Some issue of cleaning validation of Diclofenac sodium retard 100 mg tablets / Монголын эм зүй, эм судлал

Introduction@#In pharmaceutical industry there are some possibilities of contamination and cross contamination because of improper cleaning of equipment, apparatus, processing area or the starting material, this can lead to severe hazards, therefore in pharmaceutical industry could not afford any contamination as well as cross contamination. This can be minimized by proper cleaning of equipment, apparatus as well as the processing area. The cleaning validation is a documented process that proves the effectiveness and quality prospective. Manufacturing of Diclofenac sodium (DICLOMON) retard tablets and utilizing common facility, where diclofenac sodium could be possible cross contaminant. The present study was carried out to validate the cleaning activity from both regulatory and quality prospective.@*Methods@#All chemicals and reagents used for cleaning validation were analytical grade and used LC-20AT Shimadzu HPLC. Traditional methods were used for microbiological analysis. The instruments in the common facility were cleaned with purified water after production of Diclofenac sodium retard tablets 100mg. Validation of cleaning activity was carried out by visual inspection, swab sampling for chemical residue and similarly swab sampling for Microbiological analysis.@*Conclusion@#The cleaning validation studies of Diclofenac sodium retard tablets 100mg was observed by visual inspection, swab sampling for chemical residue and similarly swab sampling for microbiological analysis. The result revealed that (1) There were no visual residues on the equipment (2) Chemical residues were below acceptance criteria (3) Total aerobic microbial count(TAMC) were below acceptance criteria (4) Total combined molds and yeast count was Nil and (5) Pathogens were absent Upon the compiled data, it was concluded that the train of equipment in tablet manufacturing block is completed, and the results were found to be satisfactory and there is no cross contamination of Diclofenac sodium to next product.

Monitoramento Biológico de autoclaves de consultórios odontológicos de cidades do interior de Mato Grosso Do Sul (MS) / Biological Monitoring of Autoclaves from Dentistry Consultants in interior cities in Mato Grosso do Sul (MS) State

Um dos meios eficazes para evitar a contaminação cruzada dentro dos consultórios odontológicos é a correta esterilização dos materiais pelo uso de autoclaves. O monitoramento desses equipamentos constitui estratégia importante no controle dos serviços prestados pela vigilância sanitária. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi comprovar a eficiência de autoclaves de consultórios odontológicos privados de cinco cidades diferentes do interior de Mato Grosso do Sul. O monitoramento das autoclaves foi realizado utilizando-se indicadores biológicos Clean-Test®. Das 37 autoclaves analisadas, apenas 2 apresentaram falhas do processo de esterilização.

One of the most effective ways to avoid cross-contamination inside dental offices is the correct sterilization of materials. The monitoring of this equipment is an important strategy in controlling the services provided by health surveillance. The objective of the present work was to prove the efficiency of autoclaves of autoclaves in private dental offices in five different cities in the interior of Mato Grosso of Sul. The monitoring of the autoclaves was performed using CleanTest® biological indicators. Of the 37 autoclaves analyzed, only 2 showed flaws in the sterilization process.

Sistema de lavagem de carcaças e controle de Salmonella spp. em abatedouros de frangos de corte / Carcass washing system and Salmonella spp. control in poultry slaughterhouses

Avaliaram-se os dados do controle e monitoramento de Salmonella em carcaças de frangos de corte, antes e após a implantação do sistema de lavagem de carcaças. Foram amostradas 2692 carcaças antes da instalação do sistema e 1940 após a instalação, totalizando 4632 amostras em cinco abatedouros sob Inspeção Federal, no sul do Brasil. Anteriormente à instalação dos lavadores, obtiveram-se 156 resultados positivos para Salmonella spp. e, após a instalação, 83 resultados positivos, com diferença significativa (P<0,05/OR 1,4) entre os resultados gerais. Em dois dos cinco abatedouros avaliados, houve redução na positividade para Salmonella spp. nas carcaças amostradas após a instalação do lavador. Entretanto, em três estabelecimentos não houve diferença significativa após a instalação desse sistema. Os resultados sugerem que o aumento da vazão da água está relacionado com a redução da contaminação, enquanto o aumento da pressão de água do sistema de lavagem não foi suficiente para reduzir o patógeno nas carcaças amostradas. Dessa forma, conclui-se que o sistema de lavagem tem vantagens do ponto de vista operacional, ao evitar os desperdícios atribuídos à prática do refile, porém não elimina o risco da presença de Salmonella na carcaça de frango.(AU)

Data of the Control and Monitoring of Salmonella in broiler carcasses were evaluated before and after the implementation of a carcass washing system. A total of 2692 carcasses prior to system installation and 1940 after installation were sampled, totaling 4632 samples in five slaughterhouses under Federal Inspection in southern Brazil. Prior to installation of the washers, 156 carcasses were positive for Salmonella spp. and after installation, 83 carcasses tested positive, with a significant difference (P <0.05/OR 1.4) on the overall results. Two of the five evaluated slaughterhouses showed a prevalence decrease of Salmonella spp. in the sampled carcasses after installing the washer. However, in three establishments, there was no significant difference after installing this system. The results suggest that the increase of the water flow is related to the reduction of the contamination, while the increase of the water pressure of the washing system was not enough to reduce the pathogen in the sampled carcasses. The results show operational results since the washing system avoids the trimming of some carcasses, but doesn't eliminate the risk of Salmonella.(AU)

Análise microbiológica, formas de uso e desinfecção de esponjas de uso doméstico na cidade de Teresina, PI / Microbiological analysis, forms of use and disinfection of sponges for domestic use in the city of Teresina, PI

Esponjas utilizadas em cozinhas domésticas possuem contato com diferenciados tipos de alimentos tornando-se assim fontes de contaminação devido ao fato de promover o acúmulo de bactérias. O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar a contaminação microbiológica e forma de uso e desinfecção das esponjas domésticas na cidade de Teresina. Foram realizadas análises de coliformes totais e termotolerantes em 08 esponjas coletadas em diversos bairros da cidade sorteados aleatoriamente. Além disso, foi aplicado um questionário com os moradores das residências sobre as condições de uso e de desinfecção das esponjas. Verificou-se que os valores de coliformes totais encontrado nas esponjas variaram de 1,5x103 a 2,4x103 NMP/g. Já as análises de coliformes termotolerantes variaram de 7,5x102 a 2,4x103. Com os questionários aplicados constatou-se que em 37,5% das residências as esponjas eram trocadas anualmente e em apenas 12,5% trocavam semanalmente de uso e que 87,5% não conhecem nenhum tipo de desinfecção. Os resultados encontrados nas análises microbiológicas e com os questionários aplicados revelaram condições desfavoráveis na manipulação de esponjas, pois essas podem provocar contaminação cruzada nos alimentos e colocar em risco a saúde do consumidor.(AU)

The analysis of interference factors and solutions to the cross contaminationbetween total bile acid and 30 inspection items on the Roche biochenical analyer / 国际检验医学杂志

Objective To explore the interference factors of total bile acid project and 30 routine items on the Roche Modular P800 automatic biochemical analyzer,and to find the effective measures to eliminate the carry-over.Methods In accordance with the screening process,the interference factors of total bile acid project as the test item,30 regular testing projects as the observation objects,including total bilirubin,direct bilirubin and so on,and then the validation test were carried out.By means of the increasing cleaning procedures of the reagent needles or colorimetric cups and adjusting the test sequence,we compared the influence of the result of total bile acid before and after this kind of treatment.Results There were the carry-over of high density lipoprotein,uric acid and total bile acid,which could be eliminated by increasing cleaning procedures of reagent needles or colorimetric cups.There were the cross contamination of lipase and total bile acid,which could be basically eliminated by adjusting the test sequence.Conclusion There are the cross contamination among the various projects of automatic biochemical analyzer.To avoid this carry-over,we should pay attention to the order of the infectant and contaminated items in setting the analysis parameters,insert several projects in the interval,or add the cleaning procedures of the reagent needles or colorimetric cups with alkali or acid.

Investigation of Microbial Contamination and Working Environment in University Foodservices

The purpose of this study was to identity the probability of cross-contamination from the environment. For this, we examined foodservices at 20 universities/colleges for microbiological analysis of their working facilities and environment as well as their preventive equipment against cross-contamination. Seventy percent of the 20 foodservices were found to maintain one unified working area, which suggests high probability of contamination of food/utensils/equipment in the cooking area by pre-preparation or dish washing. According to the microbiological analysis, the hygiene acceptance ratio of working facilities in the clean zone was 70%, which was higher than the average 45% hygiene acceptance ratio of working facilities in the contamination operating zone. There was a significant difference in the total plate count (P<0.001) and coliform count (P <0.01), which demonstrates that work tables in the clean zone were in a good state compared to those in the contamination operating zone. In the contamination operating zone, refrigerator shelves had a high probability of cross-contamination. Regarding the floor surface and airborne microbes, cooking areas which should be maintained as clean zones had higher cross-contamination probability than those in the contamination operating zone. So corrective actions such as cleaning and sanitizing, keeping dry floors, lowered temperature and humidity, shoe disinfecting facilities, and checking concentrations, are necessary to manage floor surfaces and airborne microbes in the cooking area.

Contaminación cruzada por Mycobacterium tuberculosis en el Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia de Tuberculosis de Cuba / Cross-contamination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis at the National Rference Laboratory of Tuberculosis of Cuba

Introducción: la contaminación cruzada por Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) en el laboratorio es más común de lo que se piensa. Objetivo: confirmar un posible episodio de contaminación cruzada por Mtb en el Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia de Tuberculosis, Lepra y Micobacterias del Instituto Pedro Kouri. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo de los indicadores de calidad del cultivo del 3er trimestre de 2014. Se observó un incremento de cultivos positivos a Mtb con codificaciones bajas, durante un día de trabajo. Se encontraron 10 aislamientos de 19 muestras procesadas: ocho con sospecha de contaminación cruzada y dos aislamientos pertenecientes a uno de los pacientes involucrados y que tuvo un cultivo positivo procesado en una fecha diferente. Las muestras se procesaron según lo establecido por el Programa Nacional de Control de la Tuberculosis de Cuba. A los cultivos positivos se les realizó la tipificación con oligonucleótidos espaciadores Spoligotyping. Resultados: el aislamiento de la muestra 1 435 (paciente 1) fue un patrón único al no aparecer en la base de datos internacional SITVIT2. En los cultivos de las muestras 1 438 y 1 439 (paciente 2) se identificó el linaje Beijing (tipo 1). En los siete cultivos restantes (pacientes del 3 al 7) se identificó el linaje S tipo 71; los cultivos posteriores de estos pacientes fueron negativos a excepción del paciente 5 (muestra 1 561), en el que se aisló Mtb con el mismo patrón genético. Conclusiones: los resultados de la genotipificación permitieron confirmar los cultivos positivos contaminados e inferir una posible fuente de contaminación durante ese día de trabajo. También resalta la importancia de identificar eventos de contaminación cruzada, pues puede implicar un mal manejo clínico de los pacientes, así como el uso innecesario de un tratamiento largo y costoso, además de influir en el análisis e interpretación de los resultados desde el punto de vista epidemiológico(AU)

Introduction: cross contamination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the laboratory is more common than thought. Objective: to confirm a possible event of cross-contamination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the National Reference Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Leprosy and Mycobacteria of Pedro Kouri Institute. Methods: a descriptive and retrospective study of quality indicators of culture for the third quarter of 2014 was conducted. An increased Mycobacterium tuberculosis-positive culture with low encodings was observed during a working day. Ten isolates of 19 processed samples were found: eight suspected cross-contamination and two isolates from one of the patients involved and had a positive culture processed on a different date. The samples were processed as established by the National Program for Tuberculosis Control in Cuba .Positive cultures were typed by using oligonucleotide spacers Spoligotyping. Results: the isolation of the sample 1 435 (patient 1) showed a unique pattern that does not appear in the international database SITVIT2. In the culturing of 1 438 and 1 439 samples (patient 2), the Beijing lineage (type 1) was identified. In the remaining seven cultures (patients 3 through 7), the lineage S type 71 was identified. The subsequent cultures of the samples taken from these patients were negative except for patient 5 (sample 1 561) in whom Mtb was isolated with the same genetic pattern. Conclusions: the results of genotyping allowed confirming the contaminated positive cultures and inferring a possible source of contamination during that workday. It also highlights the importance of identifying cross-contamination events, because it may involve poor clinical management of patients and thus the unnecessary use of a long and costly treatment, in addition to influencing the analysis and interpretation of the results from the epidemiological viewpoint(AU)

Avaliação da contaminação microbiológica de esponjas utilizadas em serviços de alimentação da cidade de Marmeleiro ­ PR / Evaluation of microbiological contamination of sponges in health services in the city of Marmeleiro - PR

Surtos de doenças de origem alimentar ocorrem constantemente e constituem um problema de saúde pública no mundo. Nos restaurantes comerciais o processo de pré-lavagem e lavagem dos utensílios é feito com o auxílio de esponjas, objetivando eliminar resíduos de alimentos. Dessa forma, as esponjas se transformam em uma fonte de micro-organismos patogênicos, promovendo contaminação cruzada entre superfícies variadas e os alimentos. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar a contaminação microbiológica e a eficácia de dois procedimentos de desinfecção de esponjas utilizadas em serviços de alimentação. Assim, neste trabalho foram avaliadas, sob o aspecto microbiológico, esponjas utilizadas em 9 restaurantes comerciais da cidade de Marmeleiro - PR. As esponjas foram coletadas após terem sido naturalmente contaminadas e, em seguida, encaminhadas ao laboratório de análises microbiológicas onde foram divididas em três partes iguais. Uma das partes foi submetida à contagem de coliformes totais e coliformes termotolerantes, as outras duas foram submetidas, separadamente, à fervura em água durante cinco minutos e à desinfecção por hipoclorito de sódio 200ppm, por 10 minutos, seguida de enxágue com água potável, quando foram analisadas seguindo os critérios da primeira parte. Os resultados demonstraram que, das 9 amostras de esponjas, 77,77% estavam contaminadas por coliformes totais e 44,44% estavam contaminadas por coliformes termotolerantes, demonstrando assim o risco à saúde por contaminação cruzada. Ambos os procedimentos de desinfecção foram capazes de reduzir significativamente as contagens bacterianas, porém a fervura demonstrou redução de 100% da carga microbiológica em relação à desinfecção por hipoclorito de sódio a 200ppm. Portanto qualquer medida no sentido de higienizar essas esponjas seria de grande valia na redução do potencial de risco das mesmas quanto a possíveis contaminações.

Evaluation of the microbiologic contamination of sponges used in feeding services in the city of Marmeleiro/PR - Brazil Disease outbreaks by food-borne happen constantly and constitute a public health issue around the world. In the commercial restaurants, the cookware pre-washing and washing process is made with the assistance of sponges, in order to remove food residues. In that way, the sponges become a source of pathogenic microorganisms, promoting cross contamination among several surfaces for food. The goals of this study were evaluate the microbiologic contamination and the effectiveness of two sponge disinfection procedures used in feeding service. Therefore, in this work were evaluated, under the microbiologic aspect, sponges used in 9 commercial restaurants, located in the city of Marmeleiro/PR ­ Brazil. The sponges were collected after being naturally contaminated and then sent to the microbiologic analysis laboratory, where they were divided in tree equal shares. One part was submitted to a total and faecal coliform counting, the other two parts were submitted, separately, to water boiling during five minutes and to the 200 ppm sodium hypochlorite disinfection, for ten minutes, added with drinking water rinse, where they were analyzed following the criteria from the first part. The results demonstrated that from the nine sponge samples, 77,77% were contaminated by total coliforms and 44,44% were contaminated by faecal coliforms, showing that way the risk to the human health by cross contamination. Both disinfection procedures were capable to reduce significantly the bacterial counting, but the water boiling demonstrated 100% of microbiologic load reduction, instead of the 200 ppm sodium hypochlorite disinfection. Therefore any measure intended to sanitize those sponges would have great value in the reduction of the potential sponge contamination risks.

Impacto da salmonelose na suinocultura e suas implicações em saúde pública / Impact of salmonelosis on pork meat industry and its implications on public health

O objetivo deste trabalho foi mostrar a presença da Salmonella na cadeia de produção de suínos e o risco em potencial para a saúde pública. As bactérias do gênero Salmonella são importantes agentes causadores de doenças transmitidas por alimentos (DTAs) em humanos. Estima-se que cerca de 10% do total de casos de salmonelose sejam veiculados por produtos de origem suína. A transmissão ao homem pode ocorrer pelo contato direto com animais, tanto nas granjas quanto nos frigoríficos, mas principalmente devido à ingestão de alimentos contaminados. A infecção de lotes suínos pode ocorrer em qualquer fase zootécnica e o principal ciclo de infecção é fecal-oral, podendo a bactéria se alojar nos linfonodos e ser excretada quando o animal for submetido a um fator estressante, como o transporte e/ou o reagrupamento. O uso inadequado de antimicrobianos também gera cepas multirresistentes. Os equipamentos e utensílios, de uma forma geral, estão relacionados à contaminação cruzada, agindo como veículos de propagação do micro-organismo dentro da indústria. Para garantir a segurança alimentar do consumidor, conclui-se que cuidados como limpeza, desinfecção e biossegurança devem se iniciar na granja de criação, com a utilização correta de antibióticos, passando pelo transporte evitando a superlotação e com medidas higiênico-sanitárias rigorosas durante o abate desses animais.(AU)

The objective of this study was to show the presence of Salmonella in the swine production chain, and its impact on public health. Bacteria of the Salmonella genus are an important cause of food transmitted diseases in Brazil. Around 10% of clinical salmonellosis cases are attributed to swine products. Humans can become infected through direct contact with the animals, both living and in slaughter houses; however, the most common cause of infection is the ingestion of contaminated food. Infection of swine herds can occur in any of the rearing stages, mainly through a fecal-oral cycle, where the bacteria will shelter in the lymph nodes and be excreted when the host is submitted to a stress factor, such as transport and/or regrouping. Equipment and utensils are also associated with cross contamination among animals, acting as vehicles in the propagation of the microorganism inside the industry or rearing facility. Furthermore, inadequate use of antimicrobial agents will contribute to the rise of resistant bacteria. This study shows that, in order to safeguard consumer health, awareness must begin in the rearing facilities, with special care to hygiene, biosafety, and the proper use of antibiotics. Further care must be considered during transportation, and especially rigorous measures should be set during slaughter.(AU)

Vegetais minimamente processados prontos para o consumo: influência da etapa de desinfecção na inativação de Salmonella Typhimurium, na ocorrência da contaminação cruzada e na avaliação quantitativa de risco microbiológico em relação a este patógeno / Minimally processed ready-to-eat vegetables: influence of washing-disinfection step on Salmonella Typhimurium inactivation, on occurrence of cross-contamination and on quantitative microbiological risk assessment regarding this pathogen

Dados mundiais apontam haver uma associação entre o aumento do comércio de vegetais minimamente processados prontos para o consumo (VPC) e o aumento da ocorrência de surtos de enfermidades transmitidas por alimentos. Durante o processamento industrial de VPC, a desinfecção é a principal etapa de inativação de micro-organismos patogênicos presentes, mas nessa etapa também pode ocorrer contaminação cruzada, com transferência de contaminantes de produtos contaminados para não-contaminados. Neste trabalho, foram coletadas informações sobre as práticas empregadas na etapa de desinfecção em dez importantes indústrias produtoras de VPC no Estado de São Paulo, avaliando-se, em seguida, a influência dessas práticas na qualidade microbiológica dos produtos e na inativação de Salmonella Typhimurium, bem como na ocorrência de contaminação cruzada por este patógeno. Um modelo de avaliação quantitativa de risco microbiológico foi elaborado para estimar o impacto da contaminação cruzada durante a etapa de desinfecção no risco de infecção por Salmonella devido ao consumo de VPC. Observou-se que, em todas as indústrias visitadas, a desinfecção dos vegetais era feita com produtos à base de cloro em concentrações de 50 a 240 mg/L, que resultava em redução de até 1,2 log na carga microbiana dos vegetais que entravam na linha de processamento. Ao avaliar a influência das características da água de processamento (pH, temperatura, concentração de matéria orgânica e concentração de dicloroisocianurato de sódio) e do tempo de contato entre a água clorada e os vegetais na redução de Salmonella, observou-se que a concentração do produto à base de cloro foi o parâmetro que apresentou maior influência (p<0.05). Concentrações de dicloroisocianurato de sódio acima de 10 mg/L foram necessárias para controle da contaminação cruzada durante a etapa de lavagem. O modelo de avaliação de risco construído indicou quantitativamente haver uma relação entre a concentração de dicloroisocianurato de sódio na água de desinfecção e o risco de ocorrência de surtos causados por Salmonella em VPC. Cenários simulando uso de dicloroisocianurato de sódio em concentrações abaixo de 5 mg/L indicaram que mais de 96% dos casos preditos de infecção por Salmonella poderiam ser atribuídos à ocorrência de contaminação cruzada, enquanto que em cenários com concentrações acima de 50 mg/L, casos de infecção devidos à contaminação cruzada não foram preditos. Estes resultados mostram que o controle da qualidade da água e o monitoramento da concentração de sanitizante na etapa de desinfecção são essenciais para evitar a ocorrência de contaminação cruzada e garantir a produção de VPC seguros para o consumo

Surveillance data in several countries show an association between consumption of minimally processed ready-to-eat (RTE) vegetables and increased occurrence of foodborne diseases outbreaks. During RTE vegetables processing, washing-disinfection is the main step aiming to ensure inactivation of pathogenic microorganisms, but also is the step in which cross-contamination may occur, with transfer of contaminants from contaminated to non-contaminated products. In this study, we collected information on the practices employed during the washing-disinfection step in ten RTE vegetables processing plants located in the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, and evaluated the influence of these washing practices on the microbial quality of the products and inactivation of Salmonella Typhimurium, as well as on the occurrence of cross-contamination by this pathogen. A quantitative microbial risk assessment model was built in order to estimate the impact of cross-contamination during the washing step on the risk of infection by Salmonella due to the consumption of RTE vegetables. In all visited processing plants, the disinfection step was done using chlorine-based products, in concentrations ranging from 50 to 240 mg/L, achieving a reduction of up to 1.2 log in the microbial load of vegetables entering the processing line. When the influence of washing water parameters (pH, temperature, organic load and sodium dichloroisocyanurate concentration) and time of contact between chlorinated water and vegetables on reduction of Salmonella were evaluated, sodium dichloroisocyanurate concentration influenced the most (p<0.05). Concentrations above 10 mg/L were necessary for avoiding cross-contamination during washing step. The risk assessment model indicated quantitatively a relationship between sodium dichloroisocyanurate concentration and the risk of illness caused by Salmonella in RTE vegetables. When simulation was done with less than 5 mg/L of sodium dichloroisocyanurate, most (>96%) of the illnesses arose from cross-contamination. However, when the concentration was 50 mg/L or higher, no illnesses arising from cross-contamination were predicted. These results show that controlling the quality of the water and monitoring the concentration of the sanitizer in the disinfection step are essential to avoid occurrence of cross contamination and ensure production of RTE vegetables that are safe for consumption

Occurrence of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli on broiler carcasses after chilling in southern Brazil / Campylobacter jejuni e C. coli em carcaças de frangos após a refrigeração por imersão no sul do Brasil

Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli have been associated with gastrointestinal disorders in human beings, due mainly to the consumption of chicken meat. Despite control measures for reducing contamination by these bacteria, the detection of Campylobacter in carcasses after chilling remains high. A total of 105 carcasses were assessed by the horizontal detection method in five federally inspected slaughterhouses in southern Brazil in 2012 and in the first three months of 2013. Campylobacter was isolated in 37.1% of the carcasses, of which 97.5% contained C. jejuni and 2.5% were infected by C. coli. The rate of positive carcasses across the slaughterhouses ranged from 0 to 71.4%. Determining the occurrence of Campylobacter among flocks is crucial for estimating the microbial load at specific points along the slaughtering process and for minimizing the risk of contamination of end products by Campylobacter.(AU)

Campylobacter jejuni e C. coli têm sido associados a problemas gastroentéricos em seres humanos principalmente devido ao consumo de carne de frango. Embora medidas de controle sejam realizadas para reduzir a contaminação por estas bactérias, a identificação de Campylobacter em carcaças após a refrigeração por imersão é alto. Foram analisadas 105 carcaças pelo método de detecção horizontal em cinco abatedouros sob Inspeção Federal no sul do Brasil em 2012 e nos três primeiros meses de 2013. Campylobacter foi isolada em 37,1% das carcaças analisadas, as quais 97,5% foram identificados como C. jejuni e 2,5% como C. coli. A ocorrência de carcaças positivas entre matadouros variou de zero a 71,4%. O conhecimento sobre a ocorrência de Campylobacter entre os lotes é fundamental para estimar a extensão da carga microbiana em pontos específicos do abate e consequentemente minimizar o risco de contaminação por Campylobacter em produtos finais de frangos.(AU)

Infection Control in Dental Clinic and Laboratory

The dental professional is associated with significant amount of risk for exposure to various microorganisms. Many infectious diseases that can transmitted in a dental environment. Infection control is considered to be the best way to prevent exposure to such infections and being transferred from person to person. Presently the transmission of these diseases is increasing in a rapid rate. Hence, the universal infection control policy considers ‘Every patientto beinfectious’. The use of effective infection control procedures and universal precautions will prevent cross contamination not only to the persons who are working in clinics but also to the persons who are working in dental laboratories. This article reviews about the various methods and protocols to protect dentists and technicians from potential infections, as well as protecting patient from cross contamination.

Salmonella spp. in the pork supply chain: a risk approach / Salmonella spp. en la cadena de producción porcícola: un enfoque de riesgo / Salmonella spp. na cadeia de produção de carne de porco: uma abordagem de risco

The genus Salmonella contains approximately 2,579 serovars, most of which are zoonotic and transmitted by foods of animal origin, such as fresh pork and further processed by-products. Non-typhoid salmonellosis in humans manifests as gastroenteritis, septicemia, or can be asymptomatic during the carrier state. Salmonella spp. has a considerable impact in the pork industry due to economic losses resulting from diagnosis, treatment, reduced production, and because this pathogen constitutes a non-tariff barrier to food trade and a serious public health problem. The microorganism is usually introduced to farms through incoming breeding stock or pig feed and is subsequently spread by sick animals or asymptomatic carriers. Infection and/or dissemination of the microorganism may increase particularly during pre-slaughtering due to contaminated trucks, long periods of time spent in transit, stress during handling and fasting, or high animal density or time spent in corrals. Contamination during slaughtering is commonly associated with carcass de-hairing and polishing, evisceration and rectum separation, or from Salmonella present in skin, oral cavity, feces or lymphatic nodes. Pork contamination may also occur through contact with equipment or tools, handling, storage, or improper preservation during slaughter, post-slaughter, marketing, sale, or consumption. For this reason, Salmonella control, with a focus on the supply chain and risk assessment is fundamental for guaranteeing quality and food safety of pork products in Colombia, thereby contributing to public health and improving competitiveness. Studies directed at establishing baselines for the disease and the microorganism in each of the stages of the supply chain should be conducted, including identification of differential risks and establishing measures for monitoring, prevention and control.

El género Salmonella agrupa alrededor de 2.579 serovariedades, en su mayoría zoonóticas, transmitidas por alimentos de origen animal, como la carne de cerdo y sus derivados. La salmonelosis no tifoidea en humanos puede manifestarse como gastroenteritis, septicemia o estado portador asintomático. La presencia de Salmonella spp. es de gran impacto para la industria porcícola, por las pérdidas económicas por diagnóstico, tratamiento y disminución de la producción, y por constituir una barrera no arancelaria para la comercialización de alimentos y un grave problema de salud pública. El microorganismo se introduce en las granjas a través del alimento, el pie de cría o los cerdos para levante, y se disemina a través de enfermos o portadores asintomáticos. En el prebeneficio la contaminación de camiones, el tiempo de transporte, el estrés por manipulación, el ayuno, la alta densidad animal, y la permanencia en corrales pueden incrementar la infección y/o diseminación del microorganismo. Durante el beneficio la contaminación se asocia al depilado, pulido de los animales, a la evisceración y corte de recto o a la presencia del microorganismo en piel, cavidad bucal, heces o ganglios linfáticos. La contaminación de la carne también puede ocurrir por contacto con equipos o utensilios, por manipulación, almacenamiento o conservación inapropiada de los productos en etapas del beneficio, posbeneficio, comercialización, venta o consumo. Por tal razón el control de Salmonella bajo un enfoque de cadena productiva y evaluación de riesgo es un aspecto fundamental para garantizar la calidad y la inocuidad de los alimentos de origen porcino en Colombia, contribuyendo a la salud pública y a mejorar la competitividad de la cadena. Se deben realizar estudios orientados a establecer las líneas base de la enfermedad y del microorganismo en cada una de las etapas, identificando el riesgo diferencial y estableciendo medidas de monitoreo, prevención y control.

O gênero Salmonella agrupa ao redor de 2579 sorovariedades, a maioria delas zoonóticas, transmitidas por alimentos de origem animal, como a carne suína e seus derivados. Em humanos, a salmonelose não tifoide pode se manifestar como gastroenterite, septicemia ou pode ser assintomática. A presença de Salmonella spp. é de grande impacto na indústria produtora de carne suína pelas perdas econômicas por diagnóstico, tratamento e diminuição da produção. Esta doença constitui também uma barreira não alfandegária para a comercialização de alimentos, sendo também um grave problema de saúde pública. O microrganismo é introduzido nas granjas pelas matrizes e reprodutores, animais na fase de crescimento ou a través do alimento. Tanto os animais doentes quanto os portadores assintomáticos podem ser fontes de contaminação. Na fase prévia ao abate podem ser citados alguns fatores que podem favorecer a infecção e disseminação do microrganismo: contaminação dos caminhões somado ao tempo de transporte em veículos com alta densidade animal, jejum e estresse. Durante o processamento da carcaça, a contaminação está associada à depilação e polimento dos animais, assim como evisceração, presença de microrganismos na pele, cavidade oral, ampola retal, fezes ou linfonodos. A contaminação da carne pode acontecer pelo contato com equipamentos ou implementos, manuseio, armazenamento e conservação inadequada dos produtos nas etapas do abate e após do abate, comercialização, venda ou consumo. Diante do anteriormente exposto, na Colômbia é de fundamental importância direcionar o controle da Salmonella considerando um enfoque abrangente da cadeia produtiva, incluindo a avaliação do risco. Este enfoque permitirá garantir a qualidade e inocuidade dos alimentos de origem suíno, redundado em benefícios para a saúde pública e o aprimoramento da competitividade da cadeia. Devem ser realizados estudos orientados ao estabelecimento dos indicadores da presença e impacto da doença em cada uma das etapas produtivas, identificando o risco diferencial, para sentar as bases de medidas de monitoramento, prevenção e controle.

Design and application of cross contamination experiment for Beckman AU5800 automatic biochemical analyzer / 国际检验医学杂志

Objective To design and verify an analytical method for the cross contamination of Beckman AU5800 automatic bio‐chemical analyzer′s reagent needle and stir bar .Methods The outer ring items (AST ,ALP ,TP ,LDH ,CK‐MB ,HBDH ,Urea ,UA , TG ,LDL‐C ,APOB ,Mg ,P ,Zn ,AMY ,CHE ,LPS ,ADA) were tested as the experiment objects .The cross contamination experiment was proceeded according to the test order .The impact rate range of 95% -105% was the criteria for cross contamination of items . Results Among all of the outer ring items ,TP ,HBDH ,APOB and TG were found to have cross contamination effect on CK‐MB , Mg ,Mg and LPS respectively .Conclusion The method established in this experiment can effectively analyze the cross contamina‐tion of all the items in Beckman AU5800 automatic biochemical analyzer .In addition ,it can help to adopt corresponding measures to reduce cross contamination and assure the accuracy of test results .

Evaluation on application of electrolyte module in OLYMPUS AU 5421 Automatic Biochemical Analyzer / 国际检验医学杂志

Objective To evaluate the performance of electrolyte module in OLYMPUS AU5421 Automatic Biochemical Analy-zer in K+ ,Na+ ,Cl- detection .Methods Electrolyte module in OLYMPUS AU5421 Automatic Biochemical Analyzer was employed to detect K+ ,Na+ ,Cl- ,and their precision ,accuracy ,linearity range ,cross-contamination and the test results of instruments were compared .The linear regression equation and regression coefficients were calculated according to the methods of Clinical and Labo-ratory Standards Institute(CLSI) EP6-A ,EP9-A2 documents .Results The within-run precisions of K + ,Na+ ,Cl- were 0 .328% , 0 .306% ,0 .343% ,respectively ,and their between-run precisions were 0 .780% ,1 .012% ,0 .985% ,respectively .Their regression coefficients of linear equation were all greater than 0 .999 ,and their cross-contamination rate were 1 .066% ,0 .812% and 0 .858% , respectively .Conclusion Electrolyte module in OLYMPUS AU5421 Automatic Biochemical Analyzer modules has advantages of good precision ,accuracy ,linear range ,and low cross-contamination rate .

Biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus from food contact surfaces in a meat-based broth and sensitivity to sanitizers

This study assessed the capacity of adhesion, the detachment kinetic and the biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus isolated from food services on stainless steel and polypropylene surfaces (2 x 2 cm) when cultivated in a meat-based broth at 28 and 7 ºC. It was also to study the efficacy of the sanitizers sodium hypochlorite (250 mg/L) and peracetic acid (30 mg/L) in inactivating the bacterial cells in the preformed biofilm. S. aureus strains adhered in high numbers regardless the assayed surface kind and incubation temperature over 72 h. Cells detachment of surfaces revealed high persistence over the incubation period. Number of cells needed for biofilm formation was noted at all experimental systems already after 3 days. Peracetic acid and sodium hypochlorite were not efficient in completely removing the cells of S. aureus adhered on polypropylene and stainless steel surfaces. From these results, the assayed strains revealed high capacity to adhere and form biofilm on polypropylene and stainless steel surfaces under different growth conditions. Moreover, the cells in biofilm matrix were resistant for total removal when submitted to the exposure to sanitizers.

Complete Care To Cure: An Update of The Current Knowledge of Infection Control In Dental Practice.

The control of cross-infection and cross-contamination in dental practice is the focus of continuing discussion and debate and, as a result, recommendations and guidelines are regularly reviewed in the light of available information. General knowledge of immunology and body defensive mechanisms contributes to the understanding of disease prevention through immunization and through reliance on the body’s natural barriers against infection. The major source of pathogens in the dental office is the oral cavity of the patients, although they can be present anywhere in the office. It is not possible to accurately detect which patients may indeed be harboring these pathogens. Therefore infection control procedures must be applied during the care of all patients. We aim to discuss basic properties of oral microbial flora, spread of infection and prevention of cross infection in dental health care practice through this article.

Establecimiento de un sistema para el monitoreo y control de la contaminación cruzada en el laboratorio de análisis microbiológico de alimentos durante 2009 / Establishment of a System for Monitoring and Control of Cross Contamination in the Laboratory of Microbiological Analysis of Food during 2009 / Estabelecimento de um sistema para a monitoração e controle da contaminação cruzada no laboratório de análise microbiológico de alimentos durante 2009

Dentro de las actividades para el control de calidad en el laboratorio, los resultados finales de un analito en particular son considerados productos intermedios, dada la pertinencia otorgada al aseguramiento de la calidad como fin último de los programas de gestión de la calidad. Esta concepción precisa el establecimiento de instrumentos integrales para la detección de eventos como la contaminación cruzada y la adopción de medidas para evitar que se afecte la marcha analítica. Objetivo: el objetivo principal fue establecer un sistema para el monitoreo y control de la contaminación cruzada en el laboratorio de análisis microbiológico de alimentos. Materiales y métodos: la metodología empleada consistió en desarrollar diagramas de flujo para los procedimientos sobre el control de las poblaciones de mesófilos aerobios y mohos provenientes de la contaminación en los ambientes, superficies, material estéril y medios de cultivos. Dichos diagramas incluyeron un árbol de decisiones, diseñado para efectuar acciones de control con base en los intervalos de tolerancia, establecidos como herramienta objetiva hacia la toma de decisiones que normalicen los recuentos de las poblaciones microbianas en cuestión. Resultados: los límites de alerta más estrictos se obtuvieron para las poblaciones de mesófilos aerobios y mohos en los diferentes controles, excepto para el ambiente del área de preparación de medios y los correspondientes al material estéril. Conclusión: el proceso desarrollado permitió complementar el sistema de control de calidad interno en el laboratorio, al disponer de un medio objetivo para el cierre de no conformidades por contaminación cruzada.

Within the activities for quality control in the laboratory, the final results of a particular analyte are now recognized as intermediates, due to the relevance given to quality assurance, as the ultimate goal of programs for quality management. This concept makes it necessary to establishment of integral tools, to detect events such as cross-contamination, and measures to avoid affecting the analysis method. Objective: to established a system for monitoring and control of cross-contamination in the laboratory of microbiological analysis of food. Materials and methods: Flowcharts were developed to control the proceedings on the populations of aerobe mesophilics and molds originated from pollution in the environment, surfaces, sterile material and culture media, which included a decision tree designed to perform control actions based on tolerance intervals, which were established as objective tool to decision-making leading to normalize counts of microbial populations in question. Results: Warning limits stricter were obtained for aerobic mesophilic and mold populations in the different controls, except for environment of media preparation and the corresponding for sterile material. Conclusion: The process developed allowed to complement the system of internal quality control in the laboratory, to provide of an objective tool for closing nonconformities because of cross-contamination.

Introdução: dentro das atividades para o controle de qualidade no laboratório, os resultados finais de um analito em particular são considerados produtos intermédios, dada a pertinência outorgada à asseguração da qualidade como fim último dos programas de gestão de qualidade. Esta concepção precisa o estabelecimento de instrumentos integrais para a detecção de eventos como a contaminação cruzada e a adoção de medidas para evitar que se afete a marcha analítica. Objetivo: o objetivo principal foi estabelecer um sistema para a monitoração e controle da contaminação cruzada no laboratório de análise microbiológico de alimentos. Metodologia: a metodologia empregada consistiu em desenvolver diagramas de fluxo para os procedimentos sobre o controle das populações de mesófilos aeróbios e mofos provenientes da contaminação nos ambientes, superfícies, material estéril e meios de cultivos. Estes diagramas incluíram uma árvore de decisões, criado para efetuar ações de controle com base nos intervalos de tolerância, estabelecidos como ferramenta objetiva para a tomada de decisões que normalizem os recontos das populações microbianas em questão. Resultados: os limites de alerta mais estritos se obtiveram para as populações de mesófilos aeróbios e mofos nos diferentes controles, exceto para o ambiente da área de preparação de meios e os correspondentes ao material estéril. Conclusão: o processo desenvolvido permitiu complementar o sistema de controle de qualidade interno no laboratório, ao dispor de um meio objetivo para o fecho de não conformidades por contaminação cruzada.

Contaminação de resinas compostas em consultórios odontológicos / Contamination of composite resin at dentistry offices

Este trabalho avaliou o nível de contaminação de resinascompostas utilizadas em consultórios odontológicos do DistritoFederal. Um total de cinqüenta e cinco amostras foram coletadasde resinas compostas, de tubetes em uso nestes locais. Essasforam processadas no laboratório de Microbiologia. Os resultadosrevelaram que 80% delas se encontravam contaminadaspor Staphylococcus coagulase-negativo (47,2%), Staphylococcuscoagulase-negativo mais Bacillus sp (16,3%), Bacillus sp (12,7%)e Aspergilus sp (3,6%). Não houve crescimento microbiano nogrupo controle selecionado (0% de contaminação). A pesquisadestaca a necessidade de adoção de medidas de biossegurançaespecíficas na manipulação das resinas compostas por profissionaise equipe odontológica, a fim de tornar sua utilização clínicasegura.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the level of contaminationof composite resins at dentistry officies in DistritoFederal. Fifty five samples of compositive resin were colectedon the tubes in use at this places. These samples were processedat the Microbiology laboratory. The results revealed that 80% ofthe samples were contaminated, in which accused the presenceof Stafilococcus coagulase-negativo (47,2%), Stafilococcus coagulase-negativo associated with Bacillus sp.(16,3%), Bacillussp (12,7%) and Aspergilus sp (3,6%). The control group selecteddid not show a microbiology growth (0% of contamination). Thedata of this work show the necessity to adopt specific biossecurityrules in the manipulation of composite resins by dentistsand his staff to promote its clinical utilization with safety.

STR profiling on authentication of human cell lines in cell banks / 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志

Objective To study the profiling and authentication of human cell lines in cell bank of our department using short tandem repeat (STR) loci and to analyze the situation of cell contamination and misjudgment. Methods Sixty-one human cells including cells collected and preserved by our cell bank and cells from the other departments were detected by the 16 STR loci-method. To analyze the cross contamina-tion between human cell lines, the results were aligned with profiles published by international cell banks. Isoenzyme detection was employed to authenticate the cell species when the STR signal can not be detected. Results Among the 61 cells, specific profiles were produced by 41 ceils and there was no cross contamina-tion. Thirty-six cells had the completely same STR profiles in 9 STR loci with the same cells preserved by ATCC or JCRB, while 5 cells have different profiling just in the vWA loci. The cells referred above can be recognized as correct cells; Eleven cells (18.0%) were the false cells. Among them, cancer cells of tongue named Tca8113 and cancer cell of liver named HHCC(changed to FHCC98 now) had the same profile with HeLa and HeLa S3 respectively; Two ceils both named HUT-102 have the completely different profiles with ATCC; The signal of 4 cells was not be detected, and all of them were determined as hamster cell lines by u-sing isoenzyme detection. Also 2 cells were identified to be mixed cells. Conclusion The phenomenon of cell misjudgment and cross contamination between cells is serious. Authentication of cell lines correctly, es-pecially for the re-authenticatian of domestic self-established cells, is very important for the guarantee of the reliability and reproducibility for scientific researches.