected,among which the minimum comprehensive weight coefficient was 0.033 4 and the maximum was 0.050 4.The 5 lowest weight coefficient indicators were the proportion of financial subsidies accounted for general income (X12),number of equipment valued above 10,000 Yuan (X7),number of available beds (X6),annual person -time number of hospitalization (X22)and annual person -time number of outpatient and emergency treatment (X21).The 5 highest weight coefficient indicators were the outpatient expenditure each time (X25),mortality rate of pregnant and lying -in women (X18),proportion of medical expenditure accounted for total expenditure (X13),indicators of the average hospital stay each time (X9)and diagnosis coincidence rate of hospital admission and discharge (X19).Conclusion This weight coefficient of indicators focuses more on the public health service and the comprehensive weight coefficient calculated by combining subjective weighting method and objective weighting method is more reasonable.

Nas trilhas do real: mais-além da psicologia do espectador / En las huellas de lo real: más-allá de la psicología del espectador / On the trail of the real: beyond the spectator psychology

O ensaio visa a discutir a relação entre psicanálise e reflexão sobre arte sob o prisma da problemática do olhar em Jacques Lacan, mas, neste caso, tal como apreendido pelo crítico e historiador da arte Hal Foster. A meu ver, conceber esta intersecção nos permitiria lançar luz sobre novas possibilidades de leitura da obra de arte, tendo em vista um paradigma de psicanálise não-aplicada. Assim, o artigo almeja tatear questões que se referem ao real lacaniano, propondo-se a questionar certos problemas que concernem à obra de arte contemporânea.

This essay to discusses the relationship between psychoanalysis and aesthetic thinking, through the prism of Lacan’s theory on visuality, as perceived by the critic and art historian Hal Foster. In my opinion, this intersection would allow us to enlighten new ways of reading the work of art towards a paradigm of a non-applied psychoanalysis. Therefore, this paper intends to tackle aspects which concern the Lacanian concept of real in order to question some problems that concern the contemporary work of art.

El ensayo tiene como objetivo analizar la relación entre el psicoanálisis y la reflexión sobre el arte desde la perspectiva de la mirada en Jacques Lacan, pero, en este caso, a partir de la aprehensión de la teoría por Hal Foster, historiador y crítico del arte estadounidense. A mi juicio, concebir tal articulación arrojaría luz sobre las nuevas posibilidades de hacer la lectura de obras de arte, hacia un paradigma de un psicoanálisis no aplicado. Así, el artículo apunta a preguntas que se refieren a lo real lacaniano, tratando de cuestionar ciertas problemáticas concernientes a la obra de arte contemporânea.