Efecto de la endocría sobre habilidad combinatoria del rendimiento y calidad en zapallo ( Cucurbita moschata Duchesne) / Inbreeding effect in combinatorial ability of yield and quality on butternut squash ( Cucurbita moschata Duchesne)

RESUMEN El zapallo Cucurbita moschata Duchesne es una hortaliza para diversos procesos culinarios y agroindustriales, por su color, sabor y textura; sin embargo, estas características cambian dependiendo del cultivar. Con base en 6 progenitores, 15 híbridos F1, sin incluir los recíprocos, se estudió el efecto de la endocría en la habilidad combinatoria (HC), de caracteres asociados con el rendimiento y la calidad del fruto del zapallo, en dos localidades, Candelaria y Buga, Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Se usó cruzamientos dialélicos y progenitores con diferente grado de endocría (S0xS0, S1xS1 y S2xS2). Se utilizó el método 2 y modelo I, propuesto por Griffing y el análisis de Hallauer & Miranda, para evaluar la habilidad combinatoria general (HCG) y específica (HCE) del rendimiento y la calidad del fruto, con fines agroindustriales. Todos los caracteres evaluados variaron entre generaciones de endocría. Se detectó interacción entre generación de endocría por localidad para todos los caracteres (P<0,01), con excepción de almidón (AL) y caroteno total (CT) en fruto. La HCG y HCE no se ajustaron a un patrón de comportamiento, debido a la variación de los progenitores en la susceptibilidad a la endocría. Los progenitores con HCG altamente significativa (P<0,01) para producción, fueron: 79S0, 79S1, 80S0 y 34S1, en Candelaria y 79S0, 79S1, 79S2, 34S0, 6S0, 6S1, 2S1 y 2S2, en Buga. Los mejores híbridos con alta HCE y alto rendimiento y calidad, para la localidad Candelaria, fueron: 2x28-S0, 2x80-S0, 28x80-S0 y 80x34 y para la localidad Buga: 2x6-S1, 80x34-S1, 2x80-S2 y 79x34-S2.

ABSTRACT Butternut squash, Cucubita moschata Duchesne, is a vegetable used for various culinary and agro-industrial processes due to its colour, flavour and texture; however, these characteristics change depending on the cultivar. Based on 6 parents, 15 F1 hybrids, not including reciprocals, the effect of inbreeding on the combinatorial ability (HC) of characters associated with the performance and quality of Butternut squash fruit was studied; in two locations, Candelaria and Buga, Valle del Cauca-Colombia. Diallel and progenitor crosses with different degrees of inbreeding (S0xS0, S1xS1 and S2xS2) were used. Method 2 and model I proposed by Griffing and the Hallauer & Miranda analysis were applied to assess the general combinatorial (HCG) and specific combinatorial ability (HCE) of the yield and quality of the fruit, for agroindustrial purposes. All evaluated characters varied between inbreeding generations. Interaction between inbreeding generation by locality was detected for all characters (P <0.01), with the exception of starch (AL) and total carotene (CT) in fruit. The HCG and HCE did not adjust to expected behaviour pattern, due to the variation of parents to inbreeding susceptibility. The parents with highly significant HCG (P <0.01) for production were 79S0, 79S1, 80S0 y 34S1 in Candelaria and 79S0, 79S1, 79S2, 34S0, 6S0, 6S1, 2S1 y 2S2 to Buga. The best hybrids with high HCE and high performance and quality, for Candelaria locality were: 2x28-S0, 2x80-S0, 28x80-S0 and 80x34 and for locality Buga: 2x6-S1, 80x34-S1, 2x80-S2 and 79x34-S2.

Path Analysis and Genetic Parameters for Grain Yield in Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

The experiment was conducted with 2 replications and 54 genotypes of wheat consisting 10 lines, 4 testers and their 40 crosses made in line X tester mating fashion in randomized block design during growing seasons 2014-2015. Spike length recorded the highest value of broad sense heritability while Canopy temperature index reported the highest value of genetic advance as a percent of mean and also reported highest phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation. Genotypic path analysis revealed that test weight and weight of grain/spike exhibited positive and strong association with grain yield and highest positive direct effects on grain yield. The selection for yield contributing test weight and weight of grain/spike must be given preference along with grain yield for speedy improvement grain yield.

Comportamento alimentar de vacas Nelore e de seus bezerros puros ou mestiços / Feeding behavior of Nellore cows and their pure or crossbred calves

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a influência do grupo genético do bezerro no comportamento alimentar diurno de mães e suas crias. Foram utilizadas 24 vacas Nelores paridas e seus bezerros, oito Nelores (puros), oito 1/2 Simental 1/2 Nelore e oito 1/2 Red Angus 1/2 Nelore. Avaliaram-se as medidas de frequência e duração das mamadas, tempo de pastejo e ruminação dos bezerros e das vacas. Os bezerros puros mamaram mais frequentemente que os mestiços (3,51 vs. 3,17 vezes/dia), porém com menor duração de mamada (7,37 vs. 7,80 minutos). A frequência de mamadas, a duração de cada mamada e o tempo total de mamadas diminuíram com o aumento da idade do bezerro. Nos bezerros, pastejo e ruminação aumentaram com a idade; entretanto, nas vacas, aumentou o tempo de pastejo e diminuiu o de ruminação com o passar dos dias. Os bezerros mestiços pastaram, em média, 18 minutos a mais que os puros, e os machos 16 minutos a mais que as fêmeas. Os bezerros machos ruminaram, aos 40 dias de idade, 25 minutos a mais que as fêmeas, mas essa diferença diminuiu com a idade e desapareceu por volta dos 220 dias. O comportamento da mãe e de sua cria é influenciado pelo grupo genético desta última.(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a calf's genetic group on the behavior of dam and calf. We used 24 Nellore dams and their calves, of which eight were Nellore, eight were 1/2Simmental 1/2Nelore and eight 1/2Red Angus 1/2Nellore. Grazing and rumination times, as well as suckling frequency and time, were measured. The straight bred calves suckled more often than the crossbreds (3.51 vs. 3.17 times/day), but their suckling lasted less time (7.37 vs 7.80 minutes). Suckling frequency, suckling length and total time spent suckling decreased as calf age increased. Calf grazing and rumination time increased with age; however, the cows' grazing time increased and rumination time decreased as the days postpartum went by. The crossbred calves grazed, on average, 18 minutes longer than the crossbreds, and the males grazed 16 minutes longer than the females. The male calves grazed, at 40 days of age, 25 minutes longer than the females, but this difference decreased as they grew and disappeared around 220 days. In conclusion, dam and calf behavior are influenced by the calf's genetic group.(AU)

Matrizes ovinas cruzadas são sempre mais eficientes do que as matrizes puras? / Are sheep crosses always more efficient than pure sheep?

Foi estudado o desempenho reprodutivo de 482 ovelhas multíparas (3/4 Texel x 1/4 Corriedale: TXC, 1/2 Romney Marsh x 1/2 Corriedale: RMC, 3/4 Poll Dorset x 1/4 Corriedale: PDC, 1/2 Finnish Landrace x 1/2 Merino Australiano: FLMA e Merino Australiano puras: MA), as características do crescimento de 585 cordeiros provenientes de carneiros Dorper e ovelhas: TXC (n = 68); RMC (n = 64); PDC (n = 68); FLMA (n = 183) e MA (n = 202) e os quilogramas de carne de cordeiros produzidos/kg de ovelha colocadas em cobertura (como indicador de eficiência), pastoreando campo natural e pastagens cultivadas. As ovelhas FLMA e TXC apresentaram as maiores taxas de parição (167,89 e 174,36%, respectivamente) em relação às demais cruzas, as quais não diferiram entre si (121,43 e 125,49%, PDC e RMC, respectivamente; P>0,05), porém foram superiores as MA (88,99%), sendo esse resultado uma consequência da maior quantidade de cordeiros nascidos/ovelha parida, que influenciou mais do que sua maior taxa de fertilidade. O genótipo da ovelha também afetou (P<0,0001) o crescimento dos cordeiros até o momento da sua venda com 41,6 ±6,7kg aos 206±7,25 dias de idade. Os cordeiros filhos das ovelhas TXC, PDC e RMC apresentaram maiores ganhos de peso diário que os filhos de FLMA, e esses maiores do que os MA. No entanto, de todas as cruzas avaliadas, somente a FLMA foi mais eficiente que a MA.

The reproductive performance of 482 multiparous ewes, with growth characteristics of 585 lambs from Dorper rams and ewes: 3/4 Texel x 1/4 Corriedale (TXC, n = 68); 1/2 Romney Marsh x 1/2 Corriedale (RMC, n = 64); 3/4 Poll Dorset x 1/4 Corriedale (PDC, n = 68); 1/2 Finnish Landrace x Australian Merino (FLAM, n = 183) and Australian Merino pure ewes (AM, n = 202) and kg of lamb produced/kg of sheep used in the service (as an indicator of efficiency), grazing natural and sown pastures, were studied. The TXC and FLAM sheep had the highest lambing percentage (167.89 and 174.36%, respectively) compared to the rest of the other crosses, and did not differ from each other (121.43 and 125.49%, PDC and RMC respectively, P>0.05), but were higher than AM (88.99%), due to the greater number of lambs born / ewe calving rather than their higher fertility. The type of ewe also affected (P<0.0001) lamb growth until its sale at 41.6±6.7 kg to 206±7.25 days of age, showing mothers of TXC lambs, PDC and RMC had higher daily gains than the FLAM and these more than those of MA. However, in all crosses tested, only FLAM was more efficient than MA.

Production of New Almond-Peach Hybrid Rootstocks Resistance to Root-Knot Nematode.

Aims: This research was conducted to hybridize almond (Om El-fahm and M. Dalet) female parent with Okinawa peach rootstock as a male parent to introduce new almond rootstock resistance to root-knot nematode. Methodology: Okinawa peach rootstock used in crosses with both of Om El-fahm and M. Dalet almond cvs. and the resulting hybrids identified by SSR and STS markers for the presence and/or absence of the expected resistance marker. Inoculation by M. incognita with suspension of 2500 eggs per plants through holes in the soil to evaluate hybrids resistance. Results: Fruit set percentage was higher with Om El-fahm than M. Dalet while, the opposite was true for fruit drop. No significant differences were observed for seed germination with the used females. Hybrid no.3 resulting from M. Dalet x Okinawa crosses showed the highest significant value of vegetative growth parameters. The STS marker; the OPA11 primer pair with Okinawa x Om El-fahm showed the resistant marker at the expected size (166 bp) for all of the tested hybrids except for hybrids no. 7 and 8. Meanwhile, only one hybrid (no. 8) of Okinawa x M. Dalet failed to amplify the resistant marker. The Okinawa parent was clustered with hybrids no. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 14 for Om El-fahm and hybrids no. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 for M. Dalet indicating a common genetic resistance for root-knot nematode. Conclusion: Hybrid rootstocks slightly varied in their resistance to the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. However, line no. 6 (Okinawa × Om El-fahm) could be considered as highly resistant (HR).

Características produtivas da lactação de quatro grupos genéticos F1 Holandês x Zebu / Lactation productive characteristics of four genetic groups F1 Holstein x Zebu

Estudou-se a lactação de vacas F1 Holandês x Gir, Holandês x Guzerá, Holandês x Azebuado e Holandês x Nelore em nove ordens de partos obtida em duas ordenhas diárias. Analisou-se a produção média diária, o pico de lactação, o dia que ocorreu o pico e a proporção da produção na primeira e segunda ordenha diária. O sistema de produção, no qual os animais foram criados, utilizava-se de pastagens de Brachiaria decumbens e Brachiaria brizanta como alimentação volumosa na época das chuvas e silagem de milho e ou cana-de-açúcar como suplementos na época da seca.. A ração concentrada foi fornecida de acordo com a produção leiteira. Observou que todas as características avaliadas foram diretamente influenciadas pela ordem de partos e base materna. Dentre os resultados encontrados, destaca-se que, a produção média diária de leite das vacas F1 Holandês x Gir e Holandês x Azebuado foram maiores e similares entre si, enquanto que vacas F1 Holandês x Guzerá e Holandês x Nelore tiveram menores produções e também foram similares entre si. Conclui-se que todos os grupos genéticos podem ser utilizados para a produção de leite por apresentarem produções médias diárias superiores a 10 kg/vaca/dia, sendo compatíveis com a produção de leite em pasto.

We studied the lactation of F1 Holstein x Gir, Holstein x Guzerat, Holstein x Azebuado and Holstein x Nellore cows in nine calvingorders from two daily milkings. The average daily production, the lactation peak, the day when the peak occurred and the ratio ofproduction in the first and in the second daily milking were analyzed. In the production system, in which the animals were raised, Brachiaria decumbens and Brachiaria brizanta grazing were used as roughage in the rainy season, and corn silage or cane sugaras supplement in the dry season. The concentrate ration was supplied in accordance with the production. It was observed that all of the evaluated traits were directly influenced by the calving order and maternal basis. Amongst the findings, it is outstood that, the average daily milk production of F1 Holstein x Gir and Holstein x Azebuado cows were higher and similar between them while F1 Holstein x Guzerat and Holstein x Nellore cows presented lower productions and they were also similar between them. It is concluded that all of the genotypes groups can be used for the milk production because presenting average daily production higher than 10 kg/cow/day, being compatible with milk production in pasture.

Resistência à mancha preta e qualidade agronômica de plantas rc1f2 de cruzamentos do híbrido anfidiplóide (Arachis ipaensis x A. duranensis) com o amendoim cultivado (A. hypogaea) / Resistance to late leafspot and agronomic quality of bc1f2 plants from crosses between the amphyploids hibrid (arachis ipaensis x a. duranensis) and the cultivated peanut (a. hypogaea)

A resistência à mancha preta (Cercosporidium personatum) e a condição agronômica de plantas de amendoim foram avaliadas em populações RC1F2 obtidas de cruzamentos do anfidiplóide (Arachis ipaensis x Arachis duranensis) com o genitor recorrente, cultivar Runner IAC 886. O experimento foi conduzido em condições de campo, em Pindorama, SP., sob condições naturais de ocorrência da doença. A doença foi avaliada em cada planta, em duas épocas, usando uma escala de notas visuais de 1 a 9, considerando o número de lesões nas folhas e a desfolha causada pela doença. Foi realizada após a colheita, em 90 plantas tomadas ao acaso, a avaliação da produção de vagens e grãos/planta, o rendimento de grãos após descascamento, massa média de grãos, número de vagens/planta, número e porcentagem de vagens com dois grãos. Os resultados mostraram ampla variabilidade para resistência à doença. Dependendo do genitor hypogaea utilizado nos cruzamentos iniciais com o anfidiplóide, 4,2 a 7,7% de plantas portadoras de resistência próxima a do parental silvestre resistente (A. ipaensis) foram resgatadas em F2. Observaram-se diferenças significativas entre plantas RC1F2 em função da planta F1 da qual descendem, tanto para resistência à doença como para caracteres agronômicos, tendo em vista a condição segregante das plantas F4 utilizadas nos cruzamentos com o genitor recorrente, cultivar Runner IAC 886. As correlações negativas observadas entre resistência à doença e caracteres agronômicos como produção de vagens e grãos/planta e massa média de grãos sugerem a necessidade de novo ciclo de retrocruzamentos para quebrar eventuais ligações indesejáveis e gerar indivíduos resistentes mais próximos do padrão comercial.

Resistance to late leafspot (Cercosporidium personatum) and agronomic condition of peanut plants were assessed in segregating RC1F2 populations obtained from crosses between the amphidiploid (A. ipaensis x A. duranensis) and the recurrent parent, cultivar Runner IAC 886. The experiment was carried out at Pindorama, SP, under natural field conditions of the disease. Disease was evaluated at two dates during the growing cycle, in 1,500 plants, using a scale of visual notes ranging from 1 to 9, and taking into consideration the number of lesions in leaves and the degree of defoliation caused by the disease. The data obtained were used to estimate the AUDPC (Area Under the Disease Progress Curve). Agronomic evaluations were performed after harvesting, in 90 randomly taken plants. The following agronomic characters were evaluated: pod and kernel production per plant, shelling percentage, number of pods per plant, number and percentage of two-seed pods. The results showed wide variability for resistance to the disease. Depending on the hypogaea parent used in the initial crosses with the amphidiploids, 4,2 to 7,7% of plants with disease resistance close to the wild resistant parent (A. ipaensis) could be rescued in the F2 generation. Significant differences were observed between RC1F2 plants descendent from the same F1 plant, in either disease resistance or in agronomic traits, due to the segregant condition of the F4 plants used in the crosses to the recurrent parent, cultivar Runner IAC 886. Some of the RC1F1:2 plant families exhibited agronomic condition close to the cultivar IAC Caiapó, especially in production of pods and kernels, shelling percentage and average kernel weight. However, the large majority of the segregants in this generation still showed high percentages of one-seed pods. This condition, and the negative correlations observed between resistance to the disease and agronomic traits such as pod and kernel production per plant and average kernel weight suggest that a new backcrossing cycle is needed to break eventual undesirable linkages and generate resistant individuals closer to the commercial standards.

Rendimientos productivos y reproductivos de vacas lecheras en el primer cruzamiento rotativo en el altiplano del centro de México / Productive and reproductive performance of dairy cows in their first crossbreeding rotational program in the Mexican Plateau

Crossbred dairy cows differ in productive and reproductive traits compared to purebred Holsteins. The objectives of this study were to breed Holstein, Jersey, Montbeliarde and Swedish Red using a breed rotational crossbreeding system and evaluate some productive and reproductive performance. Imported Holstein cows were used H (n = 200) as the basis for crossbreeding. The genetic groups obtained in first lactation were: 1) H (n = 44); 2) F1J (50% Holstein and 50% Jersey, n = 58); 3) F1M (50% Holstein and 50% Montbeliarde, n = 72); 4) HJS (25% Holstein, 25% Jersey and 50% Swedish Red, n = 53). Percentage of cows removed was higher (P = 0.05) in H (15%) than crossbred cows (5%). Days open period was greater (P = 0.03) in H (160.8 ± 21.7) than F1J (108.6 ± 9.5), F1M (121.6 ± 9.1) and HJS (121.6 ± 11.8) Projected calving interval was higher (P = 0.03) in H (443.8 ± 21.7 days) than F1J (388.4 ± 9.4), F1M (401.0 ± 8.8), HJS (402.9 ± 13.7). Holstein cows (10,040.9 ± 232.2 kg) produced more milk (P = 0.0001) than F1J (9.050 ± 161.4), F1M (8,866.0 ± 157.4) and HJS cows (8,856.3 ± 160.0). All variables were similar between the crosses (P = 0.10) Services per conception were similar (P = 0.10) in all groups. In conclusion, crossbred cows, regardless of the genotype, had lower percentage of cows removed from the herd, less days open and calving interval than Holstein. However, Holstein cows produced more milk than crossbreds.

La heterosis en ganado lechero cambia los parámetros productivos y reproductivos comparados con el ganado Holstein puro. El objetivo fue realizar cruzamientos rotativos con Holstein, Jersey, Montbeliarde y Sueco rojo y medir algunos rendimientos productivos y reproductivos. En los cruzamientos se usaron como base, vacas Holstein importadas (H; n = 200). Los grupos genéticos obtenidos de primera lactancia fueron: 1) H (n = 44), 2) F1J (50% Holstein y 50% Jersey; n = 58), 3) F1M (50% Holstein y 50% Montbeliarde; n = 72), 4) HJS (25% H, 25% J y 50% Sueco rojo S; n = 53). El porcentaje de vacas destinadas al rastro fue mayor (P = 0.05) en H (15%) que en las cruzas (5%). El periodo de días abiertos se prolongó (P = 0.03) en vacas H (160.8 ± 21.7), comparadas con las F1J (108.6 ± 9.5), F1M (121.6 ± 9.1) y HJS (121.6 ± 11.8). El intervalo de partos proyectado se incrementó (P = 0.03) en H (443.8 ± 21.7 días), comparado con las cruzas F1J (388.4 ± 9.4), F1M (401.0 ± 8.8), HJS (402.9 ± 13.7). Las vacas H (10,040.9 ± 232.2 kg) produjeron más (P = 0.0001) leche que las F1J (9,050 ± 161.4), F1M (8,866.0 ± 157.4) y HJS (8,856.3 ± 160.0). Todas las variables fueron similares entre las cruzas (P = 0.10). Los servicios por concepción fueron similares (P = 0.10) en todos los grupos. En conclusión, las vacas con heterosis, sin importar el genotipo, tuvieron un menor porcentaje de rastro, días abiertos e intervalo de partos que las Holstein, aunque éstas tuvieron una mayor producción.

Análise dialélica e uso de marcadores microssatélites na avaliação de cultivares de trigo / Diallel analysis and use of microsatellite markers for the evaluation of wheat cultivars

Foi avaliada a capacidade combinatória de oito cultivares de trigo, por meio de um esquema dialélico analisado segundo o modelo quatro da metodologia de Griffing. Paralelamente, foi realizada uma análise de dissimilaridade com marcadores SSR, a partir de estimativas de distância genética baseadas em pedigree. Oito características foram avaliadas num experimento delineado em blocos ao acaso, com duas repetições. O agrupamento das cultivares a partir das distâncias genéticas foi efetuado com os métodos UPGMA e Tocher. Ficou evidenciada a variabilidade entre os genótipos de trigo. As cultivares 'CD 108', 'CD 0542' e 'CD 104' apresentaram grande capacidade geral de combinação para vários caracteres. Os maiores valores de capacidade específica de combinação foram detectados nos híbridos mais heterozigotos, formados pelo cruzamento de parentais integrantes de grupos diferentes. Os agrupamentos indicados pelo pedigree não coincidiram com os indicados a partir dos marcadores moleculares. As distâncias dos marcadores SSR provavelmente refletem melhor as relações entre as cultivares de trigo do que as distâncias medidas com base na genealogia. A falta de associação entre os padrões de agrupamento foi provavelmente devida às propriedades intrínsecas de cada forma de estimação das distâncias genéticas, as quais podem modificar a interpretação e a distribuição da variabilidade genética entre os genótipos avaliados.

The combining ability of eight wheat varieties was evaluated according to the fourth model of the Griffing's diallelic methodology. Studies on genetic dissimilarity based on microsatellite markers and genetic distance among genotypes from pedigree data were also performed. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design with two replications. Eight traits were evaluated in the diallel. Genotypes were grouped according to the UPGMA and Tocher methods. Genetic variability among genotypes was evident. Varieties 'CD 108', 'CD 0542' and 'CD 104' were those who showed high values for general combining ability in several traits. Since the effects of specific combining ability were more important in those particularly heterozygous combinations obtained from varieties allocated in different clusters, field and molecular results coincided in a certain way. There was no a good coincidence between the dendrogram based on parentage coefficient and the one based on microssatellite markers. The very small association between standards of grouping was probably related to the intrinsic properties of each way of estimating the genetic distance, which can modify the interpretation and the distribution of the genetic variability in the evaluated genotypes.

Capacidade combinatória e heterose em populações de milho crioulo / Combining ability and heterosis in maize landraces

As populações de milho crioulo são importantes patrimônios genéticos e fontes de genes de tolerância/resistência a estresses que necessitam ser adequadamente caracterizadas quanto ao potencial para o melhoramento. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram determinar o potencial genético individual e em cruzamentos de populações crioulas e identificar materiais para a seleção intrapopulacional e a síntese de compostos em dois locais. Na safra 2000/01, foram avaliadas 31 populações per se, 31 cruzamentos top-crosses intragrupo e dois híbridos em látices 8x8, com cinco e quatro repetições nas cidades de Palmeira e Londrina, Paraná, Brasil, respectivamente. As populações apresentaram comportamento diferenciado nos locais, mas BR 106, Cabo Roxo, Palha Roxa, Ouro Verde e Comum Antigo x Sabugo Fino apresentaram as melhores médias de produtividade em ambos locais, não diferindo estatisticamente das testemunhas (AG1051 e C125). Os efeitos de heterose média foram significativos para produtividade, altura de planta, posição relativa da espiga e porcentagem de acamamento, sem interação com locais. Os cruzamentos produziram cerca de 10,2 por cento (Palmeira) a 8,5 por cento (Londrina) a mais que as mesmas populações per se. As populações Palha Roxa, Milho Sem Nome, Pintado e Comum Antigo x Sabugo Fino apresentaram as maiores estimativas de capacidade geral de combinação para produtividade e participaram das melhores predições de médias para síntese de compostos.

Maize landraces are an important genetic patrimony and gene sources of tolerance/resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, which should be characterized in relation to the breeding potential. The aims of this study were to determine the landraces potential per se and in crosses; to identify genetic materials for intrapopulation selection and composites synthesis in two places. In 2000/01, thirty one populations per se, thirty one top-crosses intragroup and two hibrids were evaluated using an 8x8 lattice, with five and four replications in Palmeira and Londrina, Paraná, Brazil, respectively. The results of the populations per se showed different performances for each local, but BR 106, Cabo Roxo, Palha Roxa, Ouro Verde e Comum Antigo x Sabugo Fino showed higher grain yield means in both places, that did not differ significantly to the means of the commercial checks (AG1051 and C125). The average heterosis effects were significant for grain yield, plant height, ear placement and root lodging percentage, without local interactions. The top-crosses produced 10.2 percent (Palmeira) and 8.5 percent (Londrina) more than the same populations per se. The populations Palha Roxa; Milho Sem Nome; Pintado e Comum Antigo x Sabugo Fino showed the highest effects of general combining ability for grain yield and took part in the better composite predictions.

Avaliação de diferentes manejos pré-parto sobre o peso e o escore da condição corporal de vacas mestiças F1 Holandês x Zebu / Evaluation of different prepartum diets on weight and body condition score of F1 crossbred Holstein x Zebu cows

Avaliaram-se diferentes variávies biométricas de vacas mestiças F1 Holandês x Zebu de diferentes bases genéticas maternas, suplementadas com concentrado (T1) ou não (T2) durante o pré-parto, durante as estações chuvosa e seca. A suplementação no pré-parto, durante a estação chuvosa, aumentou o peso ao parto e os escores da condição corporal ao final do pré-parto e ao parto. Entretanto, não houve diferença entre as vacas suplementadas ou não no ganho de peso total ou diário durante o pré-parto. Durante a estação seca, apesar da suplementação não ter afetado o peso ao parto, ela aumentou o escore da condição corporal ao final do período pré-parto e ao parto. Durante a estação chuvosa, as vacas de base Guzerá apresentaram maior peso corporal final do pré-parto em relação às de base Gir ou Indubrasilada, enquanto que, na estação seca, as vacas de base Guzerá foram mais no início e ao final do pré-parto e também ao parto. A suplementação no pré-parto, em vacas mestiças, deve ser usada de forma estratégica, com o intuito de aumentar o escore da condição corporal ao parto, especialmente durante a estação chuvosa.

It was evaluated different biometric variables of crossbred F1 Holstein x Zebu cows supplemented or not with concentrate during the transition period, during the dry and the rainy season. The supplementation increased the weitgh and body condition score at the end of the transition period and at calving, although there was not difference in the total and daily weight gains. During the dry season the supplementation did not affect the weight at calving. In the other hand, the supplemented cows presented higher body condition scores at the end of the transition period and at calving. During the rainy season, Guzera based cows had higher weights at the end of the transition period and at calving than the Gir or Indubrasil based cows. The supplemetation of crossbred dairy cows during the transition period must be done strategically, specially during the rainy season.

Quantitative trait loci for carcass, internal organ and meat quality traits on porcine chromosomes 16, 17 and 18

The objective of this study was to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) on porcine chromosomes 16, 17 and 18 and to determine their association with carcass, organ and meat quality traits. An F2 population was produced by crossing two boars of the naturalized Brazilian Piau breed with 18 commercial females (Landrace x Large White x Pietrain). The population was genotyped for 11 microsatellite markers distributed over the three chromosomes and the results were used to construct a marker-specific linkage map for the population. Analysis of the polymorphic information content showed that the microsatellite markers were adequate for the study of quantitative traits. QTL were identified by regression interval mapping using QTL Express software. QTL not previously described in the literature were detected on chromosome 16, whereas QTL described in other populations were detected on chromosomes 17 and 18. The information from the significant QTL identified here will be useful for future fine-mapping studies and should provide a better understanding of productive phenotypes in pigs.

Mapping of quantitative trait loci and confirmation of the FAT1 region on chromosome 4 in an F2 population of pigs

The objective was to map QTL on porcine chromosome 4 and to associate them with carcass and internal organ traits in an F2 population. The F1 population was produced by outbreed crossing, using two native Brazilian breed Piau boars and 18 commercial sows. A total of 617 F2 animals issued from 11 F1 boars and 54 F1 sows were typed for a total of five microsatellite markers. The data were analyzed by multiple regressions developed for the analysis of crosses between outbred lines, using the QTL Express software. Significant evidence for QTL was found for pig chromosome 4 regarding carcass and internal organ traits. All QTL were detected in the same region of the chromosome, designated FAT1.

Polinização seletiva em maracujazeiro amarelo (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa) monitorada por vetores canônicos / Seletive pollination in yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa) by canonic vectors

Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar a influência da planta doadora de pólen sobre as características dos frutos produzidos na cultura do maracujazeiro-amarelo (Passiflora edulis f. falvicarpa). Neste contexto, um experimento foi conduzido, segundo o esquema de cruzamentos controlados. Empregaram-se 23 plantas "genitor masculino" e 103 plantas receptoras de pólen, perfazendo o total de 185 frutos avaliados segundo as características: peso, largura, comprimento, número de sementes e peso relativo de 100 sementes. A avaliação dessas características, segundo análise de variância multivariada (MANOVA), permitiu a verificação de efeitos significativos ("genitor masculino" e "fêmea hierarquizada a genitor masculino"). A partir das informações da MANOVA, construiu-se uma função discriminante, constituída pela primeira variável canônica baseada na matriz de soma de quadrados para a fonte de variação "genitor masculino" (Importância relativa = 58,10 por cento). A análise desta permitiu verificar elevado efeito da fonte de variação "genitor masculino" sobre as características dos frutos, cujos indivíduos foram agrupados univariamente em três grupos distintos. Tais resultados permitem concluir que tanto progenitores femininos como masculinos podem influenciar os resultados obtidos em esquemas de seleção massal.

This research was aiemd at evaluating the influence of the relactive pollination of pollen donor plant in obtaition higher fruits of yellow passion (Passiflora edulis f. falvicarpa). To do so, an experiment was conduced according to the controlled crosses, using 23 male plants and 103 pollen receptor plants. The total of fruits obtained was 185 units, that were evaluated according to the following traits: fruit weight, fruit diameter, fruit length, fruit seed number and relative weight of 100 seeds. The data were analyzed by using multivariate analysis (MANOVA). The discriminant function was constituted by the first canonic variable based on matrix of square sum of male (relative importance = 58.1). The discriminant function analysis permitted to verify high effect of male in relation to fruit traits, whose individuals were grouped in three distinct classes. The results indicate that female as well as male can influence the results obtained in mass selection.

The synthesis of a new cassava-derived species, Manihot vieiri Nassar

A new species was synthesized artificially by chromosome doubling in a hybrid. The ensuing polyploid type exhibits an apomictic nature and maintains its morphological characteristics in the progeny. It showed a frequency of multiembryonic sacs of 29% in the ovules examined, whereas sacs were absent in the diploid type.

Application of the philosophic mode of the Bi-cyclic and Tri-cyclic mutual crosses in physiological experiment teaching / 中华医学教育探索杂志

In order to enhance the quality of teaching,cultivate students’thought-habit ofdynamically development and mutuality,and to improve their ability of analysis and integration towards complex issues,we experimentally applied Philosophic Mode of the Bicyclic and Tricyclic mutual crosses put forward by Professor Feng Zhiqiang of Luzhou Medical College to physiological experimental teaching,and got good teaching effect.

The Philosophic Mode of the Bi-cyclic and Tri-cyclic Mutual Crosses and Its Application in Teaching and Educating Students / 中华医学教育探索杂志

The philosophic mode of bi-cyclic and tri-cyclic mutual crosses have the connotations of the dynamic development and change,reciprocity and transformation,and the unity of opposites.It possesses the peculiarities of the brachylogy and straight view as a method for thinking and studying on the problems of the medicine and other scientific system.It can play an important role in training the students' innovative thinking,their ability to discover and solve problems.