RESUMO
Resumo Introdução: A matriz curricular do curso de Medicina pode variar de acordo com o projeto pedagógico de curso (PPC) de cada instituição de ensino superior (IES). Nem sempre a visão da coordenação e do corpo docente do curso de Medicina está alinhada às opiniões dos alunos. Assim, a utilização de uma metodologia para identificar a visão do corpo discente seria fundamental. O design thinking (DT) é um processo que propõe a busca, de forma empática, colaborativa e criativa, de soluções para problemas complexos. Objetivo: Este estudo apresenta o DT como uma metodologia para identificar como os alunos do internato acreditam que deva ser a matriz curricular do primeiro ao quarto ano de um curso de Medicina no estado de São Paulo, e, para tanto, coletaram-se sugestões e pontos que exigiram a reavaliação na matriz original. Método: Realizou-se uma avaliação qualitativa com base no modelo do DT. Os alunos foram divididos em três grupos de cinco alunos, e cada grupo dedicou-se a discutir livremente sobre suas ideias acerca da matriz curricular. Posteriormente, apresentou-se um painel para cada grupo com a separação dos semestres correspondentes - do primeiro ao quarto ano - com post-it representando a matriz curricular vigente do curso de Medicina, e cada grupo teve uma hora para remontar a matriz curricular da maneira que julgasse mais adequado. Resultado: Após a fase de discussão, cada grupo montou sua matriz curricular, e propuseram-se algumas mudanças do ano em que a disciplina era ministrada e a inclusão de algumas matérias. A maioria das sugestões foi julgada procedente e incorporada na matriz curricular. Conclusão: A metodologia do DT contribuiu para a identificação de várias demandas acerca da matriz curricular de uma forma ordenada, empática e colaborativa, levando em consideração a opinião do estudante, sendo, portanto, uma estratégia de planejamento capaz de evidenciar fragilidades e fortalezas do currículo que talvez não fossem percebidas por outras estratégias.
Abstract Introduction: The medical school curricular structure may vary according to the educational planning of each higher education institution (HEI). The viewpoint of the coordination and the medical school faculty is not always aligned with the students' opinions. Thus, using a methodology to identify the students' point of view would be essential. Design thinking (DT) is a process that proposes a search, in an empathetic, collaborative, and creative way, for solutions to complex problems. Objectives: To present DT as a methodology to identify how clinical internship students believe the curricular structure from the 1st to the 4th year of a São Paulo state medical school should be, by collecting suggestions and points that require a re-evaluation process of the current curricular structure. Methods: This is a qualitative assessment, which will use the DT model. Students were divided into three groups of five, and each group was committed to having a free discussion on its ideas concerning the curricular structure. Then, a panel was presented to each group, dividing the semesters from the 1st to the 4th year with post-it notes representing the current curricular structure of the medical school, and each group had one hour to reassemble the curricular structure as they deemed appropriate. Results: After the discussion stage, each group assembled its curricular structure. Some changes concerning the year in which the discipline was provided were proposed, and the inclusion of others. Most of the suggestions were considered valid and were incorporated into the curriculum. Conclusions: The DT methodology contributed to the identification of several demands regarding the curricular structure in an orderly, empathetic, and collaborative way, taking into account the students' opinions. It is, therefore, a planning strategy able to evidence weaknesses and strengths of the curriculum that might not have been noticed by the use of other strategies.
RESUMO
Introducción: El diseño o rediseño curricular de un programa académico incluye las fases de fundamentación, definición de ejes problemáticos y estructuración. El estudio pretende fomentar la reflexión sobre la práctica y la investigación en el campo curricular y fortalecer las políticas institucionales relacionadas con el diseño curricular de los programas académicos, en procura de mejorar la pertinencia y la calidad del currículo. Objetivo: Describir las prácticas del diseño curricular en los programas académicos de pregrado de la Facultad de Salud de la Universidad del Valle. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio cualitativo con el enfoque de fenomenología hermenéutica, el cual permite describir e interpretar lo que vivencian los actores sobre el diseño curricular en un momento histórico determinado. Se realizaron entrevistas a profundidad a grupos focales conformados por los miembros de los comités de currículo de los ocho programas académicos de pregrado de la Facultad de Salud de la Universidad del Valle. Resultados: Cada programa académico en su diseño curricular tiene en cuenta aspectos como el marco normativo, el contexto internacional, nacional y local; algunos programas tienen nexos con las diferentes asociaciones de los programas académicos, lo cual contribuye a enriquecer el currículo. De otra parte, la participación docente en el diseño curricular es permanente, mientras que la participación de egresados y empleadores es fluctuante. Conclusiones: La formación disciplinar es fundamental para el desempeño del docente universitario, sin embargo, para hacer más integral su labor se hace necesario que comprenda y se involucre más activa y conscientemente en la fase del diseño curricular. En los procesos formativos de los docentes se debe fortalecer lo relacionado con el diseño curricular de los programas académicos, en procura de mejorar, con su participación crítica, la pertinencia y la calidad del currículo; también es indispensable cualificar los procesos y mecanismos de participación de los demás actores implicados.
Introduction: Curricular design is mainly affected by the following: the principles, the main basic problem definitions, and the structure. These components come together to find specific solutions to problems in many disciplines. This study contributes to incentivize reflections in the curricular practice and to search in the curricular fields to establish institutional policies related to the curricular management of academic programs aiming to improve their pertinence and quality. Objectives: To describe the curricular design methods, principles and main basic problem definitions in the academic programs of the Faculty of Health at Universidad del Valle. Methodology: We used hermeneutic phenology as the qualitative focus methodology, which allows us to understand and describe what curricular design agents have lived during a certain past period. The Focal groups were interviewed by the academic program committees of the Faculty of Health at Universidad del Valle. Results: Each academic program considers aspects like the normative factor, as well as the national, local, and international context. Some academic programs developed their own curriculum with different associations they made to improve their curriculum. On the other hand the participation of teachers in curricular design is constant but graduate student and employee participation fluctuates. Conclusions: Teacher performance is based on discipline formation; however, it is necessary to understand the curricular design stage as an issue to improve their university labor. The teacher formative process related with the curricular design of the academic programs should be strengthened, thinking of their personal pertinence and quality.