Los juegos y deportes tradicionales declarados como Patrimonio Cultural Inmaterial: alternativa legítima en el caso de los pueblos amazónicos del Ecuador / Jogos tradicionais e Desportos declarados como Património Cultural Imaterial: uma alternativa legítima no caso dos Povos Amazónicos do Equador / Traditional games and Sports declared as Intangible Cultural Heritage: a legitimate alternative in the case of the Amazonian Peoples of Ecuador

RESUMEN En los últimos años, la práctica de los juegos y deportes tradicionales han ido perdiendo protagonismo en la sociedad. Por lo que una de las estrategias es convertirlos en Patrimonio Cultural Inmaterial Nacional. El trabajo tuvo por objetivo reflexionar sobre la importancia de los diversos antecedentes sobre la declaratoria de Juegos y Deportes Tradicionales como Patrimonio Cultural Inmaterial como alternativa válida para ser aplicable al caso de los pueblos amazónicos del Ecuador. Se realizó la revisión de la literatura científica mediante la búsqueda bibliográfica de la literatura, criterios de selección y evaluación de la calidad de los artículos seleccionados. Los juegos y deportes tradicionales considerados patrimonio cultural inmaterial contribuyen con la identidad y sentido de pertenencia que posee la comunidad, región o país. Además, inciden en el sector turístico a través de la exhibición de las prácticas lúdicas y deportivas. Diversos países contemplan un deporte tradicional como Patrimonio Cultural Inmaterial como es el caso de: el hockey en Canadá, el palín en Chile, el juego de pelota en México y Guatemala, la lucha canaria, pelota vasca, pelota valenciana y lanzamiento de la barra aragonesa en España y carrera de pescado en Francia. En el contexto ecuatoriano, existen estudios que se limitan a abordar el concepto de juegos y deportes tradicionales y su tipología por regiones. Hasta el momento, se han realizado eventos deportivos a nivel nacional con la finalidad de promover la práctica de las actividades lúdicas y deportivas.

RESUMO Nos últimos anos, a prática de jogos e desportos tradicionais tem vindo a perder proeminência na sociedade. Por conseguinte, uma das estratégias é transformá-los em Património Cultural Intangível nacional. O objectivo deste trabalho é reflectir sobre a importância dos diversos antecedentes na declaração dos Jogos Tradicionais e Desportivos como Património Cultural Intangível como alternativa válida a ser aplicável ao caso dos Povos Amazónicos do Equador. A revisão da literatura científica foi realizada através da pesquisa bibliográfica da literatura, critérios de selecção, avaliação da qualidade dos artigos seleccionados. Os Jogos Tradicionais e Desportos considerados património cultural imaterial contribuem para a identidade e sentimento de pertença da comunidade, região ou país. Além disso, têm impacto no sector do turismo através da exposição de práticas recreativas e desportivas. Vários países consideram um desporto tradicional como Património Cultural Imaterial, como é o caso do: hóquei no Canadá, palín no Chile, pelota no México e Guatemala, luta livre canária, pelota basco, pelota valenciano e o atirador de bar aragonês em Espanha, e a corrida aos peixes em França. No contexto equatoriano, existem estudos que se limitam a abordar o conceito de Jogos Tradicionais e Desportos e a sua tipologia por região. Até agora, têm sido realizados eventos desportivos a nível nacional com o objectivo de promover a prática de actividades recreativas e desportivas.

ABSTRACT In recent years, the practice of traditional games and sports has been losing prominence in society. Therefore, one of the strategies is to convert them into National Intangible Cultural Heritage. The objective of this work was to reflect on the importance of the diverse antecedents on the declaration of Traditional Games and Sports as Intangible Cultural Heritage as a valid alternative to be applicable to the case of the Amazonian peoples of Ecuador. A review of the scientific literature was carried out by means of a bibliographic search of the literature, selection criteria and evaluation of the quality of the selected articles. Traditional games and sports considered intangible cultural heritage contribute to the identity and sense of belonging of the community, region or country. They also have an impact on the tourism sector through the exhibition of recreational and sporting practices. Several countries consider a traditional sport as Intangible Cultural Heritage, as is the case of field hockey in Canada, palín in Chile, pelota in Mexico and Guatemala, Canary Island wrestling, Basque pelota, Valencian pelota and the Aragonese bar toss in Spain, and the fish race in France. In the Ecuadorian context, there are studies that are limited to addressing the concept of traditional games and sports and their typology by region. So far, sporting events have been held at the national level with the aim of promoting the practice of recreational and sporting activities.

Cultural framework for studying a Tharu community in Nepal

Tharus are one of the largest ethnic groups in Nepal making up 6.75 percentage of the total population, and yet oneof the weakest and most marginalized populace. Tharus have unique linguistic and cultural heritages to their credit.Tharus that inhabit Nepal from east to west are composed of various endogamous groups with different culturalpractices and languages. The present study deals with the socio-economic status, demographic characteristics andcultural pattern of the Tharu community living in Fattepur VDC of Bara district. A very little research on theTharus has been done or that the works dealing with Tharu culture are published in very low volumes.The mainaim of the work will be to study the cultural aspect of the Tharus that live in Fattepur VDC of Bara district. Thepoor and minorities are often left by the researchers while they might have a key role in development process. Veryfewer researches have been made on Tharu Community and till now, no research has been made on the TharuCommunity in the specified area. Living in substance land,Tharus are comparatively sidelined and deprived. Inthis context, this study will be very important and helpful to solve their basic problems such as illiteracy, poverty,poor health status, poor land for agricultural production, low socio-economic status, etc.The conceptual frameworkwhich incorporates parts of the theories of frameworks such as religion, clothing style, language, politicalparticipation, and customs and traditions

Identificación histórica, geográfica y cultural en la elaboración de dulces tradicionales de Valledupar: un acercamiento para su conocimiento técnico / Historical, Geographical and Cultural Identification in the Production of Traditional Valledupar Candies: An Approach for Technical Knowledge

Resumen Antecedentes: en la Región Caribe colombiana, los dulces han tenido una larga tradición de producción, consumo e importancia, es por eso que ya hacen parte de la identidad de los locales y de todo el país. Siempre que se evoca la gastronomía del caribe colombiano, en especial la de Valledupar, los dulces aparecen como primera opción en la lista de postres típicos. Reflexión: la diversidad cultural que caracteriza las regiones colombianas se refleja claramente en su gastronomía, en la que los dulces tradicionales se consumen como ese "bocadito dulce que acompaña el almuerzo", pero, más que estar presentes en nuestras mesas en el acto de comer, los dulces en un solo bocado evocan historia, geografía, religión, tradición, técnica, cultura, sabores y saberes; por lo que, con este trabajo, se busca realizar un acercamiento a estos aspectos para luego caracterizar los dulces según materia prima, forma de elaboración y consistencia, haciendo mediciones de algunas de sus propiedades organolépticas como pH y concentración de sólidos (°Brix). Conclusiones: todo lo anterior ha permitido entender que la cocina dulce de Valledupar funciona como un ejemplo emblemático para exaltar las complejidades tanto culturales como técnicas que hacen parte de las cocinas en Colombia.

Abstract Background: In the Colombian Caribbean region, candies have had a long tradition of production, consumption and importance, thus contributing to the identity of the locals and the entire country. As such, when Colombian Caribbean gastronomy is evoked, especially that of Valledupar, candies appear at the top of the list of typical desserts. Reflection: The cultural diversity that characterizes the Colombian regions is reflected in its gastronomy, where traditional candies such as "bocadito dulce que acompaña el almuerzo" are consumed, but more than being present at our tables, candies evoke, in a single bite, the history, geography, religion, tradition, technique, culture, tastes and knowledge of the area. This paper seeks to address these aspects and then characterize the candies according to their raw material, form of preparation, and consistency, and measuring various organoleptic properties such as pH and concentration of solids (°Brix). Conclusion: This study has contributed to the understanding that the Valledupar´s sweet cuisine functions as an emblematic example of both cultural and technical complexities that are part of Colombian cuisines. DP analysis is a tool that can be used for formulating dietary recommendations based on food culture.